{{distinguish|Ya'an}} {{Redirect|Yenan}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Yan'an | official_name = | other_name = Yenan | native_name = 延安市 | native_name_lang = zh | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Prefecture-level city]] | total_type = | motto = | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |total_width = 290 |image_style = border:1; |perrow = 2/2/2 |image1 = Baota Mountain 4.jpg |image2 = 黄帝陵的石碑 - panoramio.jpg |image3 = Waist drums in Ansai.jpg |image4 = 宝塔 延安南泥湾机场航站楼外 08.jpg |image5 = |image6 = |image7 = |caption1 =Lingshan Pagoda on {{Interlanguage link|Baota Mountain|zh|宝塔山}} |caption2=[[Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor|Yellow Emperor Mausoleum]] |caption3=[[Yaogu|Waist drums]] in [[Ansai District]] |caption4=[[Nanniwan Airport]] }} | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = Location of Yan'an Prefecture within Shaanxi (China).png | mapsize = | map_caption = Location of Yan'an City jurisdiction in Shaanxi | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = China | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in China | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_mapsize = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|People's Republic of China}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Province (China)|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Shaanxi]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | seat_type = Municipal seat | seat = [[Baota District]] | parts_type = | parts_style = | parts = | p1 = | p2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | founder = | named_for = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 37,031.3 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 960 | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m = | population_as_of = 2019 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 2255700 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | demographics_type2 = GDP{{cite book|author=陕西省统计局、国家统计局陕西调查总队|title=《陕西统计年鉴－2016》|date=August 2016|publisher=[[China Statistics Press]]|isbn=978-7-5037-7918-3|url=http://www.shaanxitj.gov.cn/upload/2016/tongjinianj2016/2016/indexch.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529123241/http://www.shaanxitj.gov.cn/upload/2016/tongjinianj2016/2016/indexch.htm|archive-date=2017-05-29}} | demographics2_title1 = Total | demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 120 billion
[[US$]] 19.2 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita | demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 53,908
US$ 8,655 | timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]] | utc_offset = +8 | coor_pinpoint = Yan'an municipal government | coordinates = {{coord|36.650|N|109.494|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-61_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}} | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-SN-06]] | blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|License plates]] | blank_info = {{lang|zh-cn|陕J}} | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = {{URL|www.yanan.gov.cn}} | footnotes = }} {{Infobox Chinese | pic = YN name.svg | piccap = "Yán'ān" in Chinese characters | picupright = 0.45 | c = {{linktext|lang=zh|延安}} | l = "Prolonged Peace" | psp = Yenan | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|yan|2|.|an|1}} | bpmf = ㄧㄢˊ   ㄢ | p = Yán'ān | w = Yen2-an1 | j = Jin4-on1 | y = Yìhn'ōn | ci = {{IPAc-yue|j|in|4|.|on|1}} }} '''Yan'an'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|s=延安|p=Yán'ān}}; {{small|Mandarin pronunciation:}} {{IPAc-cmn|yan|2|.|an|1}}; [[Chinese postal romanization|alternatively spelled as]] '''Yenan'''}} is a [[prefecture-level city]] in the [[Shaanbei]] region of [[Shaanxi]] [[Province of China|province]], China, bordering [[Shanxi]] to the east and [[Gansu]] to the west. It administers several counties, including [[Zhidan County|Zhidan]] (formerly Bao'an), which served as the headquarters of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) before the city of Yan'an proper took that role. Yan'an was near the endpoint of the [[Long March]], and became the center of the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] from late 1935 to early 1947. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution. As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents.{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=|script-title=zh:陕西统计年鉴—2020|trans-title=Shaanxi Statistical Yearbook – 2020|url=http://tjj.shaanxi.gov.cn/upload/n2020/zk/indexch.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210915191313/http://tjj.shaanxi.gov.cn/upload/n2020/zk/indexch.htm|archive-date=2021-09-15|access-date=2021-09-15|publisher=Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics|language=zh}}{{Rp||page=4–5}} ==History== === Northern commandery=== [[File:Xuanyuan Temple in Yan'an, Shaanxi (2).jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor|Xuanyuan Temple]] in [[Huangling County]]]] Yan'an was populated at least as early as the [[Xia dynasty]],{{Cite web|date=2016-07-15|title=|script-title=zh:延安市历史沿革|trans-title=Yan'an Organizational History|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/327.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806012152/http://xzqh.org/html/show/sn/20380.html|archive-date=2020-08-06|access-date=2021-05-14|publisher=XZQH.org}} when it formed part of {{Interlanguage link|Yong Prefecture (Xia dynasty)|lt=Yong Prefecture|zh|雍州 (胡夏)}}.{{Cite web |title= |script-title=zh:延安概况 |trans-title=Yan'an Overview |url=http://dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn/sqzlk/sxnj_16138/sxnjwz/yas_16203/yanj/yanj2016/201703/t20170328_901843.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204043343/http://dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn/sqzlk/sxnj_16138/sxnjwz/yas_16203/yanj/yanj2016/201703/t20170328_901843.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn |publisher=Shaanxi Provincial Local Chronicle Office |language=zh}} The area was not part of the subsequent [[Shang dynasty]], and was instead inhabited by the [[Guifang]], who fought against the Shang dynasty. The area was later inhabited by the [[Quanrong]] and the [[Xianyun]] during the [[Western Zhou]] period. During the [[Spring and Autumn period]], the area was inhabited by the [[Beidi|Beidi people]]. In the early portions of the [[Warring States period]], the central and northern parts of present-day Yan'an belonged to the state of [[Wei (state)|Wei]], while the southern part belonged to the state of [[Qin (state)|Qin]]. Later on in the Warring States period, the whole area was conquered by the Qin state. Upon the establishment of the [[Qin dynasty]] in 221 BCE, the area was organized as part of [[Shang Commandery]]. The area remained part of Shang Commandery during the [[Han dynasty]]. The area's [[Administrative division|administrative divisions]] were reorganized during the [[Northern Wei]]: the southern portion was organized as {{Interlanguage link|Beihua Prefecture|zh|北华州}}, which comprised {{Interlanguage link|Zhongbu Commandery|zh|中部郡}}, {{Interlanguage link|Fucheng Commandery (Northern Wei)|lt=Fucheng Commandery|zh|敷城郡 (北魏)}}, Yizhou Commandery ({{Lang-zh|s=义州郡|t=義州郡}}), and Lezhou Commandery ({{Lang-zh|s=乐州郡|t=樂州郡}}); the northern portion was organized as {{Interlanguage link|Dongxia Prefecture|zh|东夏州}}, which comprised Biancheng Commandery ({{Lang-zh|c=遍城郡}}), {{Interlanguage link|Dingyang Commandery|zh|定阳郡}}, Shang Commandery, and [[Shuofang Commandery]], as well as {{Interlanguage link|Jinming Commandery|zh|金明郡}} within [[Xià Prefecture]]. During the During the [[Western Wei]], the area was organized as {{Interlanguage link|Yan Prefecture (Shaanxi)|lt=Yan Prefecture|zh|延州 (陕西省)}}, [[Fu Prefecture (Shaanxi)|Fu Prefecture]], and [[Danzhou (modern Shaanxi)|Dan Prefecture]]. Under the [[Sui dynasty]], the area was re-organized as {{Interlanguage link|Yan'an Commandery|zh|延安郡}},{{Cite web|date=2019-09-14|title=|script-title=zh:央视来打卡的网红延安二道街夜市文化：见证城市发展变迁|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4427607|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514161949/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4427607|archive-date=2021-05-14|access-date=2021-05-14|website=[[The Paper (China)|The Paper]]|language=zh}} and a military base was established.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} During the subsequent [[Tang dynasty]], the area belonged to {{Interlanguage link|Guannei Circuit|zh|关内道}}, and it became an important defensive outpost.{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=London and Chicago|page=874|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert}} Upon the Tang dynasty's establishment in 618 CE, three local [[Commandery (China)|commanderies]] were replaced with [[Zhou (administrative division)|prefectures]]. The following year, another prefecture, {{Interlanguage link|Fang Prefecture (Shaanxi)|lt=Fang Prefecture|zh|坊州}} was created in the area of present-day Yan'an. The prefecture system was briefly abolished in 742 CE, resulting in the area's four prefectures being reclassified as commanderies, although this was reverted in 758 CE. === Border fortress === {{see also|Song–Xia wars}} At the beginning of the [[Song dynasty]], the area's four local prefectures belonged to {{Interlanguage link|Yongxingjun Circuit|zh|永兴军路}}. However, early on in the Song dynasty, the newly formed [[Tangut people|Tangut]]-led [[Western Xia|Western Xia dynasty]] briefly conquered northwestern portions of present-day Yan'an. Upon reconquering the area, the Song government placed it under the jurisdiction of two [[Military government|military-run]] jurisdictions known as {{Interlanguage link|Jun (military administrative division)|lt=jun|zh|军 (行政区划)}}: {{Interlanguage link|Bao'an Jun|zh|保安军}} and Dingbian Jun ({{Lang-zh|s=定边军|t=定邊軍}}). In 1041, {{Interlanguage link|Fuyan Circuit|zh|鄜延路}} was established in present-day Yan'an. In 1080, Chinese [[polymath]] [[Shen Kuo]] was deployed to Yan Prefecture to aid in its defenses against the Western Xia.Sivin (1995), III, 8. Around this time, he noted that a landslide on the bank of a large river near Yan Prefecture had revealed an open space several dozens of feet under the ground once the bank collapsed.Needham (1986), Volume 3, 614. This underground space contained hundreds of petrified bamboos still intact with roots and trunks, "all turned to stone" as Shen wrote. Shen noted that bamboo does not grow in the area, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Considering that damp and gloomy low places provide suitable conditions for the growth of bamboo, Shen deduced that the area's climate must have fit that description in very ancient times. Although this would have intrigued many of his readers, the study of [[paleoclimatology]] in medieval China did not develop into an established discipline. During the autumn months of 1081, Shen was successful in defending Song dynasty territory while capturing several nearby fortified towns of the Western Xia.Sivin (1995), III, 9. [[Emperor Shenzong of Song]] rewarded Shen with numerous titles for his merit [[Song-Xia wars|in these battles]], and in the sixteen months of Shen's military campaign, he received 273 letters from the Emperor. However, Emperor Shenzong trusted an arrogant military officer who disobeyed the emperor and Shen's proposal for strategic fortifications, instead fortifying what Shen considered useless strategic locations. Furthermore, this officer expelled Shen from his commanding post at the main [[citadel]], so as to deny him any glory in chance of victory. The result of this was nearly catastrophic, as the forces of the arrogant officer were decimated; Xinzhong Yao states that the death toll was 60,000.Yao (2003), 544. Nonetheless, Shen was successful in defending his fortifications and the only possible Tangut invasion-route to Yanzhou. However, it was eventually taken over by the Tanguts in 1082 once Shen's defensive victories were marginalized and sacrificed by the new chancellor Cai Que (who handed the city over to the Tanguts as terms of a peace treaty).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In 1089, Yan Prefecture was renamed to Yan'an, and was promoted to a [[Fu (administrative division)|fu]]. At the start of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], Fuyan Circuit remained intact, and administered Yan'an Fu, Fu Prefecture, Fang Prefecture, Dan Prefecture, {{Interlanguage link|Suide Prefecture|zh|绥德州}}, Bao'an Jun, and Dingbian Jun. In 1146, Dingbian Jun was abolished, and in 1171, Bao'an Jun was reorganized as a [[County (China)|county]]. In 1182, Bao'an County was reorganized as Bao'an Prefecture. In 1221, the [[Mongol Empire]], led by [[Genghis Khan]], began its invasion of [[Shaanxi]] with the aid of the Western Xia.{{Cite web |date=2018-06-27 |title= |script-title=zh:木华黎 |trans-title=Muqali |url=https://www.nmgqq.com.cn/renwuchanglang/gudairenwu/2018-6-27/11349.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517005936/https://www.nmgqq.com.cn/renwuchanglang/gudairenwu/2018-6-27/11349.html |archive-date=2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=www.nmgqq.com.cn |publisher=History and Local Chronicles Research Office of the [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] |language=zh}} That year, in the eastern portion of present-day Yan'an, the combined Mongol and Western Xia forces defeated a 30,000-strong Jin army led by [[General officer|general]] {{Interlanguage link|Wanyan Heda|zh|完颜合达}}. During the [[Yuan dynasty]], {{Interlanguage link|Yan'an Circuit|zh|延安路}} was established, which administered Fu Prefecture, {{Interlanguage link|Jia Prefecture (ancient Shaanxi)|lt=Jia Prefecture|zh|葭州}}, and Suide Prefecture. === Ming and Qing === In 1369, during the [[Ming dynasty]], Yan'an Circuit was reverted to a fu. In 1725, during the [[Qing dynasty]], the {{Interlanguage link|Fuzhou Directly Administered Prefecture|zh|鄜州直隶州}} was established in the area, which administered Yan'an Fu and Fu Prefecture. Prior to the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)]], much of rural Yan'an was inhabited by [[Islam in China|Chinese Muslims]].{{Rp|page=128}} Much of its Muslim population was either killed in massacres, or forcibly relocated to areas further northwest, like [[Gansu]].{{Rp|page=128}} The demographic impacts of this was felt for decades, as the local economy cratered, and insufficient government support hindered recovery efforts:{{Cite journal |last=Keating |first=Pauline |date=July 1994 |title=The Ecological Origins of the Yan'an Way |journal=[[The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=32 |pages=123–153 |doi=10.2307/2949830 |issn=0156-7365 |jstor=2949830}}{{Rp|page=|pages=128–129}} In 1823, Bao'an (present-day [[Zhidan County]]) had a population of 51,000, but only 170 remained in 1868; while Yan'an (present-day [[Baota District]]) had 61,200 inhabitants in 1823, but only about 10,000 in 1930.{{Rp|page=128}} One account from a British traveler in 1911 described Yan'an as "a city of pretentious Government Offices long fallen into decay...Gazing down a vista of dim distant years one caught a glimpse of past splendour; but the living forces of which it had been the drapery and symbols had long since died out, leaving stagnation, corruption and decay to reign in its halls".{{Rp|page=|pages=129–130}} === ROC era === [[File:China, Miscellaneous Scenes- Street in Yan'an, Shaanxi (7454292752).jpg|thumb|Street in Yan'an, 1914]] After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the city became part of the newly created [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], and was reorganized by the Republican government in 1913 under {{Interlanguage link|Yulin Circuit|zh|榆林道}}. In 1920, the [[Circuit (administrative division)|circuit's]] government was moved to the city of Fushi, within present-day Baota District. Circuits were abolished in 1928, resulting in counties being directly administered by the provincial government. Throughout the Republic of China era, [[Feudalism|feudal]]-like [[landlordism]] persisted in Yan'an, and a number of observers found it to be worse in the region than elsewhere in rural China.{{Rp|page=|pages=134–135}} ===Red capital of Chinese communism=== {{see also|Long March|Chinese Communist Revolution}} [[File:Mao1944.jpg|thumb|Mao with visiting foreign journalists in 1944]] In 1934, two regional [[Chinese Soviet Republic|soviets]] were established. In October 1935, following the [[Long March]], forces of the [[Chinese Red Army]] arrived in the area from [[Jiangxi]]. The following month, communist forces established a regional government in [[Wayaobu Subdistrict|Wayaobu]] and re-organized regional soviet administrations. In May 1936, the area was re-organized by communist forces as [[Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region|Shaan-Gan-Ning Province]] ({{Lang-zh|c=陕甘宁省}}). In December 1936, at the start of the [[Second United Front]], Yan'an was taken over by the Chinese Communists.''[[Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China]]'' by [[Pierre Stephen Robert Payne|Robert Payne]], page 175 When [[Edgar Snow]] went there in 1936, it was under [[Kuomintang]] control and a Red army siege had recently been lifted.''[[Red Star Over China]]'', by [[Edgar Snow]]. Page 42 Unknown to him at the time, there had also been contacts there between the Communists and the generals who later staged the [[Xi'an Incident]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Snow actually met Mao at Bao'an (Pao An).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Having rebelled against Chiang, the local warlords decided to hand over Yan'an to the Communists, who were now allies. They pulled out, and in January 1937, the Red Army entered Yan'an, without a fight. Around this time, American journalist [[Agnes Smedley]] was covering the Communist [[Eighth Route Army]], which she wrote about in her book [[Battle Hymn of China]].{{Cite web |last=Qiu |first=Shi |date=2017-08-06 |title= |script-title=zh:史沫特莱的新四军岁月 |trans-title=Agnes Smedley's New Fourth Army Years |url=http://culture.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2017/0806/c1013-29451833.html?sid_for_share=99125_3 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=[[People's Daily Online]] |publisher=[[People's Daily Press]] |language=zh}} On September 6, 1937, Yan'an became the seat of the communist government of what became known as the [[Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region|Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region]]. It became the center for intensive training of party members and army troops. Thousands of intellectuals traveled to Yan'an from all over the country.{{Rp|page=123}} From 1937 through 1941, the Communist government organized large-scale migrations to Yan'an, predominantly from [[Suide County|Suide]] to the northeast, which was a significantly more densely populated area.{{Rp|page=141|pages=}} Many farmers from the region were attracted to Yan'an for the prospect of working more land, as well as the Communists' land and tax reforms.{{Rp|page=141|pages=}} From 1937 to 1939, over 1,500,000 ''[[Mu (unit of area)|mu]]'' of previously unused land was cleared for agriculture.{{Rp|page=143|pages=}} During this time, the large drive for intense rural labor earned its detractors, and was publicly criticized by some for "giving people a distaste for collective labour".{{Rp|page=143|pages=}} Subsequently, these types of large-scale labor projects would be handled by the army.{{Rp|page=143|pages=}} In 1941, [[Mao Zedong]] put special influence on a series of training programs to "correct unorthodox tendencies" and essentially mold the peasantry to the communist model. One of the first CCP programs launched was the [[Yan'an Rectification Movement]].{{Cite book |last1=Hua |first1=Gao |title=[[How the Red Sun Rose|How the Red Sun Rose: The Origins and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945]] |last2=Mosher |first2=Stacy |last3=Jian |first3=Guo |date=2018 |publisher=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-822-9 |jstor=j.ctvbtzp48}}{{Cite book|last=Hua|first=Gao|url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/how-the-red-sun-rose/9789629968229|title=How the Red Sun Rose: The Origin and Development of the Yan'an Rectification Movement, 1930–1945|date=2019|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press|isbn=978-962-996-822-9|translator-last=Mosher|translator-first=Stacey|translator-last2=Jian|translator-first2=Guo|access-date=2020-08-07|archive-date=2021-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101102514/http://cup.columbia.edu/book/how-the-red-sun-rose/9789629968229|url-status=live}} ===World War II and resumption of the Chinese Civil War=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Yangjialing Revolutionary Sites 6.jpg | caption1 = Yangjialing Revolutionary Site | image2 = 7th National Congress of the Communist Party of China 1.jpg | caption2 = Historic image of the [[7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] in 1945 | total_width = 440 }} During the [[Second World War]] almost all buildings, except a pagoda, were destroyed by Japanese bombing, and most inhabitants took to living in [[yaodong]]s, artificial caves or [[Dugout (shelter)|dugout]]s carved into hillsides which were traditional dwellings in [[Shaanxi]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} While Yan'an was the center of Chinese communist life many prominent Western journalists including [[Edgar Snow]] and [[Anna Louise Strong]] met with Mao Zedong and other important leaders for interviews.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Other Westerners, such as [[Hsiao Li]] and [[Michael Lindsay, 2nd Baron Lindsay of Birker|Michael Lindsay]], were part of the resistance movement in Yan'an.{{cite web|date=2010-06-09|title=Lady Lindsay of Birker|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7815180/Lady-Lindsay-of-Birker.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509055952/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7815180/Lady-Lindsay-of-Birker.html|archive-date=2021-05-09|access-date=2021-05-14|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]}} In July 1942, [[Wuqi County]] was established. Beginning in 1944, Yan'an played host to the [[United States Army Observation Group]], also known as the Dixie Mission.{{Cite news|last=Perlez|first=Jane|date=2017-01-01|title='Dixie Mission' Americans Scorned for Backing Mao Are Hailed in China|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/dixie-mission-americans-china-mao.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514172429/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/01/world/asia/dixie-mission-americans-china-mao.html|archive-date=2021-05-14|issn=0362-4331}} This group sought to establish relations with Chinese Communist forces, investigate the Communist Party politically and militarily, and determine whether the United States should back Communist forces. Prominent Americans tasked with evaluating the Communist forces politically and militarily include [[John S. Service]] of the [[United States Department of State]], and [[Colonel]] [[David D. Barrett]] of the [[United States Army]]. The mission explored possible plans for cooperation against the Japanese.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The Americans had a presence in Yan'an from 1944 to 1947.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} In May 1945, the government of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border moved from Yan'an to Xi'an. Yan'an was briefly captured in the [[Battle of Yan'an]] by the Kuomintang forces in the [[Chinese Civil War]].{{Cite web |last1=Jia |first1=Yong |last2=Qian |first2=Zongyang |last3=Wang |first3=Chuangbao |last4=Zeng |first4=Hao |last5=Kang |first5=Xiaohuai |last6=Zhou |first6=Xiaomin |date=2018-08-23 |title= |script-title=zh:回望延安 |trans-title=Looking back at Yan'an |url=http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/23/content_214127.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217142150/http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-08/23/content_214127.htm |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=[[People's Liberation Army Daily]] |publisher=[[Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission]] |language=zh}} The Communist leadership learned of a planned attack in advance,{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} and ultimately voluntarily withdrew from the city. From then until their capture of [[Beijing]] they were usually based somewhere else, often with a mobile headquarters.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} On April 21, 1948, the [[People's Liberation Army]] retook Yan'an. ===After 1949=== [[File:Anlan Gate 2.jpg|thumb|Anlan Gate (left) and Baota Mountain (right)]] In May 1950, under the [[China|People's Republic of China]], Yan'an was re-organized as Yan'an District ({{Lang-zh|c=延安分区}}), and was further re-organized as a special district ({{Lang-zh|c=专区|s=|t=|p=}}) in October. Yan'an was later established as a [[Prefecture (China)|prefecture]] ({{Lang-zh|c=地区|s=|t=|p=}}). On November 15, 1996, Yan'an Area was revoked and established as a [[prefecture-level city]]. Yan'an's experienced fast-paced [[Urbanization in China|urbanization]] during the [[Eleventh five-year plan (China)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] period (2006–2010).{{Rp|page=125}} From 2011 to 2015, it underwent a [[red tourism]]-oriented beautification project.{{Rp|page=127}} [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] visited Yan'an in 2015.{{Rp|page=89}} During the visit, he emphasized the importance of studying the [[History of the Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party's history]] in Yan'an and called for a renewed focus on the principles of [[Marxism–Leninism]], [[Mao Zedong Thought]], and the party's revolutionary tradition.{{Rp|page=89}} ==Geography== [[File:黄河清水湾 2.jpg|thumb|Qingshui Meander of [[Yellow River]] near Yan'an]] Yan'an is located in [[northern Shaanxi]] on the [[Loess Plateau]], with a latitude spanning from 35°21′ to 37°31′ N, and a longitude spanning from 107°41′ to 110°31′ E.{{Cite web|date=2016-07-15|title=|script-title=zh:延安市概况地图|trans-title=Yan'an Overview|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/sn/20381.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813173550/http://xzqh.org/html/show/sn/20381.html|archive-date=2020-08-13|access-date=2021-05-14|publisher=XZQH.org|language=zh}} The city is bordered by [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]] to the north, [[Xianyang]], [[Tongchuan]], and [[Weinan]] in the [[Guanzhong]] region to the south, [[Linfen]] and [[Lüliang]] of [[Shanxi]] to the east across the middle reaches of the [[Yellow River]], and [[Qingyang, Gansu|Qingyang]] of [[Gansu]] to the west across the Ziwu Ridge ({{Lang-zh|c=子午岭}}). The city's elevation is hilly, and is higher in the northwest, and lower in the southeast, ranging from {{convert|388.8|to|1809.8|m|ft}} above sea level in elevation. The average elevation of Yan'an is approximately {{convert|1200|m|-1|abbr=on}}, and Yan'an's [[urban core]] has an elevation of about {{convert|960|m|ft}} above sea level. In addition to the Yellow River flowing through Yan'an, the city's major rivers include the [[Yan River]] and the [[Luo River (Shaanxi)|Luo River]]. === Climate === Yan'an has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dwa'') that borders on a [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|steppe climate]] (Köppen ''BSk''), with cold, dry, and moderately long winters, and hot, somewhat humid summers. Spring and autumn are short transition seasons in between. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|-5.5|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|23.1|°C|1}} in July, and the annual mean is {{convert|9.90|°C|1}}. The area receives {{convert|511|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of precipitation, 47% of which falls in July and August. Yan'an averages around 300 days of sunshine per year. {{Weather box | width = auto | metric first = y | single line = y | collapsed = Y | location = Yan'an, elevation {{convert|959|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | Jan high C = 2.3 | Feb high C = 7.3 | Mar high C = 13.3 | Apr high C = 21.1 | May high C = 25.8 | Jun high C = 29.7 | Jul high C = 30.5 | Aug high C = 28.4 | Sep high C = 23.7 | Oct high C = 18.1 | Nov high C = 11.1 | Dec high C = 4.3 | Jan mean C = -4.9 | Feb mean C = -0.2 | Mar mean C = 5.8 | Apr mean C = 13.1 | May mean C = 18.2 | Jun mean C = 22.3 | Jul mean C = 24.0 | Aug mean C = 22.2 | Sep mean C = 17.0 | Oct mean C = 10.5 | Nov mean C = 3.4 | Dec mean C = -2.9 | Jan low C = -10.3 | Feb low C = -5.8 | Mar low C = -0.1 | Apr low C = 6.3 | May low C = 11.3 | Jun low C = 15.7 | Jul low C = 18.8 | Aug low C = 17.5 | Sep low C = 12.3 | Oct low C = 5.2 | Nov low C = -1.8 | Dec low C = -7.8 | Jan record high C = 17.3 | Jan record low C = -25.4 | Feb record high C = 23.8 | Feb record low C = -20.8 | Mar record high C = 29.4 | Mar record low C = -18.4 | Apr record high C = 36.7 | Apr record low C = -8.8 | May record high C = 36.5 | May record low C = -3.4 | Jun record high C = 39.3 | Jun record low C = 4.8 | Jul record high C = 39.7 | Jul record low C = 8.8 | Aug record high C = 36.9 | Aug record low C = 5.3 | Sep record high C = 37.5 | Sep record low C = -3.0 | Oct record high C = 29.7 | Oct record low C = -8.5 | Nov record high C = 25.5 | Nov record low C = -17.0 | Dec record high C = 18.0 | Dec record low C = -24.1 | year high C = | year low C = | year high F = | year low F = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 3.2 | Feb precipitation mm = 5.3 | Mar precipitation mm = 14.6 | Apr precipitation mm = 25.6 | May precipitation mm = 41.0 | Jun precipitation mm = 64.1 | Jul precipitation mm = 100.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 110.0 | Sep precipitation mm = 69.1 | Oct precipitation mm = 38.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 14.7 | Dec precipitation mm = 2.4 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 2.4 | Feb precipitation days = 3.0 | Mar precipitation days = 4.6 | Apr precipitation days = 5.9 | May precipitation days = 7.8 | Jun precipitation days = 9.0 | Jul precipitation days = 12.0 | Aug precipitation days = 11.1 | Sep precipitation days = 9.8 | Oct precipitation days = 8.1 | Nov precipitation days = 3.9 | Dec precipitation days = 2.0 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 54 | Feb humidity = 51 | Mar humidity = 49 | Apr humidity = 44 | May humidity = 49 | Jun humidity = 56 | Jul humidity = 67 | Aug humidity = 72 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 68 | Nov humidity = 60 | Dec humidity = 54 | Jan sun = 196.5 | Feb sun = 188.2 | Mar sun = 218.8 | Apr sun = 242.5 | May sun = 262.6 | Jun sun = 251.6 | Jul sun = 231.0 | Aug sun = 213.7 | Sep sun = 176.0 | Oct sun = 190.8 | Nov sun = 191.3 | Dec sun = 192.3 | year sun = | Jan percentsun = 63 | Feb percentsun = 61 | Mar percentsun = 59 | Apr percentsun = 61 | May percentsun = 60 | Jun percentsun = 57 | Jul percentsun = 52 | Aug percentsun = 52 | Sep percentsun = 48 | Oct percentsun = 55 | Nov percentsun = 63 | Dec percentsun = 64 | year percentsun = | Jan snow days = 4.3 | Feb snow days = 4.0 | Mar snow days = 2.9 | Apr snow days = 0.5 | May snow days = 0 | Jun snow days = 0 | Jul snow days = 0 | Aug snow days = 0 | Sep snow days = 0 | Oct snow days = 0.3 | Nov snow days = 2.4 | Dec snow days = 3.6 | year snow days = | source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=24 September 2023}} {{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =24 September 2023 |title=Experience Template }} extremes{{cite web |url=https://www.roostweather.com/worldclimate/graphs.php?code=CHM00053845 |title= Yan'an Climate: 1991–2020 |publisher=Starlings Roost Weather |access-date= 20 July 2025 }} | source 2 = Weather China{{cite web|script-title=zh:延安城市介绍以及气候背景分析|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101170401.shtml? |website=Weather China|publisher=中国气象局公共气象服务中心|access-date=July 27, 2015|language=zh}} | source = }} === Pollution === Yan'an experiences moderate to severe air pollution year‐round. Its basin‐like terrain combined with frequent winter temperature inversions traps locally emitted pollutants, while heavy reliance on [[coal]] for industry and residential heating, growing vehicle use, and seasonal [[Dust storm|dust storms]] from surrounding arid regions together maintain high concentrations of [[particulate matter]] (PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous contaminants such as [[sulfur dioxide]] (SO2) and [[NOx|NO''x'']] gases.{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Shuai |last2=He |first2=Jinrong |last3=He |first3=Jinwei |last4=Feng |first4=Qiang |last5=Bi |first5=Yingzhou |date=2024-12-01 |title=Forecasting air quality Index in yan'an using temporal encoded Informer |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0957417424017354 |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |volume=255 |article-number=124868 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124868 |issn=0957-4174|url-access=subscription }} Elevated PM2.5 levels are linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while acid deposition from SO2 and NO''x'' damages soils and vegetation across the fragile loess landscape.{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Di |last2=Zhu |first2=Shilei |last3=Wang |first3=Lijing |last4=Zhen |first4=Qing |last5=Han |first5=Fengpeng |last6=Zhang |first6=Xingchang |date=2020-02-21 |title=Distribution, Origins and Hazardous Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil Surrounding Oil Fields: A Case Study on the Loess Plateau, China |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |page=1390 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17041390 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=7068613 |pmid=32098176 |doi-access=free}} Yan'an sits atop the highly erodible Loess Plateau, where thick wind‐deposited silt forms uneven terrain that impedes horizontal dispersion of air pollutants.{{Cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Yi |last2=Wang |first2=Rui |last3=Wang |first3=Fan |last4=Huang |first4=Huan |last5=Wang |first5=Jue |date=2022-03-01 |title=Investigation on spatial and temporal variation of coupling coordination between socioeconomic and ecological environment: A case study of the Loess Plateau, China |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=136 |article-number=108667 |bibcode=2022EcInd.13608667X |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108667 |issn=1470-160X |doi-access=free}} On the eastern edge of the plateau, a persistent "warm cover" of anomalously warm air and downdrafts suppresses vertical mixing, creating a convergence line that carries and concentrates emissions along the slopes—a phenomenon that amplifies pollution levels by 50–150% compared to flatter regions.{{Cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Kai |last2=Xu |first2=Xiangde |last3=Xu |first3=Xiaobin |last4=Wang |first4=Haoliang |last5=Liu |first5=Xiaohui |last6=Jiao |first6=Yayin |date=2019-11-16 |title=The Causes of "Vulnerable Regions" to Air Pollution in Winter in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: A Topographic–Meteorological Impact Model Based on Adaptive Emission Constraint Technique |journal=Atmosphere |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=719 |bibcode=2019Atmos..10..719M |doi=10.3390/atmos10110719 |issn=2073-4433 |doi-access=free}} During winter months, strong temperature inversions—layers of warmer air aloft capping colder surface air—further inhibit the vertical dilution of pollutants, leading to seasonal peaks in PM2.5 concentrations and prolonged haze events. ==== Sources of pollution ==== [[Coal mining]], coal‐fired [[Electricity generation|power generation]] and [[cement]] production dominate Yan'an's industrial sector, collectively releasing large volumes of SO2, NO''x'' gases, and coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter. Inefficient combustion and fugitive dust from these facilities are key contributors to the city's annual pollution burden. In winter, over 80% of households in northern China, which includes Yan'an and its surroundings, rely on coal combustion for space heating. Traditional stoves and boilers emit high levels of [[black carbon]] and PM2.5, driving sharp increases in airborne particulates during colder months. Road vehicles in Yan'an contribute significant quantities of nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and fine particulates. Regional tracking studies identify [[Yulin, Shaanxi|Yulin]] and Yan'an as important sources for wintertime NO''x'' and PM transport within the [[Fen River|Fen]]‐[[Wei River|Wei]] River Valley, indicating that urban traffic emissions exacerbate local air quality problems.{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Qiangjun |last2=Liang |first2=Suping |last3=Xu |first3=Junlin |date=2022-10-19 |title=Characteristics and Sources of Air Pollution in Southern Shanxi Province |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=14 |issue=20 |article-number=13511 |bibcode=2022Sust...1413511L |doi=10.3390/su142013511 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} Seasonal dust storms originating in the [[Mu Us Desert]] and adjacent arid zones inject pulses of PM10 into Yan'an's atmosphere. Natural dust events can elevate particulate concentrations several‐fold within hours, compounding anthropogenic pollution and sustaining prolonged haze episodes.{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Bowen |last2=Ma |first2=Yuxia |last3=Qin |first3=Pengpeng |last4=Wang |first4=Wanci |last5=Zhao |first5=Yuhan |last6=Liu |first6=Zongrui |last7=Zhang |first7=Yifan |last8=Wei |first8=Linbo |date=2024-06-26 |title=Characterization of air pollution and associated health risks in Gansu Province, China from 2015 to 2022 |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=14751 |bibcode=2024NatSR..1414751C |doi=10.1038/s41598-024-65584-2 |doi-access=free|issn=2045-2322 |pmc=11208435 |pmid=38926518}} == Administrative divisions == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" align="center" ! colspan="6" align="center" | Map |- | colspan="6" align="center" |
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Yan'an.png|width=530|link=}} {{Image label|x=730|y=430|scale=530/1180|text=[[Baota District|'''Baota''']]}} {{Image label|x=610|y=270|scale=530/1180|text=[[Ansai District|'''Ansai''']]}} {{Image label|x=955|y=465|scale=530/1180|text=[[Yanchang County|'''Yanchang
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=935|y=300|scale=530/1180|text=[[Yanchuan County|'''Yanchuan
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=380|y=370|scale=530/1180|text=[[Zhidan County|'''Zhidan
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=175|y=270|scale=530/1180|text=[[Wuqi County|'''Wuqi
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=590|y=560|scale=530/1180|text=[[Ganquan County|'''Ganquan
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=560|y=730|scale=530/1180|text=[[Fu County|'''Fu
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=700|y=820|scale=530/1180|text=[[Luochuan County|'''Luochuan
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=990|y=690|scale=530/1180|text=[[Yichuan County, Shaanxi|'''Yichuan
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=880|y=860|scale=530/1180|text=[[Huanglong County|'''Huanglong
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=510|y=900|scale=530/1180|text=[[Huangling County|'''Huangling
County''']]}} {{Image label|x=760|y=150|scale=530/1180|text=[[Zichang|'''Zichang
{{small|(city)}}''']]}} {{Image label end}}
|- ! Name ! [[Hanzi]] ! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] ! Population (2019){{Rp||page=4–6}} ! Area (km2) ! Density (/km2) |- |[[Baota District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|宝塔区}} |Bǎotǎ Qū |497,100 |3,537.6 |140.52 |- |[[Ansai District]] |{{lang|zh-hans|安塞区}} |Ānsài Qū |177,600 |2,951.3 |60.18 |- |[[Zichang|Zichang City]] |{{lang|zh-hans|子长市}} |Zǐcháng Shì |219,400 |2,393.4 |91.67 |- |[[Yanchang County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|延长县}} |Yáncháng Xiàn |127,900 |2,361.6 |54.16 |- |[[Yanchuan County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|延川县}} |Yánchuān Xiàn |170,100 |1,986.5 |85.63 |- |[[Zhidan County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|志丹县}} |Zhìdān Xiàn |145,800 |3,790.2 |38.47 |- |[[Wuqi County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|吴起县}} |Wúqǐ Xiàn |152,600 |3,788.5 |40.28 |- |[[Ganquan County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|甘泉县}} |Gānquán Xiàn |79,100 |2,276.1 |34.75 |- |[[Fu County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|富县}} |Fù Xiàn |156,800 |4,179.9 |37.51 |- |[[Luochuan County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|洛川县}} |Luòchuān Xiàn |228,200 |1,791.3 |127.39 |- |[[Yichuan County, Shaanxi|Yichuan County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|宜川县}} |Yíchuān Xiàn |121,500 |2,937.2 |41.37 |- |[[Huanglong County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|黄龙县}} |Huánglóng Xiàn |49,200 |2,751.0 |17.88 |- |[[Huangling County]] |{{lang|zh-hans|黄陵县}} |Huánglíng Xiàn |130,400 |2,286.7 |57.03 |} == Demographics == As of 2019, Yan'an has approximately 2,255,700 permanent residents, a slight decrease from the 2,259,400 recorded in 2018.{{Rp||page=4–5}} As of 2019, there are 2,336,587 people with a Yan'an [[hukou]] registration.{{Rp||page=4–7}} This discrepancy reflects China's system of [[Migration in China|internal migration]], as many hukou holders in more rural areas migrate to larger and more developed cities. Approximately 674,700 people lived in Yan'an's two [[District (China)|districts]] ([[Baota District|Baota]] and [[Ansai District|Ansai]]) as of 2019.{{Rp||page=4–6}} === Vital statistics === In 2019, Yan'an recorded a [[birth rate]] of 9.80‰ ([[per thousand]]), and a [[Mortality rate|death rate]] of 5.97‰, giving the city a [[rate of natural increase]] of 3.83‰.{{Rp||page=4–5}} This is a slight decrease from 2018, when the rate of natural increase was 4.30‰.{{Rp||page=4–5}} === Ethnic groups === Nearly all of Yan'an's population is ethnically [[Han Chinese]]. There are 6,000 people in Yan'an who belong to 34 different [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minority]] groups, of which, the majority are [[Hui people|Hui]]. === Language === Three [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese linguistic varieties]] are widely spoken in Yan'an: the [[Northern Shaanxi|Shaanbei]] dialect of [[Jin Chinese]], the {{Interlanguage link|Qin-Long dialect|zh|秦陇片}} of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and the [[Guanzhong dialect]] of Central Plains Mandarin. Within the Shaanbei dialect, the [[Zhi-Yan dialect]] is spoken throughout much of Yan'an.{{Cite web |title= |script-title=zh:第一节 特点分布 |trans-title=Part One: Distribution of features |url=http://dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn/sqzlk/xbsxz/sxdel/yas_16203/btqz_2/202104/t20210408_966986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116211807/http://dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn/sqzlk/xbsxz/sxdel/yas_16203/btqz_2/202104/t20210408_966986.html |archive-date=2023-01-16 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=dfz.shaanxi.gov.cn |publisher=Shaanxi Provincial People's Government |language=zh}} === Income === In 2019, urban households earned an average [[Disposable Income|disposable income]] of 34,888 [[Renminbi|RMB]], an 8.3% increase from the previous year.{{Rp||page=10–2}} Rural households earned a lower average of 11,876 RMB, reflecting a 10.1% increase from the previous year.{{Rp||page=10–2}} == Economy == [[File:延安新区的建筑.jpg|thumb|Buildings in [[Baota District]]]] Like much of [[China]], Yan'an's economy has rapidly developed in the 21st century. Yan'an's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) in 2019 stood at 166.389 billion [[Renminbi|RMB]], more than ten times its GDP in 2000, which stood at just 13.063 billion RMB.{{Rp||page=3–12}} Yan'an recorded a 6.7% increase to GDP in 2019, down from the 8.9% growth recorded in 2018, and below the peak of 19.6% annual GDP growth the city achieved in 2004.{{Rp||page=3–13}} The GDP [[per capita]] of Yan'an totals 73,703 RMB as of 2019,{{Rp||page=3–12}} a 6.9% increase from the previous year.{{Rp||page=3–13}} Of Yan'an's [[county-level division]]s, [[Baota District]] recorded the largest GDP in 2019, totaling 36.391 billion RMB.{{Rp||page=3–15}} Baota District is followed by [[Luochuan County]] and [[Huangling County]], which recorded economic outputs totaling 24.387 billion and 18.593 billion RMB, respectively.{{Rp||page=3–15}} Yan'an is largely reliant on its [[Secondary sector of the economy|secondary sector]], which comprises the majority of its GDP as of 2019.{{Rp||page=3–12}} {| class="wikitable" |+GDP Composition of Yan'an (2019) !Sector !2019 Value (RMB){{Rp||page=3–12}} !Percent of Total GDP{{Rp||page=3–12}} !Annual growth{{Rp||page=3–13}} |- |[[Primary sector of the economy|Primary Sector]] |14.933 billion |8.975% | +5.2% |- |[[Secondary sector of the economy|Secondary Sector]] |99.985 billion |60.091% | +6.5% |- |[[Tertiary sector of the economy|Tertiary Sector]] |51.471 billion |30.934% | +7.6% |- |'''Total GDP''' |'''166.389 billion''' |'''100.000%''' | '''+6.7%''' |} === Agriculture === [[File:宝塔 延河 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Yan River]] in [[Baota District]]]] As of 2019, the city's output in the fields of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing totals 26.107 billion RMB.{{Rp||page=12–4}} Of this, farming accounted for 21.798 billion RMB, animal husbandry accounted for 2.987 billion RMB, forestry accounted for 621.17 million RMB, fishing accounted for 72.82 million RMB, and agricultural services accounted for 628.32 million RMB.{{Rp||page=12–4}} The total area of Yan'an's farmland in 2019 is 183.30 thousand [[hectare]]s, of which, 72.79 thousand hectares are used for growing [[maize]].{{Rp||page=12-11}} Sizable tracts of land in Yan'an are also used to grow [[vegetable]]s and [[soybean]]s.{{Rp||page=12–4}} Yan'an has the second largest [[cotton]] production out of all the [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] in [[Shaanxi]], behind just [[Weinan]].{{Rp||page=12–13}} The city also grows a large amount of [[rapeseed]]s,{{Rp||page=12–13}} [[peanut]]s,{{Rp||page=12–13}} [[apple]]s,{{Rp||page=12–18}} [[jujube]]s,{{Rp||page=12–18}} and [[apricot]]s.{{Rp||page=12–18}} Yan'an is also the second largest honey producer in Shaanxi, behind [[Hanzhong]].{{Rp||page=12–24}} === Industry === As of 2019, the city's industrial output is worth 96.510 billion RMB,{{Rp||page=3–12}} a 6.4% increase from the previous year at constant prices.{{Rp||page=3–13}} In 2018, the petroleum industry alone accounted for 54.419 billion RMB of output.{{Cite web|title=|script-title=zh:延安市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|trans-title=Yan'an 2018 Economic and Social Development Annual Report|url=https://www.cnstats.org/tjgb/201904/yasyas-2018-fkg.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815022658/https://www.cnstats.org/tjgb/201904/yasyas-2018-fkg.html|archive-date=2020-08-15|access-date=2021-05-14|website=www.cnstats.org|language=zh}} In addition to oil and natural gas, major industries in the city include coal mining, power generation, and cigarette production. ==== Petroleum industry ==== Yan'an is a major oil and gas center in China. In 2018, 15,292,400 tons of crude oil were extracted from the city. Of this, 8,565,800 tons were extracted by [[Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum|Yanchang Petroleum]], and the remaining 6,726,600 tons were extracted as part of [[China National Petroleum Corporation|CNPC]]'s [[Changqing oil field|Changqing Oil Field]]. The Changqing Oil Field, part of the wider Ordos basin, one of China's main petroleum-producing regions, has been home to oil extraction since the early 1970s.{{Cite web|title=Changqing Oil & Gas Province|url=https://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/operatediol/201405/ef43c204435d4db3bcd7852514f79269.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128021957/http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/operatediol/201405/ef43c204435d4db3bcd7852514f79269.shtml|archive-date=2021-01-28|access-date=2021-05-14|website=cnpc.com.cn|publisher=[[China National Petroleum Corporation]]}} === Retail === The total retail sales of [[consumer goods]] in Yan'an totaled 41.113 billion RMB in 2019.{{Rp||page=16-5}} The majority of these retail sales took place in Baota District, which recorded 24.000 billion RMB of sales that year.{{Rp||page=16-5}} == Culture == Yan'an's culture is more broadly part of the [[Northern Shaanxi|Shaanbei]] culture that exists throughout northern [[Shaanxi]]. The area has unique traditional music, which often incorporates the use of [[Yaogu|waist drums]], most notably those from [[Ansai District]]. The area also unique traditional [[Papercutting|paper cutting]] crafts. [[Yaodong]], cave dwellings indigenous to the [[Loess Plateau]], are also indigenous to the wider northern Shaanxi region. The Erdao Street Night Market ({{Lang-zh|c=二道街夜市|p=Èrdào Jiē Yèshì}}) is a street market in [[Baota District]] which features many of the hallmarks of Shaanbei culture, including local cuisine, décor, and folk music. == Tourism == [[File:宝塔 延安革命纪念馆 07.jpg|thumb|A scene at the [[Yan'an Revolutionary Memorial Hall]]]] The city is a major center for [[red tourism]] in China, with facilities such as the Yan'an Revolution Memorial Hall attracting Chinese citizens and [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] cadres seeking to learn more about the Party's history. Red tourism to Yan'an significantly increased in the years following CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping's 2015 visit, with 40.25 million tourist visits in 2016 and 73.08 million tourist visits in 2019.{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Xiaojia |title=China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment |publisher=[[Leiden University Press]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-90-8728-441-1 |editor-last=Fang |editor-first=Qiang |chapter=China's Shift to Personalistic Rule: Xi Jinping's Centralization of Political Power |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Xiaobing}}{{Rp|page=89}} In 2021, the development project Golden Yan'an opened as part of the Holy Land Valley Cultural Tourism Industrial Park.{{Cite book |last=Lin |first=Chunfeng |title=Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-13960-9}}{{Rp|page=1}} This tourist town is branded as the "new landmark of Red Tourism in China" and features old-fashioned Chinese streets and shops in the style of the 1930s [[Yan'an Soviet]].{{Rp|page=1–2}} The major attraction of Golden Yan'an is "The Ode of Yan'an" nightlight show.{{Rp|page=2}} The free show depicts a series of historical moments from the [[History of the Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party's Yan'an period]] presented with a light show on the mountains and an audio-visual projection on Baota Mountain.{{Rp|page=2}}Yan'an Red Street uses red culture-themed stories to connect the soul of the entire neighborhood. In addition, unlike other tourist attractions, Yan'an Red Street has created many innovative interactive experiential projects, allowing tourists to experience a Red Street journey that integrates body and soul.{{Cite web |title=延安红街是红色旅游的增量创新-新华网 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/travel/20210716/73837dfaf6864022a69da009bfe4726b/c.html |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}} Shortly before the [[100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party|centenary]] of the Chinese Communist Party, Yan'an launched the "Red Stars Flying Me to Yan'an from Thirteen Cities" imitative, which sought to promote tourism to Yan'an for the study of revolutionary history, including with drastically reduced airfare.{{Rp|page=1}} ==Transportation== *[[Yan'an Nanniwan Airport]] *G2211 Changyan Expressway *[[G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway]] *[[China National Highway 210]] == Education == [[File:中国抗日军政大学旧址.jpg|thumb|Site of [[Counter-Japanese Military and Political University]]]] Yan'an is home to 251 standard [[primary school]]s and 112 standard [[secondary school]]s, enrolling 218,100 and 129,900 students, respectively.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnstats.org/tjgb/201904/yasyas-2018-fkg_3.html|script-title=zh:延安市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中国统计信息网|website=www.cnstats.org|access-date=2020-04-19|archive-date=2020-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815022725/https://www.cnstats.org/tjgb/201904/yasyas-2018-fkg_3.html}} The city also has 556 kindergartens, enrolling 119,500 students. The city also has 5 [[special education]] schools, serving 372 disabled students. As of 2019, Yan'an has 13 public libraries.{{Rp||page=18–19}} === Notable educational institutions === *[[Yan'an University]] *China Yan'an Executive Leadership Academy *Yan'an Middle School{{Cite web |title=延安中学 - 陕西教育信息网 |url=http://www.snedunews.cn/school/110.html |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.snedunews.cn}} == Healthcare == Yan'an is home to 2,631 healthcare institutions as of 2019, which contain 14,560 medical beds, and are staffed by 24,298 employees.{{Rp||page=19-7}} == See also == *[[Yan'an Rectification Movement]] *[[Yan'an Talks on Literature and Art]] *[[2693 Yan'an]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wiktionary|Yan'an|Yanan|Yenan|Yen-an}} {{Wikivoyage|Yan'an}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20000819135240/http://yanan.gov.cn/ Official website of Yan'an Government] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652905/Yanan Yan'an (China) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia] {{Navboxes |list = {{Shaanxi}} {{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}} {{Major cities along the Yellow River}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Yan'an| ]] [[Category:Cities in Shaanxi]] [[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Shaanxi]] [[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]