{{Short description|Measure of the state of democracy according to The Economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{For|overview of democracy indices / rankings |Democracy indices}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:The Economist Democracy Index 2025.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|The 2025 [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ''Democracy Index'' map
{{smalldiv|
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Full democracies'''
{{Legend|#0c3091|
9.00–10.00}}
{{legend|#2e5cd4|
8.00–8.99}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|
No data}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Flawed democracies'''
{{legend|#6bd2df|
7.00–7.99}}
{{legend|#c3eded|
6.00–6.99}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Hybrid regimes'''
{{legend|#f9f8bb|
5.00–5.99}}
{{legend|#fad45d|
4.00–4.99}}
{{Col-break}}
'''Authoritarian regimes'''
{{legend|#da820f|
3.00–3.99}}
{{legend|#a8261f|
2.00–2.99}}
{{legend|#66000f|
1.00–1.99}}
{{legend|#240011|
0.00–0.99}}
{{Col-end}}
}}
]]
The '''''Democracy Index''''' published by the British [[media company]] [[Economist Group|the Economist Group]] is an index measuring the quality of [[democracy]] across the world. This [[Quantitative research|quantitative]] and [[comparative politics|comparative]] assessment is centrally concerned with democratic rights and democratic institutions. The methodology for assessing democracy used in this democracy index is according to the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] which is part of the Economist Group, a UK-based private company, which publishes the weekly newspaper ''[[The Economist]]''.
The index is based on 60 indicators grouped into five categories, measuring [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], [[civil liberties]], and [[political culture]]. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes each country into one of four regime types: [[Liberal democracy|full democracies]], [[Illiberal democracy|flawed democracies]], [[hybrid regime]]s, and [[authoritarian regimes]]. The first Democracy Index report was published in 2006. Reports were published every two years until 2010 and annually thereafter. The index includes 167 countries and territories, of which 165 are [[sovereign states]] and 164 are [[Member states of the United Nations|UN member states]]. Other [[democracy indices]] with similar assessments of the state of democracy{{cite journal | last1=Geissel | first1=Brigitte | last2=Kneuer | first2=Marianne | last3=Lauth | first3=Hans-Joachim | title=Measuring the quality of democracy: Introduction | journal=International Political Science Review | publisher=Sage Publications | volume=37 | issue=5 | year=2016 | issn=0192-5121| jstor=26556872 | pages=571–579 | doi=10.1177/0192512116669141 | s2cid=151808737 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26556872 | access-date=2023-04-03| url-access=subscription }} include the [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]] or [[Bertelsmann Transformation Index]].
==Methodology==
{{Democracy}}
As described in the report, the ''Democracy Index'' produces a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] based on the answers to 60 questions, or indicators,{{which|date=May 2025}} each one with either two or three permitted answers. Most answers are experts' assessments. Some answers are provided by public-opinion surveys from the respective countries. In the case of countries for which survey results are missing, survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps.{{cite book |title=Democracy Index 2023 – Age of conflict |date=15 February 2024 |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |pages=65–77 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023 |access-date=17 November 2024}}
The questions are grouped into five categories:
* [[electoral process]] and [[Pluralism (political theory)|pluralism]] (12 indicators)
* functioning of government (14 indicators)
* [[Public participation (decision making)|political participation]] (9 indicators)
* [[political culture]] (8 indicators)
* [[civil liberties]] (17 indicators)
Each answer is converted to a score, either 0 or 1, or for the three-answer questions, 0, 0.5 or 1. With the exceptions mentioned below, within each category, the scores are added, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. In a few cases, an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question; e.g., if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free (question 1), then the next question, "''Are elections... fair?''", is not considered, but automatically scored zero. Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely:
# "Whether national [[election]]s are free and fair";
# "The security of [[Voting|voters]]";
# "The influence of foreign powers on government";
# "The capability of the [[Civil service|civil servant]]s to implement policies".
The five category indices, which are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the overall score for a given country. Finally, the score, [[rounding|rounded]] to two [[decimals]], decides the regime-type classification of the country.
The report discusses other indices of democracy, as defined, e.g., by [[Freedom House]], and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]. In this comparison, a higher emphasis is placed on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by [[Survey (human research)|survey]]s, but on the other hand, economic living-standards are not weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators have done).
The report is widely cited in the international press as well as in [[peer-review]]ed academic journals.
== Definitions ==
* [[Liberal democracy|Full democracies]] are countries where civil liberties and fundamental political freedoms are not only respected but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles. These nations have a valid system of governmental checks and balances, an independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced, governments that function adequately, and diverse and independent media. These nations have only limited problems in democratic functioning.
* [[Defective democracy|Flawed democracies]] are countries where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honoured, but may have issues (e.g. media freedom infringement and minor suppression of political opposition and critics). These countries can have significant faults in other democratic aspects, including an underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.
* [[Hybrid regime]]s are countries with regular [[electoral fraud]], preventing them from being fair and free democracies. These countries commonly have non-independent judiciaries, widespread corruption, and weak rule of law. Political opponents and the media face harassment and pressure from governments. These countries have a less-developed political culture, lower levels of participation in politics, and more pronounced issues in the functioning of governance compared to flawed democracies.
* [[Authoritarian regime]]s are countries where political pluralism is nonexistent or severely limited. These nations are often [[absolute monarchies]] or [[dictatorship]]s and may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meagre significance. Infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair or free (especially [[sham election]]s), the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and censorship and suppression of governmental criticism are commonplace.
== By regime type ==
The following table indicates the number of nations and the percentage of world population for each type of regime. Some [[microstate]]s are not considered in the calculation.
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Year 2025{{Cite web |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024/ |title=Democracy Index 2024 |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]] |url-access=registration |access-date=27 February 2025}}
! rowspan=2|Type of regime
! colspan=2|Score
! colspan=2|Countries
! colspan=2|Proportion of
world population (%)
|-
!2022–2025
!2006–2021
!Number
!(%)w
!By types
!Subtotal
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Full democracies
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#0c3091|9.00–10.00}}{{legend|#2750BF|8.00–8.99}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#0c3091|9.01–10.00}}{{legend|#2750BF|8.01–9.00}}|| 26 || 15.5% || 6.6%
|rowspan=2|45%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Flawed democracies
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#6bd2df|7.00–7.99}}{{legend|#c3eded|6.00–6.99}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#6bd2df|7.01–8.00}}{{legend|#c3eded|6.01–7.00}}|| 48 || 28.7% || 38.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Hybrid regimes
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#f9f8bb|5.00–5.99}}{{legend|#fad45d|4.00–4.99}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#f9f8bb|5.01–6.00}}{{legend|#fad45d|4.01–5.00}}|| 32 || 19.1% || 15.7%
|rowspan=2|54.9%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Authoritarian regimes
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#da820f|3.00–3.99}}{{legend|#a8261f|2.00–2.99}} {{legend|#66000f|1.00–1.99}} {{legend|#240011|0.00–0.99}}
| style="text-align:left;" | {{legend|#da820f|3.01–4.00}}{{legend|#a8261f|2.01–3.00}}{{legend|#66000f|1.01–2.00}}{{legend|#240011|0.00–1.00}} || 61 || 36.5% || 39.2%
|}
== List by region ==
The following table lists the average of [[#By country|each country scored by geographic region]], as defined by the Economist Democracy Index.
{{static row numbers}}{{sticky-header}}{{sort-under}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header sort-under col1left" style="text-align:center;"
|- class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"
! Region
! Coun{{shy}}tries
! 2025
! 2024
! 2023
! 2022
! 2021
! 2020
! 2019
! 2018
! 2017
! 2016
! 2015
! 2014
! 2013
! 2012
! 2011
! 2010
! 2008
! 2006
|-
| [[Western Europe]]
| [[#Western Europe|21]]
| {{Democracy color cell|8.43}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.38}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.23}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.29}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.35}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.35}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.38}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.40}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.42}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.41}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.41}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.44}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.40}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.45}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.61}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.60}}
|-
| [[Northern America|North America]]
| style="color:black" | [[#North America|2]]
| {{Democracy color cell|8.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.27}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.27}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.58}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.59}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.59}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.59}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.59}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.59}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.63}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.64}}
| {{Democracy color cell|8.64}}
|-
| [[Latin America]] and [[Caribbean|the Caribbean]]
| [[#Latin America and the Caribbean|24]]
| {{Democracy color cell|5.71}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.61}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.68}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.79}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.83}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.09}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.13}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.24}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.26}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.33}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.38}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.35}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.43}}
| {{Democracy color cell|6.37}}
|-
| [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Asia]]
| [[#Eastern Europe and Central Asia|28]]
| {{Democracy color cell|5.33}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.35}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.39}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.42}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.42}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.40}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.43}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.55}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.58}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.53}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.51}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.50}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.55}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.67}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.76}}
|-
| [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]]
| [[#Asia and Australasia|28]]
| {{Democracy color cell|5.27}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.31}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.41}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.46}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.62}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.67}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.67}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.67}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.63}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.74}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.74}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.70}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.61}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.51}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.53}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.58}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.44}}
|-
| [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
| [[#Sub-Saharan Africa|44]]
| {{Democracy color cell|4.00}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.00}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.04}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.14}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.12}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.16}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.26}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.35}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.37}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.38}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.34}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.36}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.33}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.32}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.23}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.28}}
| {{Democracy color cell|4.24}}
|-
| [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
| [[#Middle East and North Africa|20]]
| {{Democracy color cell|3.16}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.12}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.23}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.34}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.41}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.44}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.53}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.54}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.54}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.56}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.58}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.65}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.68}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.73}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.62}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.52}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.48}}
| {{Democracy color cell|3.54}}
|- class="sortbottom static-row-header"
| '''World'''
| '''167'''
| {{Democracy color cell|5.19|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.17|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.23|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.29|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.28|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.37|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.44|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.48|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.48|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.52|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.55|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.55|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.53|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.52|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.49|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.46|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.55|bold=yes}}
| {{Democracy color cell|5.52|bold=yes}}
|}
The following table lists the number of countries in each of the four democracy classifications.
{{sort-under}}{{sticky-header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under sticky-header col2left" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Year 2025
! Rank
! Region
! Countries
! Authoritarian
! Hybrid regime
! Flawed democracy
! Full democracy
! Average score
|-
| 1
| Western Europe || 21 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 16
| {{Democracy color cell|8.43}}
|-
| 2
| North America || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1
| {{Democracy color cell|8.37}}
|-
| 3
| Latin America and the Caribbean || 24 || 4 || 7 || 11 || 2
| {{Democracy color cell|5.71}}
|-
| 4
| Asia and Australasia || 28 || 8 || 6 || 10 || 4
| {{Democracy color cell|5.33}}
|-
| 5
| Eastern Europe and Central Asia || 28 || 8 || 5 || 13 || 2
| {{Democracy color cell|5.27}}
|-
| 6
| Sub-Saharan Africa || 44 || 24 || 11 || 8 || 1
| {{Democracy color cell|4.00}}
|-
| 7
| Middle East and North Africa || 20 || 17 || 2 || 1 || 0
| {{Democracy color cell|3.16}}
|- class="sortbottom"
|
| '''World''' || '''167''' || '''61''' || '''32''' || '''48''' || '''26'''
| {{Democracy color cell|5.19|bold=yes}}
|}
== List by country ==
The following table shows each nation's score over the years. The regions are assigned by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and may differ from conventional classifications (for example, Turkey is grouped in Western Europe).