{{Short description|Gaul as a province of the Roman Empire}}
{{For|Gallia or Gaul before the Roman conquest|Gaul}}
{{History of France}}
'''Roman Gaul''' refers to [[Gaul]][The territory of Gaul roughly corresponds to modern-day [[France]], [[Belgium]] and [[Luxembourg]], and adjacent parts of the [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Germany]].] under provincial rule in the [[Roman Empire]] from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD.
==History==
{{See also |La Tène culture}}
=== During the Republic ===
The [[Roman Republic]]'s influence began in southern Gaul. By the mid-2nd century BC, Rome was trading heavily with the Greek colony of [[Massalia|Massilia]] (modern [[Marseille]]) and entered into an alliance with them, by which Rome agreed to protect the town from local Gauls, including the nearby [[Aquitani]] and from sea-borne Carthaginians and other rivals, in exchange for land that the Romans wanted in order to build a road to [[Hispania]] to improve troop movements to its provinces there. The Mediterranean settlements on the coast continued to be threatened by the powerful Gallic tribes to the north and in 122 BC the Roman general [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]] campaigned in the area and defeated the [[Allobroges]] followed by [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] against the [[Arverni]] under King [[Bituitus]] in 121 BC.[Drinkwater, John (2014). Roman Gaul (Routledge Revivals): The Three Provinces, 58 BC-AD 260. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1317750741}} p.6]
The Romans respected and feared the Gallic tribes. In 390 BC, the [[Gallic sack of Rome|Gauls had sacked Rome]], which left an existential dread of barbarian conquest the Romans never forgot.{{Sfn|Gilliver|2003|p=11}} In 109 BC, Italy had been [[Cimbrian War|invaded from the north]] and saved by [[Gaius Marius]] only after several bloody and costly battles. Around 62 BC, when a Roman client state, the Arverni, conspired with the [[Sequani]] and the [[Suebi]] nations east of the [[Rhine]] to attack the Aedui, a strong Roman ally, Rome turned a blind eye. The Sequani and the Arverni sought [[Ariovistus]]'s aid and defeated the [[Aedui]] in 63 BC at the [[Battle of Magetobriga]].[{{Cite book|last=Goldsworthy|first=Adrian|title=[[Caesar, Life of a Colossus]]|publisher=[[Orion Books]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0300126891|location=London}}][{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=Julius Caesar|publisher=[[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]]|year=1974|isbn=|location=London|orig-date=1969}}]
=== Gallic wars ===
{{Main|Gallic Wars}}
{{See also |La Tène culture}}
[[File:Map Gallia Tribes Towns.png|thumb|Gaul on the eve of the Gallic Wars (58 BC)]]
As 58 BC dawned, most of Gaul was still under independent rule. It was beginning to urbanize and shared many aspects of Roman civilization. Into this picture came the rising general [[Julius Caesar]], who had ensured himself the position of Governor of both [[Transalpine Gaul|Transalpine]] and [[Cisalpine Gaul]]. He sought to pay off debts and glorify himself, and so began a series of aggressive campaigns to conquer the Gallic tribes.[{{Cite book|last=Gilliver|first=Catherine|title=Caesar's Gallic wars, 58–50 BC|date=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-49484-4|location=New York|oclc=57577646}}]
The wars began with a conflict over the [[migration of the Helvetii]] in 58 BC, which drew in neighboring tribes and the Germanic [[Suebi]]. By 57 BC, Caesar had resolved to conquer all of Gaul, and led campaigns in the east, where the [[Nervii]] nearly defeated him. In 56 BC, Caesar defeated the [[Veneti (Gaul)|Veneti]] in a naval battle and took most of northwest Gaul. In 55 BC, he sought to boost his public image, and undertook first of their kind expeditions across the Rhine river and the [[English Channel]]. Upon his return from Britain, Caesar was hailed as a hero, though he had achieved little beyond landing because his army had been too small. The next year, he went back with a proper army and [[Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain|invaded Britain]]. However, tribes rose up on the continent, and the Romans suffered a humiliating defeat. 53 BC saw a draconian campaign against the Gauls in an attempt to [[Pacification (military action)|pacify]] them. This failed and the Gauls staged a mass revolt under the leadership of [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC. Gallic forces won a notable victory at the [[Battle of Gergovia]], but the Romans' indomitable siege works at the [[Battle of Alesia]] utterly defeated the Gallic coalition.[Boatwright et al., The Romans, From Village to Empire, p.272 {{ISBN|978-0-19-511876-6}}]
In 22 BC, imperial administration of Gaul was reorganised establishing the [[Roman province|provinces]] of [[Gallia Aquitania]], [[Gallia Belgica]] and [[Gallia Lugdunensis]]. Parts of eastern Gaul were incorporated into the provinces [[Raetia]] (15 BC) and [[Germania Superior]] (AD 83).
[[Roman citizenship]] was granted to all in 212 by the [[Constitutio Antoniniana]].
Several significant Roman figures were born in Gaul, including Roman Emperors [[Claudius]], [[Caracalla]] and probably [[Carus]], as well as the important general [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]]. Another general born in Gaul was [[Marcus Antonius Primus]]. In addition, the family of [[Antoninus Pius]], which was also the adoptive family of [[Marcus Aurelius]], came from Roman Gaul. Among the Roman writers known or hypothesized to be born in Gaul there are [[Tacitus]], [[Petronius]], [[Varro Atacinus]], [[Aemilius Magnus Arborius]], [[Frontinus]], [[Ausonius]], [[Rutilius Claudius Namatianus]], [[Sextus Pompeius Festus]], [[Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus]] and the authors of the important [[Panegyrici latini]]. Many other writers were from the region of [[Cisalpine Gaul]], which was part of Italy, including [[Virgil]], [[Caecilius Statius]], [[Catullus]] and [[Pliny the Elder]].
[[File:Voies romaines Gaule.jpg|thumb|250px|Major cities of Roman Gaul]]
In the [[Crisis of the Third Century]] around 260, [[Postumus]] established a short-lived [[Gallic Empire]], which included the Iberian Peninsula and Britannia, in addition to Gaul itself. Germanic tribes, the [[Franks]] and the [[Alamanni]], invaded Gaul at this time. The Gallic Empire ended with Emperor [[Aurelian]]'s victory at [[Battle of Châlons (274)|Châlons]] in 274.
In 286–7 [[Carausius]], commander of the [[Classis Britannica]], the fleet of the English Channel, declared himself Emperor of Britain and northern Gaul.[Panegyrici Latini, 8:6; Aurelius Victor, Book of Caesars 39:20–21; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 21; Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 7:25.2-4] His forces comprised his fleet, the three legions stationed in Britain and also a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.[Panegyrici Latini 8:12] In 293 emperor [[Constantius Chlorus]] isolated Carausius by besieging the port of [[Gesoriacum]] (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and invaded [[Batavia (region)|Batavia]] in the Rhine delta, held by his Frankish allies, and reclaimed Gaul.
A migration of Celts from Britain appeared in the 4th century in [[Armorica]] led by the legendary king [[Conan Meriadoc]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} They spoke the now extinct [[British language (Celtic)|British language]], which evolved into the [[Breton language|Breton]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], and [[Welsh language]]s.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
The [[Goths]], who had sacked Rome in 410, established a capital in [[Toulouse]] and in 418 succeeded in being accepted by [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] as ''[[foederati]]'' and rulers of the Aquitanian province in exchange for their support against the [[Barbarian|Barbarian people]] in Spain.[O'Callaghan, Joseph. "Spain: The Visigothic Kingdom". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 17 September 2019.]
The Roman Empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids, and [[Flavius Aëtius]] had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some Roman control. He first used the [[Huns]] against the [[Burgundians]], and these mercenaries destroyed [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], killed king [[Gunther]], and pushed the Burgundians westward. The Burgundians were resettled by Aëtius near [[Lugdunum]] in 443. The Huns, united by [[Attila the Hun|Attila]], became a greater threat, and Aëtius used the Visigoths against the Huns. The conflict climaxed in 451 at the [[Battle of Châlons]], in which the Romans and Goths defeated Attila.
==After the fall of the Western Roman Empire==
[[File:Invasions of the Roman Empire 1.png|thumb|250px|Invasions of the Roman Empire]]
The Western Roman administration finally collapsed as remaining Roman troops withdrew southeast to protect Italy. Between 455 and 476, the [[Visigoths]], the Burgundians, and the [[Franks]] assumed control in Gaul. However, certain aspects of the ancient Celtic culture continued after the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|fall of Roman administration]] and the [[Domain of Soissons]], a remnant of the [[Western Roman Empire|Empire]], survived from 457 to 486.
In 486, the [[Franks]] defeated the last Roman authority in Gaul in the [[Franco-Roman War of 486|Franco-Roman War]] by winning the [[Battle of Soissons (486)|Battle of Soissons]]. Almost immediately afterwards, most of Gaul came under the rule of the [[Merovingian]]s, the first kings of a proto-France.
As a result of the lost [[Battle of Vouillé]] in the [[Franco-Gothic War (507–511)|Franco-Visigothic War]] (507-511) the Visigoths were pushed out of most of Gaul by the [[Franks|Frankish]] king [[Clovis I]].[Bennett, Matthew (2004). "Goths". In Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 367. {{ISBN|9780191727467}}] They were able to retain [[Narbonensis]] and [[Provence]] after the timely arrival of an Ostrogoth detachment sent by [[Theodoric the Great]].
Certain Gallo-Roman aristocratic families continued to exert power in episcopal cities (such as the Mauronitus family in [[Marseille]] and Bishop [[Gregory of Tours]]). The appearance of Germanic given and family names becomes noticeable in Gallia/Francia from the middle of the 7th century on, most notably in powerful families, indicating that the centre of gravity had definitely shifted.
The Gallo-Roman (or [[Vulgar Latin]]) dialect of the late Roman period evolved into the dialects of the [[Oïl languages]] and [[Old French]] in the north, and into [[Occitan language|Occitan]] in the south.
The name ''[[Gallia]]'' and its equivalents continued in use, at least in writing, until the end of the Merovingian period in the 750s. Slowly, during the ensuing [[Carolingian]] period (751–987), the expression ''[[Francia]]'', then ''Francia occidentalis'' spread to describe the political reality of the kingdom of the Franks (''regnum francorum'').
==Geographical divisions==
[[File:Droysens Hist Handatlas S16 Gallien.jpg|thumb|Roman Gaul after [[Diocletian]]'s reorganisation (1886 atlas)]]
Before 22 BC, Gaul had three geographical divisions, one of which was divided into multiple Roman provinces:
#[[Gallia Cisalpina]] or "Gaul this side of the [[Alps]]", covered most of present-day [[northern Italy]]. It was conquered by the Romans around 121 BC, but was not made a formal province until 81 BC. By the end of the republic, it was annexed into Italy itself.
#[[Gallia Transalpina]], or "Gaul across the [[Alps]]", was originally conquered and annexed in 121 BC in an attempt to solidify communications between [[Roman Empire|Rome]] and the Iberian peninsula. It comprised most of what is now southern France, along the Mediterranean coast from the Pyrenees to the Alps. It was later renamed [[Gallia Narbonensis]], after its capital city, Narbo (modern [[Narbonne]]).
#[[Gallia Comata]], "free Gaul" or "long-haired Gaul", encompassed the remainder of present-day France, Belgium, and westernmost Germany, including [[Aquitania]], [[Gallia Celtica]] and [[Belgica]]. It had [[Tributary state|tributary status]] throughout the second and first centuries BC, but was still formally independent of Rome. It was annexed into the Empire as a result of [[Julius Caesar]]'s victory in the [[Gallic Wars]] in 50 BC.
After 22 BC, the Romans divided Gallia Comata into three provinces, the ''Tres Galliae'' (the 3 Gauls):
:::[[Gallia Aquitania]], corresponding to central and western France;
:::[[Gallia Belgica]], corresponding to northeastern France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and western Germany; capital at [[Reims]], later [[Trier]]
:::[[Gallia Lugdunensis]], corresponding to eastern and northern France; capital at [[Lugdunum]] (Lyon)
The Romans divided these huge provinces into ''[[civitates]]'' corresponding more or less with the pre-Conquest communities or polities sometimes described misleadingly as "tribes," such as the [[Aedui]], [[Allobroges]], [[Bellovaci]], and [[Sequani]] (see [[List of Celtic tribes]]) but the civitates were too large and in turn were divided into smaller units, ''pagi'', a term that eventually became the modern French word "pays".[Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones, The Bretons, 1991, p. 79.] These administrative groupings would be taken over by the Romans in their system of local control, and these ''civitates'' would also be the basis of France's eventual division into [[List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France|ecclesiastical bishoprics and dioceses]], which would remain in place—with slight changes—until the [[French Revolution]].
==Language and culture==
{{main|Gallo-Roman culture}}
[[File:Gaul warrior Vacheres 1.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Vachères]] warrior, 1st century BC, a statue depicting a Romanized Gaulish warrior wearing [[chainmail]] and a Celtic [[torc]] around his neck, wielding a [[Celtic warfare|Celtic-style]] [[shield]].[Ashton, Kasey. "[http://www.unc.edu/celtic/catalogue/themselves/celtsthemselves.html The Celts Themselves]." [[University of North Carolina]]. Accessed 5 November 2017.]]]
In the five centuries between Caesar's invasion and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the [[Gaulish language]] and cultural identity underwent a [[syncretism]] with the Roman culture of the new governing class, and evolved into a hybrid [[Gallo-Roman culture]] that eventually permeated all levels of society.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Gauls continued writing some inscriptions in the Gaulish language, but switched from the [[Greek alphabet]] to the [[Latin alphabet]] during the Roman period. Current historical research suggests that Roman Gaul was "Roman" only in certain (albeit major) social contexts, the prominence of which in [[material culture]] has hindered a better historical understanding of the permanence of many Celtic elements.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The Roman influence was most apparent in the areas of civic religion and administration. The [[Celtic polytheism|Druidic]] religion was suppressed by [[Emperor Claudius I]], and in later centuries [[Christianity]] was introduced. The prohibition of Druids and the syncretic nature of the Roman religion led to disappearance of the Celtic religion. It remains to this day poorly understood: current knowledge of the Celtic religion is based on archaeology and via literary sources from several isolated areas such as [[Ireland]] and [[Wales]].
The Romans easily imposed their administrative, economic, artistic (especially in terms of monumental art and architecture) and literary culture.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} They wore the Roman tunic instead of their traditional clothing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Surviving Celtic influences also infiltrated back into the Roman Imperial culture in the 3rd century. For example, the Gaulish tunic—which gave Emperor [[Caracalla]] his surname—had not been replaced by Roman fashion. Similarly, certain Gaulish artisan techniques, such as the barrel (more durable than the Roman [[amphora]]) and [[chain mail]] were adopted by the Romans.
The Celtic heritage also continued in the spoken language (see [[History of French]]). Gaulish spelling and pronunciation of Latin are apparent in several 5th century poets and transcribers of popular farces.[''Histoire de France'', ed. Les Belles lettres, Paris.] The last pockets of Gaulish speakers appear to have lingered until the 6th or 7th century.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Gaulish was held to be attested by a quote from [[Gregory of Tours]] written in the second half of the 6th century,[{{cite book|author=Laurence Hélix| title=Histoire de la langue française| year=2011|isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5|publisher=Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A.|page=7|quote=Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.}}] which describes how a shrine "called 'Vasso Galatae' in the Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to the ground.[''Hist. Franc.'', book I, 32 ''Veniens vero Arvernos, delubrum illud, quod Gallica lingua Vasso Galatæ vocant, incendit, diruit, atque subvertit.'' And coming to Clermont [to the [[Arverni]]] he set on fire, overthrew and destroyed that shrine which they call Vasso Galatæ in the Gallic tongue.] Throughout the Roman rule over Gaul, although considerable Romanization in terms of material culture occurred, the Gaulish language is held to have survived and continued to be spoken, coexisting with Latin.[
Germanic placenames were first attested in border areas settled by Germanic colonizers (with Roman approval). In the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[Franks]] settled in northern France and [[Belgium]], the [[Alemanni]] in [[Alsace]] and [[Switzerland]], and the [[Burgundians]] in [[Savoie]].
===Gallery===
File:Northern Gaul sou 440 450 4240mg.jpg|Northern Gaul "[[Solidus (coin)|sou]]", 440–450, 4240 mg.
File:Limestone funerary relief with a harvesting scene, the Gallic reaping machine was called a 'vallus', Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier, Germany (31312757415).jpg|Gallic harvester][{{cite web |url=https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/18n1a4.pdf |title=Harvesting by the Gauls: The Forerunner of the Combine Harvester |first=Leslie |last=Matthews}}]
File:Musée de l'Arles antique, Arles, France (16168385326).jpg|Model of water mills at [[Barbegal aqueduct and mills|Barbegal]], "the world's first industrial complex"[{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-74900-5 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |date=2010 |title=Reconstructing the hydraulics of the world’s first industrial complex, the second century CE Barbegal watermills, France|first1=Cees W. |last1=Passchier |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-74900-5 |doi-access=free}}]
File:Römermuseum Schwarzenacker, Germany (9299650140).jpg|Reconstruction of a Gallo-Roman temple in [[Schwarzenacker Roman Museum|Schwarzenacker]]
File:Epona.jpg|Statue of the Gallic goddess [[Epona]]
File:Autel de Cernunnos, sculpture, 1er siècle.jpg|Altar of [[Cernunnos]], Reims
File:Roman Villa Borg, Germany (9294008040).jpg|Reconstructed [[Roman Villa Borg|Roman villa in Borg]]
File:Calendrier de Coligny - BR.001 - Musée Lugdunum.jpg|The [[Coligny calendar]]
File:CLUNY-Maquette pilier nautes 1.JPG|'[[Pillar of the Boatmen]]', Paris, France
== Villas in Roman Gaul ==
{{further|Roman villas in northwestern Gaul}}
Villas were usually centres of agricultural production, and were often closely associated with [[Vineyard|vineries]] and [[Winemaking|wine production]].[{{Cite web|title=Productions and activities|url=https://archeologie.culture.fr/villa/en/productions-and-activities|access-date=2019-02-04|website=Villa, Villae en Gaule romaine|language=en}}] The owners were probably mainly local Gallic elites who became quickly romanised after the [[Gallic Wars|conquest]], and sometimes Romans and Italians who wished to exploit rich local resources.[{{Cite web|title=The estate owners|url=https://archeologie.culture.fr/villa/en/estate-owners|access-date=2019-02-04|website=Villa, Villae en Gaule romaine|language=en}}] The villas would have been the centre of complex relationships with the local area. Much of the work would have been undertaken by [[Slavery in ancient Rome|slave labour]] or by local ''[[Colonus (person)|coloni]]'' ("tenant farmers"). There would also have been a farm manager in addition to the inhabiting family.[{{Cite web|title=Farm employees and slaves|url=https://archeologie.culture.fr/villa/en/farm-employees-and-slaves|access-date=2019-02-04|website=Villa, Villae en Gaule romaine|language=en}}]
== Cities of Roman Gaul ==
Important cities of Roman Gaul include [[Lugdunum]] ([[Lyon]]), [[Lutetia]] ([[Paris]]), [[Augusta Treverorum]] ([[Trier]]), [[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium|Colonia Agrippinensium]] ([[Cologne]]), [[Bordeaux|Burdigala]] ([[Bordeaux]]), [[Marseille|Massalia]] ([[Marseille]]), [[Toulouse|Tolosa]] ([[Toulouse]]), [[Narbo Martius]] ([[Narbonne]]), [[Nîmes|Colonia Nemausus]] ([[Nîmes]]), [[Arles|Arelate]] ([[Arles]]), [[Autun|Augustodunum]] ([[Autun]]), [[Durocortorum]] ([[Reims]]), [[Orange, Vaucluse|Arausio]] ([[Orange, Vaucluse|Orange]]) and [[Glanum]].
===Gallery===
File:Lugdunum.JPG|Model of [[Lugdunum]] (Lyon)
File:Lyon 5 - Théâtre antique de Fourvière 01.jpg|[[Ancient Theatre of Fourvière|Roman theatre in Lyon]]
File:Aqueducchapo02.JPG|Aqueduct in Lyon
File:Vienne - Temple d'Auguste et de Livie -1.jpg|[[Temple of Augustus and Livia]], [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]]
File:Le forum de Lutèce, maquette.JPG|Model of the forum of [[Lutetia|Lutecia]] (Paris)
File:Roman Trier model 1.jpg|Model of [[Augusta Trevorum]] (Trier)
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg|[[Porta Nigra]], Trier
File:Piliers de tutelle (Bordeaux 1669) (cropped).JPG|The [[Piliers de Tutelle]] in Bordeaux
File:Le Palais Gallien vestige gallo-romain à Bordeaux.jpg|The [[:fr:Palais Gallien|Palais Gallien]] in Bordeaux
File:Pont du Gard from river.jpg|The [[Pont du Gard]] near Nimes
File:Square House Roman Temple at Nimes, France (7179063926).jpg|The [[Maison carrée|Maison Carree]] in Nimes
File:L'amphithéâtre de Nîmes..jpg|The [[Arena of Nîmes|Roman amphitheatre]] in Nimes
File:Nîmes-Temple de Diane-2.jpg|Temple of Diana in Nimes
File:Autun TempleJanus JPM.JPG|[[Temple of Janus (Autun)|Temple of Janus]] in [[Autun]]
File:Saint Remy Les Antiques R01.jpg|Monumental arch and mausoleum at [[Glanum]]
File:Le Théâtre Antique d'Orange, 2007.jpg|[[Roman Theatre of Orange|Roman theatre in Orange]]
File:TrBogen Orange.jpg|[[Triumphal Arch of Orange|Monumental arch in Orange]]
File:FranceArlesArenes 07-2010.jpg|[[Arles Amphitheatre|Roman amphitheatre in Arles]]
File:Trier Kaiserthermen BW 1.JPG|Roman baths in [[Augusta Treverorum|Trier]]
File:Temple-de-Mars-Corseul1-byRundvald.JPG|[[Temple of Mars (Corseul)]]
File:Roman Bridge, Vaison-la-Romaine, France. Pic 02.jpg|Roman bridge at [[Vaison-la-Romaine]]
File:Trophée d'Auguste - La Turbie 06.jpg|The [[Tropaeum Alpium]], near [[Monaco]]
File:Musée Saint-Rémi, Reims, France (Durocortorum) (9269086522).jpg|Model of [[Durocortorum]] ([[Reims]])
File:The Porte Mars, an ancient Roman triumphal arch in Reims dating from the 3rd century AD and the widest arch in the Roman world, Durocortorum (Reims, France) (9292412785).jpg|[[Porte de Mars]], Reims
File:Pont Flavien, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Pic 02.jpg|[[Pont Flavien]], Saint-Chamas
File:F 57 Aqueduc Jouy-aux-Arches.JPG|Roman aqueduct in [[Metz]] (Divodurum)
File:Puy de dome temple mercure 2.jpg|The [[Temple of Mercury (Puy de Dôme)|Temple of Mercury]], Puy de Dôme, France
==See also==
* [[Germanisation of Gaul]]
* [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul]]
* [[Montmaurin]]
* [[Praetorian prefecture of Gaul]]
* [[Gallo-Roman religion]]
* [[Jublains archeological site]]
* [[Marble of Thorigny]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Roman Gaul}}
* [http://people.hsc.edu/drjclassics/romansin/gallia/webliography.shtm Romans in Gaul : A Webliography] – A Teacher Workshop held at Temple University, November 3, 2001. Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics, [[Hampden-Sydney College]], Virginia
{{Roman history by territory}}
{{France topics}}
{{Gallic peoples}}
{{Celts}}
[[Category:Roman Gaul| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in French history]]
[[Category:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul]]
[[Category:121 BC]]
[[Category:120s BC establishments]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic]]
[[Category:5th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 5th century]]
[[Category:1st millennium in France]]