{{Short description|Country in Southwestern Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2026}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
| native_name = {{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|paren=omit}}
| common_name = Portugal
| image_flag = Flag of Portugal (official).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}}
| flag_type_article = Flag of Portugal
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}}
| symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Portugal
| coa_size = 115
| national_anthem = "[[A Portuguesa]]"
"The Portuguese"[[File:A Portuguesa.ogg]]
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Portugal (orthographic projection).svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map projection highlighting Portugal within the European Union.]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg|frameless|alt=Map of Europe highlighting Portugal within the European Union.]]|Show map of the European Union|default=1}}
| map_width = 220px
| map_caption = {{legend|#218439|Location of Portugal}}
{{legend|#C6DEBD|Portugal within the [[European Union]]}}
| capital = [[Lisbon]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| recognised_national_languages = [[Portuguese Sign Language]]
| recognised_regional_languages = {{plainlist|
* [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]]
* [[Barranquenho]]
}}
| demonym = Portuguese
| government_type = Unitary [[semi-presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Portugal|President]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[António José Seguro]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly President]]
| leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[José Pedro Aguiar-Branco]]}}
| legislature = [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Portugal|Establishment]]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = [[County of Portugal|County]]
| established_date1 = 868
| established_event2 = [[Battle of São Mamede]]
| established_date2 = 24 June 1128
| established_event3 = [[Battle of Ourique]]
| established_date3 = 25 July 1139
| established_event4 = [[Conference of Zamora]]
| established_date4 = 4–5 October 1143
| established_event5 = [[Manifestis Probatum|Papal recognition]]
| established_date5 = 23 May 1179{{efn|The modern day concept of sovereignty or [[declaration of independence]] did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in [[Manifestis Probatum|1179]] by the [[Pope]] who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as a {{lang|la|[[Res publica christiana]]}}.{{sfnp|Ristuccia|2018|pp=15–19}}}}
| established_event6 = [[Restoration of the Independence (Portugal)|Restoration]]
| established_date6 = 1 December 1640
| established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Portuguese Constitution of 1822|First constitution]]}}
| established_date7 = 23 September 1822
| established_event8 = [[5 October 1910 revolution|Republic]]
| established_date8 = 5 October 1910
| established_event9 = [[Constitution of Portugal|Current constitution]]
| established_date9 = 25 April 1976
| area_km2 = 92,225
| area_footnote = {{efn|Portugal's land area covers {{Convert|92,225|km2|mi2|abbr=on}},{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|p=4}} while the territory over which it exercises sovereignty—including land, [[internal waters]], and the [[territorial waters#Territorial sea|territorial sea]]—amounts to {{Convert|156,597|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.{{sfnp|Ferrão|2016|pp=123-134}}{{sfnp|Bessa Pacheco|2014|pp=105-121}}}}
| area_rank = 109th
| area_sq_mi = 60,462
| percent_water = 1.2 (2015)[{{cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |access-date=11 October 2020 |author= |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}]
| population_estimate_rank = 83rd
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 11,424,031{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}
| population_census = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 10,343,066{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=11-14}}
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 123.9
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $567.632 billion[{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook (WEO) |author= |author-link=International Monetary Fund |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=14 April 2026a |access-date=4 June 2026}}]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $52,841[{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=22 April 2025}}]
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.890
| HDI_rank = 40th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = {{sfnp|United Nations Development Programme|2025|p=274}}
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code = EUR
| utc_offset = +0 and -1
| utc_offset_DST = +1 and +0
| date_format = {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}}{{sfnp|Guimarães|Martins|2024|p=34}}
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Portugal|+351]]
| cctld = [[.pt]]
| religion_year = 2021
| today =
}}
'''Portugal''',{{efn|{{IPA|PT-pt|puɾtuˈɣal|audio=Portugal.wav|help=no}}}} officially the '''Portuguese Republic''',{{efn|{{langx|PT-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}}, {{IPA|PT-pt|rɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣez̻ɐ|IPA|help=no}}}} is a country in [[Southwestern Europe]]. [[Continental Portugal|Mainland Portugal]] is located on the southwestern portion of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and [[Portugal–Spain border|bordered]] by Spain to the north and east. Portugal also includes the archipelagos of [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]] in the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a population of 11.4 million, and [[Lisbon]], its capital, is the largest city. Portugal's internal waters and territorial sea together account for two-fifths of its territory, and [[Exclusive economic zone of Portugal|its exclusive economic zone]] is one of Europe's largest, while its terrain contains a diverse range of landscapes and regional climates.
The western Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since [[Prehistoric Iberia|prehistory]], with the earliest signs of settlement dating to between 5500{{spaces}}BC and 5300{{spaces}}BC. Muslims had occupied the Iberian Peninsula [[Battle of Guadalete|since 711]]. As a result of the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portugal in the Reconquista|Reconquista]]}} against them, Portugal was established as a county of the Kingdom of León in 868 and [[Manifestis Probatum|formally]] as a kingdom in {{YEAR|1179}}. During the [[Age of Discovery]], the kingdom made several advancements in nautical science and maritime exploration to discover new territories and sea routes, which led to the establishment of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. The kingdom [[5 October 1910 revolution|became a republic]] in {{YEAR|1910}}, before [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|becoming a dictatorship]] in {{YEAR|1926}}, whose [[Carnation Revolution|1974 overthrow]] enabled democracy to be established in {{YEAR|1976}}.
Portugal is a unitary republic and multi-party representative democracy with four separate [[Sovereignty body (Portugal)|sovereignty organs]]: president, government, parliament, and judiciary. It has a unicameral national legislature known as the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]] ({{lang|pt|Assembleia da República}}). Portugal is divided into [[NUTS statistical regions of Portugal|seven mainland regions]] and [[Autonomous regions of Portugal|two autonomous overseas regions]], though it remains a highly centralised country.
A [[developed country]], Portugal has an advanced economy that chiefly relies upon services, industry, and tourism. Shaped by the various civilisations that have inhabited its territory, such as the Carthaginians and the Romans Portugal developed a [[Culture of Portugal|culture]] with a worldwide influence that allowed Portuguese to become the world's [[List of languages by number of native speakers|fifth-most spoken native language]] with more than 250 million native speakers. With a stable foreign policy shaped by its colonial and diplomatic history and location, Portugal is a member of [[International organization membership of Portugal|multiple international organisations and forums]].
== Etymology ==
The word {{anchor|Name|Etymology}} ''Portugal'' derives from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|[[Portus Cale]]}}, a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] name meaning 'port of {{lang|la|Cale}}', itself the origin of the name of the Portuguese city of {{lang|pt|[[Porto]]}}, while ''Cale'' was a town on the [[Douro]]. There is no consensus on the etymology of ''Cale''. It could derive from the [[Pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European]] word ''Kala'', meaning 'shelter' or 'refuge', passed into the [[Callaecian language|Celtic language]] in the form ''Cale'', with the meaning of 'land' or 'mountain'. The [[ethnonym]] ''Calaico/a'' then came from the [[Gallaeci]], Celtic peoples of northwestern Iberia, and came to mean 'one of the land' or 'one of the place.{{sfnp|Carvalho|2022|pp=76–79}}{{sfnp|Magarinhos|2011|pp=537–546}}{{sfnp|Silva|2010|pp=217-218,235}} During the [[Middle Ages]], the region around Portus Cale became known by the [[Visigoths]] as ''Portucale'' and by the [[Suebi]] as ''Parochiale''.{{sfnp|Silva|2010|pp=213–262}} The name ''Portucale'' evolved into ''Portugale''; by the 11th and 12th centuries ''Portugal'' was referred to the region between the Douro and [[Minho (river)|Minho]] rivers.{{sfnp|Wade|2020|p=25}}
== History ==
{{Main|History of Portugal}}
=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Iberia}}
The region has been inhabited by humans since approximately 400,000 years ago.{{efn|The earliest human trace found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old [[Aroeira 3]], a {{lang|la|[[Homo heidelbergensis]]}} skull discovered in the [[Cave of Aroeira]] in 2014.{{sfnp|Daura|Sanz|Arsuaga|Hoffmann|2017|pp=3397–3402}}}} [[Neanderthal]]s roamed the southwestern Iberian Peninsula until 37,000 years ago,{{sfnp|Zilhão|Cardoso|Pike|Weninger|2011|pp=93–112}} and [[anatomically modern human]]s arrived in what is now Portugal around 40,000 years ago.{{sfnp|Shao|Klein|Wegener|Weniger|2025|pp=15,18-22}} The onset of the [[Neolithic Europe|Neolithic]] in the area dates to between 5500{{spaces}}BC and 5300{{spaces}}BC.{{sfnp|Peyroteo-Stjerna|2021|pp=265–299}} In southern Portugal, [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] inscribed [[stele]] have been found, representing an early evidence of writing in the Iberian Peninsula.{{sfnp|Luján Martínez|2020|pp=561–589}} Pre-Celtic tribes originally from the [[Steppe theory|Ukrainian steppes]] inhabited mainland Portugal and the [[Lusitanians]] occupied mostly central, inland regions in 1250{{spaces}}BC.{{sfnp|Gorbea|2023|pp=251-254}}{{sfnp|Alarcão|2001|pp=322-324}} [[Celts|Celtic]] may have spread westwards in Iberia in the latter 1st millennium BC.{{sfnp|Sims-Williams|2020|p=523}} [[Phoenecia]]ns colonised Portugal during the 7th and 8th centuries BC.{{sfnp|Prieto|2026|p=[https://books.google.pt/books?id=6_qaEQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA18 18]}}
=== Antiquity and early Middle Ages ===
{{Main|Lusitania|Gallaecia|Hispania|Ancient Portugal}}
[[File:Roman Temple Evora Portugal 02.jpg|thumb|upright 0.90|The [[Roman Temple of Évora]], built in the 1st century|alt=Ruins of the Roman Temple of Évora with tall Corinthian columns standing on a raised platform made of rocks in a sunlit town square, set against a bright blue sky, with a medieval tower and white buildings in the background.]]
The Mediterranean coast was well known to the [[Carthaginian Iberia|Carthaginians]], whose close relations with Phoenician-Punic settlements on shared cultural ties likely gave them considerable political and economic influence there from the 6th or 5th century BC alongside the establishment of unequal treaties with Iberian city-states. After Carthage's defeat by Rome in the [[First Punic War]], it sought new western territories, culminating in the [[Barcid conquest of Hispania|Barcid conquest of the Iberian Peninsula]] in 237{{spaces}}BC.{{sfnp|Ferrer Albelda|Pliego Vázquez|2021|pp=21-22}}{{sfnp|Cutillas-Victoria|Camino|Asensio|2024|p=1}}
Romans [[Second Punic War|invaded the Iberian Peninsula]] in 218{{spaces}}BC and expelled the Carthaginians after the [[Battle of Ilipa]] in 206{{spaces}}BC.{{sfnp|Hoyos|2015|pp=165–167}}{{sfnp|Zimmermann|2011|pp=280-284,290-291,293}} Within 200 years, mainland Portugal had been [[Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|annexed by the Romans]] despite resistance from local tribes such as the [[Lusitanian Wars|Lusitanians]] under the leadership of [[Viriathus]] and other leaders.{{sfnp|Pires Pereira|2024|pp=405-456}}{{sfnp|Fernández-Götz|Maschek|Roymans|2020|pp=1633–1635}}{{sfnp|Gil González|2017|pp=113-138}}
In 409, with the decline of the [[Western Roman Empire]], the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by [[Germanic tribes]].{{sfnp|Disney|2009|pp=34–37,41}} Western Iberia was integrated into the [[Suebian Kingdom]], with its capital in or near [[Braga]].{{sfnp|Sánchez|2015|pp=176–209}}{{sfnp|Disney|2009|p=37}} The Visigoths defeated the Suebi in 585 and ruled the peninsula until the early 8th century.{{sfnp|Lenski|2022|pp=251–253}}{{sfnp|Collins|2004|pp=60-61}}
In 711, the Iberian Peninsula was [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|invaded from the south]] by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], which expanded rapidly and by 716 the lands what now form mainland Portugal were part of Muslim Iberian territories known as [[al-Andalus]].{{sfnp|Rusin|2025|pp=7-8}} The Umayyad Caliphate ruled al-Andalus as a province until its independence in 756 under the [[Emirate of Córdoba]], which in 929 gave way to a {{ill|Caliphate of Córdoba (Reconquista state)|es|Califato de Córdoba|lt=caliphate}} that lasted until it fragmented into states known as [[taifa]]s, collapsing in 1031,{{sfnp|Rusin|2025|pp=8-11,13-15}} and most of what is now central and southern Portugal falling under the [[Taifa of Badajoz]].{{sfnp|Disney|2009|p=56}} The taifas were conquered by Muslim conquerors from North Africa, first completely by the [[Almoravids]] by 1115, who were in turn followed by the [[Almohads]] in the 1140s.{{sfnp|Disney|2009|pp=57,64,78-79}}{{sfnp|Bennison|2016|pp=47,59-61}} Northern incursions also occurred during this period, with [[Viking]] raids recorded from 844 into the 11th century.{{sfnp|Pires|2022|pp=92-95}}
=== ''Reconquista'' and independence ===
{{Main|Portugal in the Reconquista|Portugal in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Estatua de Vimara Peres, Oporto, Portugal, 2012-05-09, DD 01.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.57|[[Vímara Peres]]|alt=Statue of Vímara Peres]]
The {{lang|pt|[[Reconquista]]}} was a series of military and cultural campaigns by northern Iberian Christian polities against al-Andalus.{{sfnp|Caraccioli|2021|p=15}} The death of the [[Umayyad state of Córdoba|Umayyad]] emir [[Abd ar-Rahman II]] in 852 brought an end to Umayyad efforts to extend authority northward.{{sfnp|Lay|2009|p=7}} The discovery in the 830s of a tomb believed to be that of [[James the Great]] gave the Christians a powerful patron, and the elevation of [[Alfonso III of Asturias]] in the 860s ended a period of uncertain leadership, thereby providing the command required to channel this energy into a wave of expansionism southward.{{sfnp|Lay|2009|p=7}} In 868, the region between the Minho and Douro rivers was secured from the [[Moors]] by Christian forces under [[Vímara Peres]] and constituted as the [[County of Portugal]] under him.{{sfnp|Lay|2009|p=7}} The first county of Portugal lasted until it was abolished following the [[Battle of Pedroso]], in 1071.{{sfnp|Lay|2009|pp=11-13}} In 1096, [[Alfonso VI of León]] refounded the county and bestowed it on [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]], who married Alfonso's [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] daughter, [[Theresa, Countess of Portugal|Teresa of León]].{{sfnp|Lay|2009|pp=37-42}}
[[File:D. Afonso Henriques - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png|thumb|upright 0.6|King [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]]|alt=Medieval miniature of King Afonso I]]
After Count Henry's death in 1112, Teresa ruled the county as regent for her son [[Afonso Henriques]].{{sfnp|Godoy da Costa Leal Ferreira|2023|pp=24-37}} Her close association from 1121 with [[Fernão Peres de Trava]], a Galician noble, displeased the local nobility, who sided with Afonso Henriques and defeated her and her supporters at the [[Battle of São Mamede]] in 1128.{{sfnp|Godoy da Costa Leal Ferreira|2023|pp=24-37}}{{sfnp|Lay|2009|p=67}}{{sfnp|Ribeiro Mirada|2025|pp=65-72}} The following year, Afonso claimed sole authority over the entire county, free from foreign influence.{{sfnp|Lay|2009|pp=71-72}} According to legend, he won the [[Battle of Ourique]] and took the title of [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King]] in 1139.{{sfnp|Mendes|2024|pp=147-172}}{{sfnp|Franco da Costa|2014}}{{efn|There are five surviving 12th-century documents that refer to the Battle of Ourique, none of which mention any apparition of Christ to D. Afonso Henriques, the earliest such references appear in the 15th century. According to the historian Rodrigo Franco da Costa: "No document until the 15th century mentions the apparition of Christ to D. Afonso Henriques on the eve of the Battle of Ourique. Those that have been presented are not conclusive. There are, however, 'five' 12th century documents that refer to the battle — yet none of them mention the apparition, even though some narrate miracles. The first certain references to the miracle appear in the mid-15th century. Once it emerged, the legend gradually expanded until it acquired its definitive form in the writers of the sixteenth century ... We therefore have, on one side, the silence of the three centuries closest to the battle concerning the miracle of the apparition, and on the other, the late appearance of the legend under circumstances that point to an evolutionary process. It should also be noted that, according to the 16th century version, Christ did not merely appear and promise victory — He also prophesied the future destinies of Portugal. Thus, the contemporaries of the conquering king supposedly received from God Himself the titles legitimizing the new monarchy and the guarantee of its glorious future. Yet it is precisely this fact of the divine foundation of Portugal — the most important fact of all for the Portuguese — about which everyone remains silent, while they do speak of the battle that supposedly occurred."{{sfnp|Franco da Costa|2014}}}} Afonso's claim was implicitly recognised by [[Alfonso VII of León]] at the [[Conference of Zamora]] in 1143, and by [[Pope Alexander III]] in 1179 through the [[papal bull]] {{lang|la|[[Manifestis Probatum]]}}.{{sfnp|Ferreira|2013}}{{sfnp|Reilly|1998|pp=[https://books.google.pt/books?id=AVIrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80-81]}}{{sfnp|Veneziani|2024|pp=165-186}}{{efn|Unlike popular belief, there are no surviving documents indicating that a treaty was signed at Zamora in 1143 recognising Portugal's status as a kingdom by the [[Kingdom of León]]. Historian Bernard F. Reilly states that "In October he invited Afonso Henriques to a conference at Zamora. The Leonese monarch wished not only to secure his own border with Portugal in the coming months but also to obtain the collaboration of his cousin in simultaneous attacks on the Almoravids and he was willing to make the greatest concessions to achieve such cooperation. The evidence for what transpired between the two at Zamora is certainly less than we should wish. In the first instance, it consists in two royal charters, one to a Martin Cidez and another to Pons de Cabrera (D458-59). Although the Portuguese ruler does not appear as a confirmant of either he is cited in the dating formula of both. They speak of the Council of Valladolid celebrated by Cardinal Guido and of the 'king of Portugal' who came to hold a conference with the emperor. Since the charters were drafted by Alfonso VII's chancery, the recognition of the new royal status of Afonso Henriques is implicit."{{sfnp|Reilly|1998|pp=[https://books.google.pt/books?id=AVIrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80-81]}}}}
With the support of north-European [[Iberian Crusades|crusaders]] and Christian [[Military order (religious society)|military orders]], Afonso Henriques and his successors continued pushing south until the [[Portuguese conquest of the Algarve|capture of Algarve]], the southernmost region of mainland Portugal, which was [[Treaty of Badajoz (1267)|recognised]] by the [[Kingdom of Castile]] as Portuguese territory in 1267.{{sfnp|Wilson|2020|pp=199-229}}{{sfnp|Mendonça|1991|pp=1123-1134}} With minor readjustments, Portugal's borders have largely remained the same since the signing of the [[Treaty of Alcañices]] between [[Denis of Portugal]] and [[Fernando IV of Castile]] in 1297.{{sfnp|García|2006|pp=713–723}} Between the 14th and early 15th century, Portugal was struck by [[Second plague pandemic|several outbreaks of the plague]], civil wars, invasions, famines, and natural disasters that led to a population decrease, labour shortages, and rise in [[Medieval antisemitism|antisemitism]].{{sfnp|Disney|2009|pp=107-109}}
=== Age of Discovery ===
{{main||Portuguese Empire|History of Portugal (1415–1578)}}
[[File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast RMG BHC0705 (1).png|thumb|alt=Painting showing 10 Portuguese vessels near a fortified walled town with a tower rising above the harbour where several vessels lie at anchor, wooded hills stretch into the background, and a distant island appears offshore, with colours shifting from brown-green in the foreground to blue in the distance.|The ''Portuguese Carracks Off a Rocky Coast'' painting displays Portuguese [[Carrack|vessels]] of the [[Age of Discovery]] during the 16th century.]]
After King [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]]’s death in 1383, his minor daughter [[Beatrice of Portugal|Beatrice]] became his legal successor under the regency of [[Leonor Teles]].{{sfnp|Pinto|2025|pp=158-165}} Leonor's unpopularity triggered a [[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum|crisis]] compounded by fears that the marriage between Beatrice and [[John I of Castile]] {{ill|Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos|pt|Tratado de Salvaterra de Magos|lt=could lead}} to the loss of Portugal's independence.{{sfnp|Pinto|2025|p=160}} In 1385, [[John I of Portugal|John of Aviz]], a [[royal bastard]] and brother of Ferdinand, was {{ill|Cortes of Coimbra (1385)|pt|Cortes de Coimbra de 1385|lt=elected}} king and later defeated the Castilians in the [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] consolidating the [[House of Aviz]]'s rule over the country.{{sfnp|da Cruz Coelho|2025|pp=337-341}}{{sfnp|Monteiro|2020a|pp=63-65}}{{sfnp|Monteiro|2020b|pp=70-74}} In 1386, during his reign, Portugal cemented its [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance|alliance with England]] with the signing of the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]], making it the [[List of military alliances|oldest standing alliance in the world]].{{sfnp|Childs|2024|pp=24-26,36-37}}[{{cite web |last1=Fergusson |first1=George |last2=Trowbridge |first2=Benjamin |title=History's unparalleled alliance: the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Windsor, 9th May 1386 |website=History of Government |publisher=gov.uk |date=9 May 2016 |url=https://history.blog.gov.uk/2016/05/09/historys-unparalleled-alliance-the-anglo-portuguese-treaty-of-windsor-9th-may-1386/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607175621/https://history.blog.gov.uk/web/20240607175621/https://history.blog.gov.uk/2016/05/09/historys-unparalleled-alliance-the-anglo-portuguese-treaty-of-windsor-9th-may-1386/ |archive-date=Jun 7, 2024 |access-date=20 April 2026}}] The dynasty contributed to the conditions for Portugal's maritime expansion,{{sfnp|Barros Cardoso|da Silva Lima|2024|pp=388–410}} elevating it in European politics and culture.{{sfnp|Lima|2018|pp=81–97}}{{sfnp|Montes|2019|pp=305-307}}{{sfnp|Soares|2019|pp=313-337}} Portugal acquired its first colonies by [[Portuguese conquest of Ceuta|conquering Ceuta]] in [[North Africa]] in 1415.{{sfnp|Ferrarini|Mocelim|2024|pp=518–540}}{{sfnp|dos Santos|2017|p=25}}{{sfnp|Monteiro|2017|pp=63-78}} Portugal was among the first to start the Age of Discovery,{{sfnp|Mukherjee|2025|pp=357-361|loc="...despite its peripheral position in European affairs, Portugal and not Spain kick-started Europe's 'discovery' project."}}{{sfnp|Casimiro|2020|pp=1–17|loc="In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures."}}{{efn|The concept of discovery that applies to Portuguese overseas activities in the 15th and 16th centuries emerged in the [[Treaty of Alcáçovas]]. After the 1480s it became the main criterion for territorial claims. Before then, Portuguese expansion centred on conquest, [[religious war]], and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|forced conversion]]. Prior to the treaty, documents made no reference to discovery.{{sfnp|Menez|2025|pp=51,59,60-61,73}}}} and its [[Portuguese nautical science|scientific advances]] influenced other European countries' overseas expansions.{{sfnp|Fontes da Costa|Leitão|2009|pp=35–56}}{{sfnp|Vila-Santa|2024|pp=332-334}}
Portugal was the first and the last colonial power in the era of modern European [[colonialism]],{{efn|Portugal's colonial empire endured from the [[Portuguese conquest of Ceuta|conquest of Ceuta]] in 1415 to the [[handover of Macau]] in 1999. Historian L. Veracini states that Portugal was the first and the last explicitly colonial power.{{sfnp|L'Estoile|2023|p=xii}}{{sfnp|Veracini|2023|p=12}}{{sfnp|Schriffl|2022|p=487}}}} and by the mid-16th century it controlled a network of possessions stretching from Lisbon to [[Nanban trade|Japan]] and [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]] through [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]].{{sfnp|Veracini|2023|p=28}} Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, [[European exploration of Africa#Portuguese|Portuguese explorers]] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts [[Economic history of Portugal#Expansion of the Portuguese empire (15th and 16th centuries)|for commodities]] especially [[gold]] and [[slavery in Portugal|slaves]], explored the [[Indian Ocean]] and eastern Asia, established trade routes in most of southern Asia taxing most trade criss-crossing the Indian Ocean.{{sfnp|Phillips|2014|p=22}}{{sfnp|Smith|Boscariol|2022|pp=609–638}}{{sfnp|Veracini|2023|pp=20-23}} However, by the 16th century its enterprise in Asia was already in decline.{{sfnp|Mueller|Ayello Leite|2020|pp=1,23}} The 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] divided newly encountered non-European territories between Portugal and Spain along a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] west of [[Geography of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]], while the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] extended this partition to the Pacific Ocean.{{sfnp|de Grijs|2020|pp=465-494}}
In 1498, [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|Vasco da Gama reached India by sea]], and two years later [[Discovery of Brazil|Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil]] and claimed it for Portugal.{{sfnp|Mathew|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UBOSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 110]}}{{sfnp|Veracini|2023|p=22}} During the 15th century, Portugal established the transatlantic slave-trade circuits and, by the mid-19th century, had become one of the longest-active and a significant participant in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].{{sfnp|da Silva|2021|pp=77-104}}
=== Iberian Union and Restoration ===
{{Main|Iberian Union|History of Portugal (1640–1777)}}
[[File:Coroação de D. João IV.png|alt=Engraving of the coronation of John IV of Portugal|thumb|The coronation of King [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]] in Lisbon]]
The 1578 death of [[Sebastian, King of Portugal|King Sebastian]] in [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir|battle]] and the subsequent 1580 death of [[Henry, King of Portugal|King Henry]] without a named heir, precipitated a [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580|succession crisis]].{{sfnp|Sousa|2024|pp=98-99}}{{sfnp|Arroyo|2016|pp=1-21}}{{sfnp|McTaggart|2021}} [[Philip II of Spain]], whose mother was [[Isabella of Portugal]], was one of the candidates for the throne.{{sfnp|Arroyo|2016|pp=1-21}}{{sfnp|Barrio Gozalo|2025|pp=303-305}} In 1581 he was {{ill|Cortes of Tomar|lt=acclaimed|pt|Cortes de Tomar de 1581}} king of Portugal, creating a [[Iberian Union|personal union]] between the two kingdoms.{{sfnp|Arroyo|2016|pp=1-21}}{{sfnp|Barrio Gozalo|2025|pp=303-305}}{{sfnp|Stella|1999|pp=411-438}} This deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy and led to the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]].{{sfnp|Lousada|2024|pp=186-193}}{{sfnp|da Costa|2021|pp=29-52}}{{sfnp|Borschberg|2024|pp=48-72}}
In 1641, [[John IV of Portugal|John, Duke of Braganza]], was proclaimed king by the [[Portuguese Cortes|Cortes]] after an uprising led by [[Forty Conspirators|some nobles]] in the [[Restoration of the Independence (Portugal)|year before]], ending the Iberian Union under the [[House of Habsburg]], and beginning the rule of the [[House of Braganza]].{{sfnp|Hespanha|1993|pp=31-32}}{{sfnp| Oliveira|2002|pp=714-717}}{{sfnp|Tengwall|2011|pp=448-459}} Following the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], Spain [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|recognised Afonso VI]] as king of Portugal.{{sfnp|Dores Costa|2005|pp=1-14}}{{sfnp|Mitchell|2024|p=265}}{{sfnp|Esteves Soares|2025|pp=153-155,174-175}} During the reign of [[John V of Portugal|John V]], the large influx of Brazilian gold into the royal treasury, chiefly through the [[royal fifth]], produced a [[resource curse]] that weakened industry and cereal production, created a [[gold rush]] from Portugal to Brazil, and led to prolonged economic stagnation, permanent reduction of income growth, and the interruption of the institutional and economic progress achieved in the 17th century.{{sfnp|Kedrosky|Palma|2025|pp=730–766}}
After the depletion of gold revenues, Portugal was left with a weak industrial base and backward institutional and educational structures, a condition exacerbated by [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]], who emerged as the country's {{lang|la|[[de facto]]}} ruler in the aftermath of the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|1755 earthquake and tsunami]], a [[List of megathrust earthquakes|natural disaster]] that shook the kingdom and recognised as one of the worst to ever occur. Pombal's failed industrialisation efforts, education policies that weakened human-capital formation, and [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expulsion of the Jesuits]], reducing student numbers and contributing to Portugal's decline in literacy. Pombal's instrumentalisation of the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] for political purposes, helping to entrench an extractive system that outlasted his rule. The nature of the existing political institutions contributed to Portugal's sustained divergence from Western Europe despite comparable [[family values]] and high [[state capacity]], with partial recovery beginning from around the mid-20th century alongside the continuation of colonialism.{{sfnp|Kedrosky|Palma|2025|pp=730–766}}{{sfnp|Stadheim|2023|p=777}}{{sfnp|Santos|Rijo|2022}}
=== Constitutional monarchy ===
{{Main|History of Portugal (1777–1834)|History of Portugal (1834–1910)}}
[[File:Sessão das Cortes de Lisboa.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Constituent Cortes of 1820]] approved the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822|first constitution of Portugal]].|alt= A large historical painting shows a crowded parliamentary chamber in the middle of a heated debate during the Constituent Cortes of 1820. Dozens of formally dressed men gesture, argue, and rise from their seats beneath towering crystal chandeliers and a richly decorated ceiling, while officials sit at a central desk below a grand canopy and throne.]]
In 1807, Portugal refused [[Napoleon]]'s demand to join the [[Continental System]] of embargo against the United Kingdom; [[Invasion of Portugal (1807)|an invasion]] led by [[Jean-Andoche Junot|General Junot]] followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807.{{sfnp|Joor|2016|p=57}}{{sfnp|Neves|2016|pp=101-104}} During the [[French invasions of Portugal|Napoleonic invasions]], the [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|Portuguese royal family transferred]] the court to [[Rio de Janeiro]], in Brazil, making it the capital between 1808 and 1821.{{sfnp|Cavalcanti|2007|pp=149–199}} British intervention in the [[Peninsular War]] helped support Portuguese independence, and all French troops were expelled by 1812.{{sfnp|Ertl|2008|p=303}}
In 1820, an [[Liberal Revolution of 1820|uprising]] in [[Porto]] sought to establish a constitution for Portugal and led to the return of King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] and his court to mainland Portugal in 1821.{{sfnp|Cardoso|2022}} Although the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822|1822 Constitution]] was adopted, the process was marked by compromise and efforts at consensus, which allowed absolutist forces to regain strength, culminating in [[Miguelist]] counter-revolts against liberalism, prompting Prince [[Miguel I of Portugal|Miguel]]'s exile.{{sfnp|Cardoso|2022}}{{sfnp|Lousada|2022|pp=287-288}} After John VI's death in 1826, his eldest son, [[Pedro I of Brazil]], briefly reigned as Pedro IV of Portugal, granted the [[Constitutional Charter of 1826|1826 Charter]], and abdicated in favour of his minor daughter, [[Maria da Glória]], on the condition that she marry Miguel, who was appointed regent.{{sfnp|Lousada|2022|pp=288-290}} Although Miguel's return was under the condition of swearing allegiance to the Charter, he soon dismantled liberal institutions and was proclaimed king in 1828, leading to the [[Liberal Wars]], after which Pedro forced Miguel's abdication in favour of Maria and his exile causing absolutist ideology to wane.{{sfnp|Lousada|2022|pp=288-290}}
Under the {{ill|Constitutional monarchy (Portugal)|pt|Monarquia constitucional (Portugal)|lt=constitutional monarchy}}, the country faced economic crises, political instability, and several coups d'état.{{sfnp|Birmingham|2018|pp=117–145}} Portugal's African {{ill|Colonisation of Africa (Portugal)|pt|Colonização portuguesa de África|lt=colonial expansion}} culminated in the [[1890 British Ultimatum]], which thwarted its [[Pink Map|ambitions]].{{sfnp|Patrício|2013|pp=11371-11397}}{{sfnp|Teixeira|1987|pp=687-719}} The ultimatum and the [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891|1891 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty]], compounded by existing turmoil, led to political erosion and dealt a blow to the monarchy.{{sfnp|Patrício|2013|pp=11397-11408}}{{sfnp|Teixeira|1987|pp=687-719}}
=== First Republic and {{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo}} ===
{{Main|First Portuguese Republic|Estado Novo (Portugal){{!}}{{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo|cat=no}} (Portugal)}}
[[File:Proclamação República Portuguesa.jpg|thumb|[[José Relvas]] proclaiming the republic on [[5 October 1910 revolution|5 October 1910]], at [[Lisbon City Hall]]|alt=Black-and-white photograph of José Relvas proclaiming the Republic together with several formally dressed men leaning over the balcony railing of Lisbon City Hall and looking down onto a square surrounded with buildings.]]
In 1908, [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos I]] and [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe, Prince Royal]], [[Lisbon Regicide|were assassinated]] by [[Portuguese Republican Party|republican]] partisans.{{sfnp|Corrêa da Silva|2019|pp=63-86}}{{sfnp|Barral Martínez|2026|pp=123-130}} In 1910, the monarchy was [[5 October 1910 revolution|replaced]] with a republic.{{sfnp|Corrêa da Silva|2019|pp=63-86}}{{sfnp|Pires|2017|pp=331-354}}{{sfnp|Wheeler|1972|pp=177-193}} During [[World War I]], Portugal [[Portugal during World War I|fought for the Allies]].{{sfnp|de Meneses|2025|pp=241-246}} The war increased political instability and deepened the economic crisis creating further chaos and unrest during the [[First Portuguese Republic|First Republic]].{{sfnp|Ribeiro de Meneses|Aires Oliveira|2023|pp=273–292}}{{sfnp|Ferraz|2023a|pp=278–301}}{{sfnp|Madureira|2010|pp=647-663}} These conditions led to the [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|overthrow of the Republic]] in 1926 and the establishment of the {{lang|pt-PT|{{ill|Ditadura Militar (Portugal)|pt|Ditadura militar portuguesa|lt=Ditadura Militar}}}},{{sfnp|Ferraz|2023b|pp=3-5,9-10}}{{sfnp|Schiavon|2011|pp=229–238}}{{sfnp|Lousada|2026|pp=181-201}} later the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Ditadura Nacional]]}},{{sfnp|Gazalle Cavichioli|2025|pp=4-6}}{{sfnp|Moreira|2020|p=493}} which [[1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum|evolved]] into the authoritarian nationalist [[corporative]] dictatorship of the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]}},{{sfnp|Cruz|1985|pp=347-353}}{{sfnp|Borges Santos|2025|pp=838-852}} under [[António de Oliveira Salazar]].{{sfnp|Leal|2016|pp=128-148}}{{sfnp|Reis Santos|2024|pp=400-401,406-421}}{{sfnp|Ferreira da Cunha|2006|pp=187-207}}
During the {{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo}}, Portugal [[Portugal during World War II|remained neutral]] in [[World War II]], after which the postwar end of colonial legitimacy and the growth of African independence movements increasingly challenged Portuguese rule overseas.{{sfnp|Golson|2020|pp=79-110}}{{sfnp|Schriffl|2022|pp=474-476}} The regime introduced reforms intended to strengthen ties between the [[metropole]] and the [[Overseas province|colonies]], yet the [[Portuguese Empire|empire]] was no unified customs and economic area.{{sfnp|Schriffl|2022|pp=474-477}} [[Indigenous peoples]] already [[second-class citizen]]s,{{sfnp|Moutinho|2000|pp=87-132}} saw limited improvements in living conditions further fuelled nationalist movements,{{sfnp|Moutinho|2000|pp=87-132}}{{sfnp|Garcia|2021|pp=45-60}}{{sfnp|Cann|2021|pp=91-105}} ultimately leading to the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] from {{ill|Attacks in the north of Angola in 1961|pt|Ataques ao norte de Angola em 1961|lt=1961}} to 1974.{{sfnp|Aires Oliveira|2017}}{{sfnp|Júnior|2021|pp=121-137}}{{sfnp|Rodrigues|2021|pp=107-128}}{{sfnp|Lousada|Oliveira|2025|pp=15-45}}
=== Return to democracy ===
{{Main|Carnation Revolution|Third Portuguese Republic}}
[[File:Ondanks een verbod wilden leden van de Portugese Maoïstische beweging MRPP op 31, Bestanddeelnr 927-7289.jpg|thumb|left|Armoured vehicles in Lisbon's [[Rossio Square]], in 1975|alt=Black-and-white nighttime photograph of several armoured military vehicles lined up in Rossio Square, with soldiers standing beside them near the Column of Pedro IV and bright neon signs glowing in the background.]]
In 1974, a [[Timeline of the Carnation Revolution|military coup]] overthrew the {{lang|pt-PT|Estado Novo}} regime,{{sfnp|Pimentel|2024|pp=121-146}}{{sfnp|Andrade|2024|pp=253-254}} and started the Carnation Revolution.{{sfnp|Varela|Alcântara|2015|p=151-152}}{{sfnp|Pimentel|2024|pp=121-146}}{{sfnp|Leite Pinto|2016|pp=309-343}} This initiated the [[Portuguese transition to democracy|transition to democracy]] and the dissolution of Portugal's colonial empire,{{sfnp|Costa Pinto|Paris|2023|pp=7-18}}{{sfnp|Mendes|Teixeira|2026}} from the independence of the [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|African colonies]] to the [[Handover of Macau]] in 1999.{{sfnp|Esgalhado|2025|pp=52-68}}{{sfnp|MacQueen|2018|pp=172-175,178}}{{sfnp|Mendes|Steenhagen|2024|pp=297-312}} This period was marked by social, military, and political turmoil that culminated in [[Hot Summer of 1975|street politics and violence]] and led Portugal to near civil war.{{sfnp|Palacios Cerezales|2017|pp=688-709}}{{sfnp|Palacios Cerezales|2003|pp=1127-1157}}{{sfnp|Ferreira|2025|pp=223-237,241-242}} The [[Coup of 25 November 1975|1975 coup]] cleared the way for the approval of a new constitution and the holding of elections, beginning to subside tensions.{{sfnp|Pinto|2008|pp=305-332}}{{sfnp|Costa Pinto|Paris|2023|pp=11,17-19}}{{sfnp|Rezola|2012|pp=656-658}}
After the revolution, in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, under the influence by new economic insights, Portugal set about dismantling [[socialist]] policies from that period and moving towards [[neoliberalism]].{{sfnp|Noronha|2022|pp=113–128}} In 1986, Portugal joined the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), which led to a considerable growth of its economy.{{sfnp|Dooley|2018|pp=75-82}} The [[2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis]] resulted in an international bailout and intense [[austerity]] policies, causing lasting social impacts.{{sfnp|Pedroso|2014}}{{sfnp|Fonseca|Lourenço|Francisco|Crespo|2023|pp=314–326}}
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Portugal}}
[[File:Portugal topographic map-en.svg|alt=Refer to caption|upright|thumb|A [[topographic map]] of Portugal]]
Portugal's territory comprises mainland Portugal and the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|p=4}} The mainland, commonly referred to as Continental Portugal, is located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula in [[Southwestern Europe]], while Madeira and the Azores lie in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|p=4}}[{{cite web |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/about-portugal |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author= |website=Diplomatic Portal |access-date=27 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251027183927/https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/about-portugal |title=About Portugal |archive-date=27 October 2025 |url-status=live}}] Portugal's land area is {{convert|92,225|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, although [[Portuguese law]] defines the country's size as {{convert|156,597|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} which includes about {{convert|64,000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of ocean waters.{{sfnp|Bessa Pacheco|2014|pp=105-121}}{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|p=4}}{{efn|The territory of Portugal includes its land, [[internal waters]], and [[territorial waters#Territorial sea|territorial sea]].{{sfnp|Ferrão|2016|pp=123-134}}}} [[Exclusive economic zone of Portugal|Portugal's exclusive economic zone]] extends {{Convert|1,727,408|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, making it one of the largest in the European Union.{{sfnp|Baptista|Neto|Braverman|Steinberg|2025|pp=805-827}}{{sfnp|Calado|Frazão Santos|Quintela|Fonseca|2024}} The country is over two-thirds [[wilderness]], almost one-fourth agricultural, and the remainder [[human settlement]]s.{{sfnp|''Portugal: forest profile''|2021|p=1}}
Portugal's highest point is the summit of [[Mount Pico]], located on [[Pico Island]] in the Azores, which rises to an elevation of {{convert|2351|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.{{sfnp|Melo|Neto Torres|Ferreira Fernandes|Marques Lameirinhas|2020}}{{efn|The highest peak in [[Continental Portugal|mainland Portugal]] is [[Torre (Serra da Estrela)|Torre]] in [[Serra da Estrela]], at an elevation of {{convert|1993|m|ft}}.{{sfnp|Andrade|Mourato|Ramos|2021}}}} Portugal can be divided into four morphostructural units: the [[Hesperian Massif]], which occupies most of mainland Portugal; the sedimentary borderlands of the massif, forming the [[Lusitanian Basin|Lusitanian]] and [[Algarve Basin|Algarve]] basins; the Lower Tagus and Alvalade sedimentary basins; and the volcanic submarine ranges that form the Azores and Madeira.{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=4-5,13}}
Its [[Geology of the Iberian Peninsula#Portugal|geological]] and [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] features are largely the product of the [[Variscan]], responsible for the formation of the Hesperian Massif, and later the Tethys–Atlantic cycle, responsible for the remaining units.{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=4-13,29}} Regional tectonic processes affected mainland Portugal's morphostructural units differently, producing relief variations that subdivide the territory into ten regional geomorphological units shaped by the different regional impacts of the [[Cenozoic]] tectonics, regional asymmetries of climate in the [[Paleogene]], [[Neogene]], and [[Quaternary]], and the varied response of different lithologies to tectonic activity and climatic variability.{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=13-29}}
Continental Portugal is predominantly low-altitude, with over 70% of the territory lying below {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} and less than 12% rising above {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} of elevation. Its geography is structured by the [[Tagus]] River, which enters from Spain and flows into the [[Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve|Tagus Estuary]], as 95% of areas exceeding {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} are situated to the north of the river while the regions south of the Tagus, encompassing [[Alentejo]] and the [[Algarve]], have 62% of the lands below {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The territory north of the Tagus is marked by mountains and plateaus incised by river valleys, whereas the south is distinguished by rolling plains.{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=13–25}}
The Madeira archipelago comprises the islands of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]] and [[Porto Santo]], together with the [[Desertas Islands|Desertas]] and [[Savage Islands]], all of which are of [[Geology of Madeira|volcanic origin]]. Approximately one-third of Madeira Island lies above {{convert|1000|m|ft}} in elevation, and its landscape is characterised by a dense network of deep valleys with slopes rising several hundred metres, as well as streams that originate in the island's centre and diverge towards the coast, sustained by abundant rainfall. The steep gradient and very high rainfall is a cause of [[flash floods]] with high [[sediment transport]].{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=25–26}}
The Azores is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands which, from west to east, are [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]], [[Corvo Island|Corvo]], [[Faial Island|Faial]], [[Pico Island|Pico]], [[São Jorge Island|São Jorge]], [[Graciosa]], [[Terceira Island|Terceira]], [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]], and [[Santa Maria Island|Santa Maria]]. The islands retain much of their volcanic landforms, most visibly in volcanic cones and in the lakes that shape the scenery of the islands especially São Miguel, Flores, Terceira, Pico, and Corvo. Although rainfall is abundant, most streams in the Azores are temporary. The small size of the [[Drainage basin|catchment]]s, the [[Stream gradient|slopes' steepness]], and [[deforestation]] accentuates the [[Discharge regime|torrential regime]] of the rivers during periods of intense precipitation causing [[Soil erosion|erosion problems]] and [[Natural disasters in the Azores|floods]].{{sfnp|Ramos|Ramos-Pereira|2020|pp=26–28}}{{sfnp|''Portugal: forest profile''|2021|p=1}}{{sfnp|Pereira|Mendes|Dias|2022}}
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Portugal|Climate change in Portugal}}
{{Image frame|align=right|border=yes|caption=The [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Portugal's
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}}
}}
The climate of mainland Portugal and Madeira, together with their surrounding waters, is [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], whereas the Azores and its adjacent waters mainly have a [[Oceanic climate|temperate oceanic climate]].{{sfnp|Rohli|Vega|Henderson|2024|p=271}}{{sfnp|Adinolfi|Loprieno|Demory|Zeman|2025}}{{sfnp|Mora|Vieira|2020|pp=33–46}} Portugal's terrain has a diverse variety of regional climates for its size.{{sfnp|Mora|Vieira|2020|pp=33–46}} The average temperature in Portugal varies from {{convert|4-20|°C|°F|1}} in the mainland, around {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} in the Azores, and {{convert|9-19|°C|°F|1}} in Madeira.{{sfnp|Mora|Vieira|2020|p=36}}{{sfnp|Rusu|2023|pp=5-15}}{{sfnp|Pinheiro de Carvalho|Ragonezi|Oliveira|Reis|2022}}
The Iberian Peninsula is located at the southern margin of the temperate zone and at the northern margin of the subtropical [[High-pressure area|high-pressure zone]]. Additionally, Portugal's climate is influenced by the seasonal latitudinal shift of the [[jet stream]], which directly impacts the trajectory of the [[polar front]]. Typically in the winter, the jet stream moves southwards and Portugal comes under the influence of the polar front, producing colder temperatures. When the polar front moves northward, Portugal comes under the influence of the [[Azores High]] bringing [[atmospheric stability]] during the summer.{{sfnp|Mora|Vieira|2020|pp=33–46}}
{{ill|Wildfires in Portugal|pt|Incêndios florestais em Portugal|lt=Wildfires}} are a serious challenge in Portugal, with nearly 30% of those recorded in 2024 having an undetermined origin and arson accounting for almost five-sixths of the total burned area.{{sfnp|Sedano|San-Miguel-Ayanz|Broglia|Durrant|2025|p=102}} Between 2014 and 2024, Portugal recorded an annual average of 12,496 fires and {{convert|112455|ha|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} burned, making it the European Union country with both the highest average number of wildfires and the greatest average burned area over that period.{{sfnp|Sedano|San-Miguel-Ayanz|Broglia|Durrant|2025|p=13}} [[Climate change in Portugal|Climate change]] is projected to raise average temperatures in Portugal by as much as {{convert|3-4|°C|°F|1}} by 2100 relative to the 1990s–2010s average,{{sfnp|Carvalho|2024}}{{sfnp|Carvalho|Meirelles|Henriques|Navarro|2022|p=353}}{{sfnp|Adinolfi|Loprieno|Demory|Zeman|2025}} with impacts in [[Water supply and sanitation in Portugal|water]],{{sfnp|Claro|Fonseca|Fraga|Santos|2024}} [[Biodiversity of Portugal|ecosystem]],{{sfnp|Pedersen|Dias|Kok|van Vuuren|2024}} [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|agriculture]],{{sfnp|Lima|Bento|Lemos|Nogueira|2023}} [[Effects of climate change on human health|health]],{{sfnp|Teixeira|Carvalho|Rocha|Pereira|2026}} and [[Climate security|security]].{{sfnp|Araújo|Ramos|Soares|Melo|2022|pp=2279–2293}}{{sfnp|Cramer|Guiot|Fader|Garrabou|2018|pp=972–980}}
=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Biodiversity of Portugal}}
[[File:Miradouro da Cascata do Arado.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Peneda-Gerês National Park]] in [[North Region, Portugal|Northern Portugal]] is the only national park in Portugal.{{sfnp|Cruz|Sánchez|Suárez|2024}}|alt=A wide view of a forested mountain valley in the Peneda-Gerês National Park under grey clouds, with rocky slopes on both sides, a stream running through the centre, and a small stone bridge partly hidden among the trees]]
Portugal is located in the [[Mediterranean basin]], a [[biodiversity hotspot]].{{sfnp|Solomou|2025|p=147}} It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: [[Azores temperate mixed forests]], [[Cantabrian mixed forests]], [[Madeira evergreen forests]], [[Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests]], [[Northwest Iberian montane forests]], and [[Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests]].{{sfnp|Dinerstein|Olson|Joshi|Vynne|2017|pp=534–545}} Almost a quarter of its land area is included in the [[Natura 2000]] network.{{sfnp|Frazão-Moreira|Martins|2023|pp=93-111}} Native species such as [[Quercus ilex|holm oak]], [[cork oak]], [[Pinus pinea|stone pine]], and [[maritime pine]] make up 72% of the total forested area of continental Portugal.{{sfnp|Ferreira|Ribeiro|Pereira|2026}}
[[Upwelling]] occurs at the coast creating the [[Nortada]], a summer wind along the coast.{{sfnp|Ramos|Pires|Sousa|Trigo|2013|pp=38-51}} 73% of the freshwater fish species in Portugal and Spain are endemic, a higher percentage than elsewhere in Europe.{{sfnp|Rodeles|Galicia |Miranda|2016}} Among Portugal's [[protected areas of Portugal|protected areas]] are the [[Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park]], one of Europe's last remaining stretches of wild coastline, and [[Montesinho Natural Park]], which preserves one of the few intact Mediterranean mountain landscapes.{{sfnp|Bastos|Dias|Baptista|Batista|2012|pp=99–116}}{{sfnp|Castro|2009|pp=151–154}}
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the spread of invasive plant species. Over one-fourth of extant plant species in continental Portugal are [[Introduced species|exotic]].{{sfnp|Oliveira-Costa|2022|pp=604,620-621}} Portugal has one of the highest numbers of threatened animal and plant species in Europe.[{{cite web |publisher=IUCN |author= |title=IUCN Red List of threatened species |version=2025-2 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/statistics |website=IUCN Red List |access-date=22 April 2026 |year=2025}}] Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, as its wetlands serve as key wintering and stopover sites for many waders due to their location on the [[East Atlantic Flyway]].{{sfnp|Belo|Dias|Jara|Almeida|2023|pp=141–149}} Some mammalian species and subspecies of Portugal such as [[red deer]], [[Iberian ibex]], [[wild boar]], [[red fox]], [[Iberian wolf]], and [[Iberian lynx]] were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation, and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock largely reduced their populations in the 19th and 20th centuries.{{sfnp|Bencatel|Sabino-Marques|Álvares|Moura|2019|pp=70,72-73,96,104,106,112,226-227}} There are three mammalian species and subspecies, such as the [[Portuguese ibex]] that became extinct, but some mammalian species, such as the [[Iberian hare]], have been re-expanding their native range.{{sfnp|Santos|Ceríaco|2025|p=3}}{{sfnp|Bencatel|Sabino-Marques|Álvares|Moura|2019|pp=156-157,226-227}}
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Portugal|Politics of Portugal}}
{{multiple image
| alt1 = António José Seguro smiling beside a large Portuguese coat of arms.
| alt2 = Luís Montenegro smiling besides a Portuguese flag.
| caption_align = center
| image1 = António José Seguro 2026-04-21 (cropped).png
| width1 = 154
| caption1 = [[António José Seguro]]
[[President of Portugal|President]]
| image2 = Luís Montenegro September 2025.jpg
| width2 = 151
| caption2 = [[Luís Montenegro]]
[[Prime Minister of Portugal|Prime Minister]]
| total_width = 305
}}
Portugal has been a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] representative democratic [[republic]] since the ratification of the [[Constitution of Portugal|Constitution of 1976]].{{sfnp|''Constitution of the Portuguese Republic''|2005|loc= Part IV: Guaranteeing and revision of the Constitution, Final and transitional provisions, Article 296, Clause 2}}{{sfnp|Neto|2023|pp=122-125,132}}{{sfnp|Tavares de Almeida|2010|pp=1535-1539}} The Constitution divides the core [[Political structure|structures]] of the Portuguese political system among four [[Sovereignty body (Portugal)|sovereignty organs]]: the [[President of Portugal|president]], the [[Government of Portugal|government]], the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]], and the [[Judiciary of Portugal|courts]].{{sfnp|Fontes|2013|pp=93-94}} There is [[universal suffrage]] for adults over 18 years of age, with a [[secret ballot]] for all elected offices.{{sfnp|Tavares de Almeida|2010|pp=1535-1537}} Portugal operates a competitive multi-party system at the national, regional, and local levels.{{sfnp|de Sousa|da Cruz|Fernandes|2023|pp=1-29}}{{sfnp|Ruel|2021|pp=85-91}}{{sfnp|Calca|Ruel|2024|pp=704-718}} There have been trends towards [[Democratic backsliding|autocratisation]].{{sfnp|Marina|Altman|Fernandes|God|2026|p=41|loc="The eight countries that are very close to becoming autocratizers are: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Namibia, Portugal, Russia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Vanuatu. Three of the eight countries are new on the Watchlist this year: Bulgaria, Portugal, and Vanuatu."}}[{{Cite web |title=Portugal |author=The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/portugal |access-date=29 April 2026 |publisher=International IDEA |date=June 2025 |quote=Between 2019 and 2024, it experienced declines in multiple factors of Representation, Rights and Rule of Law. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331023341/https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/portugal |archive-date=31 March 2026 |url-status=live}}]
The [[List of heads of state of Portugal|head of state]] of Portugal is the president who is elected to a five-year term by direct, [[universal adult suffrage]].{{sfnp|Narciso|2023|p=210}}{{sfnp|Mendonça|2023|p=52}}{{sfnp|Tavares de Almeida|2010|pp=1536-1537}} The president is usually regarded as politically independent and carries [[Moderating power (Portugal)|moderating powers]] aimed at ensuring the regular functioning of institutions and constitutional guarantees;{{sfnp|Graça Feijó|2021|pp=164,166}}{{sfnp|Gomes|Albergaria|Canotilho|2021|pp=478-479,517}}{{sfnp|Feijó|2019|pp=39-41}}{{efn|The president also holds exceptional powers besides the moderating powers, which are not exclusive to the office.{{sfnp|Gomes|Albergaria|Canotilho|2021|p=514}}}} in addition, it includes [[commander-in-chief|supreme command]] of the armed forces,{{sfnp|Gomes Canotilho|Moreira|1991|pp=101-106}} and shapes political opinions and agendas.{{sfnp|Grimaldi|2023|pp=196-205,222-228,380-396}}{{sfnp|Graça Feijó|2021|pp=90-95}}{{sfnp|Amorim Neto|Anselmo|2024|pp=704-721}} The current president of Portugal is [[António José Seguro]]; he {{ill|Portugal presidential inauguration|pt|Tomada de posse do Presidente da República Portuguesa|lt=took office}} after winning the runoff vote of the [[2026 Portuguese presidential election]].[{{cite news|title=António José Seguro toma posse como Presidente da República|trans-title=António José Seguro is sworn in as president|access-date=12 August 2026|date=9 March 2026|location=Lisbon|publisher=[[Lusa News Agency]]|language=pt-PT|url=https://www.lusa.pt/article/46713307/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260812153458/https://www.lusa.pt/article/46713307/|archive-date=12 August 2026|url-status=live}}][{{cite news |first1=Andrei |last1=Khalip |first2=Sergio |last2=Goncalves |location=Lisbon |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/portugal-votes-presidential-runoff-with-socialist-poised-victory-2026-02-08/ |title=Portugal elects Socialist as president by landslide, but far right grows |publisher=Reuters |date=8 February 2026 |access-date=29 April 2026}}]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Lisbon, Belém Palace.JPG
| caption1 = The [[Belém Palace]], residence and workplace of the president
| alt1 = Photograph of Belém Palace. A large pale pink palace with tiled roofs sits behind a walled terrace and the Afonso de Albuquerque Square, with statues, trimmed hedges, and a few cars passing along the street in front.
| image2 = Palácio de São Bento (Assemblée nationale) (9307363528).jpg
| caption2 = The [[São Bento Palace]], seat of the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| alt2 = Photograph of São Bento Palace. A large white neoclassical government building with tall columns and sculpted pediments rises above a green lawn under a clear blue sky, with the Portuguese flag flying from the roof.
}}
Portugal's legislative body is the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]], a [[unicameralism|unicameral]] parliament.{{sfnp|Goes|Leston-Bandeira|2022|p=[https://books.google.pt/books?id=_DeKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 138]}}{{sfnp|Losada Maestre|2021|p=227}} It consists of a single chamber with a minimum of 180 seats and a maximum of 230, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved.{{sfnp|Narciso|2023|p=209}}{{sfnp|Goes|Leston-Bandeira|2022|pp=[https://books.google.pt/books?id=_DeKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 138-140]}}{{sfnp|Neto|2023|pp=131-132}} The members of parliament represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.{{sfnp|Silva|Giovannetti|2022|p=69}} The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] (PSD), [[Chega]] (CH), and the [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] (PS).{{sfnp|Mendes|2025|pp=469-494}}
As the head of government, the [[Prime Minister of Portugal|prime minister]] directs government policy, leads the [[Council of Ministers (Portugal)|Council of Ministers]] which includes ministers and junior ministers that execute government policy, and is appointed by the president in light of electoral results after consulting with the parties with parliament seats.{{sfnp|Belchior|Silveira|2023|pp=310–329}}{{sfnp|Silveira|Silva|2023|p=150}}{{sfnp|Neto|2023|p=123}} Portugal's current prime minister is [[Luís Montenegro]], who took office after the [[Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)|AD – PSD/CDS Coalition]] won enough seats to form a minority government following the [[2024 Portuguese legislative election]].[{{cite news |first1=Catarina |last1=Demony |first2=Sergio |last2=Goncalves |location=Lisbon |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugals-minority-government-be-sworn-stability-doubtful-2024-04-02/ |title=Portugal's minority government sworn in, stability doubtful |publisher=Reuters |date=2 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2026}}]
Portugal has a [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law system]] based on [[Roman law]] and on [[Canon Law]] and influenced by [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|German civil law]].{{sfnp|Hamza|2012|pp=2–4}} The Constitution is the [[supreme law]] of Portugal.{{sfnp|Violante|2023|pp=133-136}} In the Portuguese legal system, [[private law|private civil law]] and [[criminal law]] are codified in the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese Civil Code|Código Civil]]}} and the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Penal Code of Portugal|Código Penal]]}} respectively.{{sfnp|Mączyński|Moura Vicente|2017|p=2433}}{{sfnp|Líbano Monteiro|2024|pp=111–118}} Portugal's court system is organised into judicial, administrative, and fiscal branches with three levels of jurisdiction and separate courts of last appeal, while the [[Constitutional Court (Portugal)|Constitutional Court]] is responsible for constitutional review and oversight of elections, referendums and political parties.{{sfnp|Narciso|2023|p=211}}
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Portugal}}
Portugal is a [[Centralized government|highly centralised]] [[unitary state]] comprising two autonomous regions, as well as seven [[NUTS statistical regions of Portugal|regions]] on the [[Continental Portugal|mainland]]. Subnational government in Portugal is currently organised through municipalities ([[concelhos]]), civil parishes ([[freguesias]]), and intermunicipal communities ([[Intermunicipal communities of Portugal|comunidades intermunicipais]]). In the following table, the intermunicipal communities are grouped by region:{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2020|pp=11,66–75}}{{sfnp|Szabó|Farkas|2024|pp=203-204}}
{|
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Regions and Intermunicipal Communities of Portugal.svg|alt=Administrative map of Portugal|thumb|center|upright=1.8|Intermunicipal communities and autonomous regions of Portugal with coloured regions]]
|style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#EFE979}} [[North Region, Portugal|North]]
----
1. [[Alto Minho]]{{pb}}
2. [[Cávado (intermunicipal community)|Cávado]]{{pb}}
3. [[Porto Metropolitan Area]]{{pb}}
4. [[Ave (intermunicipal community)|Ave]]{{pb}}
5. [[Tâmega e Sousa]]{{pb}}
6. [[Alto Tâmega e Barroso]]{{pb}}
7. [[Douro (intermunicipal community)|Douro]]{{pb}}
8. [[Terras de Trás-os-Montes]]
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#EF7979}} [[Central Region, Portugal|Centre]]
----
9. [[Região de Aveiro|Aveiro]]{{pb}}
10. [[Viseu Dão Lafões]]{{pb}}
11. [[Beiras e Serra da Estrela]]{{pb}}
12. [[Coimbra (intermunicipal community)|Coimbra]]{{pb}}
13. [[Região de Leiria|Leiria]]{{pb}}
14. [[Beira Baixa (intermunicipal community)|Beira Baixa]]
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#EFB179}} [[Oeste e Vale do Tejo]]
----
15. [[Oeste (intermunicipal community)|Oeste]]{{pb}}
16. [[Médio Tejo]]{{pb}}
17. [[Lezíria do Tejo]]
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#9579EF}} [[Greater Lisbon]]
----
18. Greater Lisbon{{pb}}
|-
|style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#CC79EF}} [[Península de Setúbal|Setúbal Peninsula]]
----
19. Setúbal Peninsula{{pb}}
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#79EFDB}} [[Alentejo]]
----
20. [[Alto Alentejo (intermunicipal community)|Alto Alentejo]]{{pb}}
21. [[Alentejo Central]]{{pb}}
22. [[Alentejo Litoral]]{{pb}}
23. [[Baixo Alentejo (intermunicipal community)|Baixo Alentejo]]
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#87EF79}} [[Algarve]]
----
24. {{ill|Algarve (intermunicipal community)|pt|Comunidade Intermunicipal do Algarve|lt=Algarve}}{{pb}}
|style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"|
{{color box|#B4B4B4}} [[Autonomous regions of Portugal|Autonomous regions]]
----
25. [[Madeira]]{{pb}}
26. [[Azores]]{{pb}}
|}
{{clear}}
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Portugal}}
[[File:Diplomatic foreign relations of Portugal.svg|thumb|alt=Map of international relations of Portugal|[[Diplomatic missions of Portugal]][{{cite web |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/bilateral-relations/countries |website=Diplomatic Portal |author= |title=Countries |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal) |access-date=6 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260414062402/https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/bilateral-relations/countries |archive-date=14 April 2026 |url-status=live}}]{{resizediv|95%|{{legend|#377eb8|Countries that host a Portuguese Embassy or Consulate}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|Countries that do not host Portuguese diplomatic missions}}
{{legend|#4daf4a|Portugal}}}}|upright=1.2]]
A member state of the [[United Nations]] since 1955,{{sfnp|Castaño|2015|pp=9–38}} Portugal is a [[International organization membership of Portugal|member of almost all major international organisations]],{{sfnp|Pereira|2018|p=281}} and is among the countries that founded [[NATO]] in 1949,{{sfnp|Teixeira|1999|pp=15–41}} the [[OECD]] in 1961,[{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/legal/text-of-the-convention-on-the-organisation-for-economic-co-operation-and-development.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701192433/https://www.oecd.org/en/about/legal/text-of-the-convention-on-the-organisation-for-economic-co-operation-and-development.html |archive-date=1 July 2024 |url-status=live |title=Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |author= |access-date=29 April 2026}}] [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] in 1960,{{sfnp|Andresen-Leitão|2004|pp=285–312}} and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP) in 1996, an international organisation of countries with Portuguese as an official language.{{sfnp|Freixo|2006|pp=35–54}}
Portugal has a stable foreign policy that is the result of its history, geography, and specific foreign policy choices. It is structured around six principal regional and policy priorities: Europe, NATO and relations with the [[Portugal–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]] and with the [[Portugal–United States relations|United States]], the [[Portuguese-speaking world]], the importance of and support for Portuguese communities abroad, the internationalisation of the [[Economy of Portugal|national economy]], and the strengthening of [[multilateralism]]. Portugal regards the success of [[European integration]] as paramount and is prepared, where a consensus exists among European Union member states, to endorse policies that go against with the country's national interests;{{sfnp|Pereira|2018|pp=269–283}} it also supports general disarmament, the dismantling of political-military blocs, and the creation of a collective security system aimed at establishing an international order grounded in peace and justice among peoples.{{sfnp|Coutinho|Piçarra|2019|pp=629-632}}
Portugal has two territorial disputes, both of which are with Spain: the Spanish town of [[Olivenza]] which has been claimed by Portugal since the [[War of the Oranges|19th century]], and the surrounding waters of the Portuguese Savage Islands which have been claimed by Spain since the 15th century. Despite causing moments of tension between the two countries, the [[Portugal–Spain relations|relationship between the two countries]] remains excellent.{{sfnp|Gómez Adeva|2017|pp=752–765}}{{sfnp|Santos Sánchez|2022|pp=23–44}}[{{Cite web |title=Spain |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/bilateral-relations/general-countries/spain |access-date=29 April 2026 |website=Diplomatic Portal |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |author-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal) |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209132834/https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/bilateral-relations/general-countries/spain |archive-date=9 February 2026 |url-status=live}}]
=== Military ===
{{Main|Portuguese Armed Forces}}
[[File:NRP Bartolomeu Dias F333 in Hernesaari as seen from Verkkokauppa in Helsinki, Finland, 2023 April.jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese Navy]] frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias|alt=Photograph of NRP Bartolomeu Dias (F333) of the Portuguese Navy docked by the quays of Hernesaari, Helsinki, Finland, with the Portuguese flag flying at the stern and calm blue water stretching out to the open sea beyond.]]
The [[Portuguese Armed Forces]] consist of three branches commanded by the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Armed Forces General Staff (Portugal)|Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas]]}} (Armed Forces General Staff): the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese Navy|Marinha]]}} (Navy), {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese Army|Exército]]}} (Army), and {{lang|pt-PT|[[Portuguese Air Force|Força Aérea]]}} (Air Force).{{sfnp|Carreiras|2025|pp=185-186}} In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the {{lang|pt-PT|[[National Republican Guard (Portugal)|Guarda Nacional Republicana]]}} (National Republican Guard), a [[gendarmerie]], comprising {{Nts|23042}} personnel in 2025, under the authority of both the [[Ministry of National Defence (Portugal)|Defence]] and the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Portugal)|Home Affairs]] ministries.{{sfnp|Lloyd-Jones|Cerezales|2007|p=90}}{{sfnp|Departamento de Informação da Organização do Estado e do Emprego Público|2025a}} The Portuguese military serves as a self-defence force, takes part in humanitarian and peace missions undertaken by the international organisations to which Portugal belongs, and cooperates in civil defence missions.{{sfnp|Carreiras|2025|pp=183-197}} In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several [[NATO]] and [[European Union]] missions worldwide.[{{Cite web |title=Onde estamos missões no estrangeiro |url=https://www.exercito.pt/pt/onde-estamos/no-mundo |publisher=Exército Português |access-date=29 April 2026 |author= |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Where we are: missions abroad}}] The [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|Portuguese military budget]] in 2025 was estimated at more than $6 billion, representing 2% of GDP.{{sfnp|''Defence expenditure of NATO countries (2014–2025)''|2025}}
As of 2025, the three branches numbered {{Nts|23589}} military personnel.{{sfnp|Departamento de Informação da Organização do Estado e do Emprego Público|2025b|p=7}} Until 1999, military service was compulsory for men at age 18 becoming officially suspended during peace time and replaced by one mandatory day of sensibilisation about the Armed Forces called {{lang|pt-PT|{{ill|National Defence Day (Portugal)|pt|Dia da Defesa Nacional|lt=Dia da Defesa Nacional}}}} (National Defence Day).{{sfnp|Resende|2009|pp=11–24}} Since 1992 women may serve in all branches of the armed forces. The Portuguese military became fully professional in 2004.{{sfnp|Committee on Women in the NATO Forces|2008|pp=1–3}}
=== Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law of Portugal|Judiciary of Portugal|Law enforcement in Portugal|Crime in Portugal}}
[[File:Polícia Judiciária (Portugal) headquarters, Lisbon 04.jpg|thumb|The headquarters of the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Polícia Judiciária]]}} (Judiciary Police), in Lisbon|alt=Photograph of the headquarters of the Judicial Police (PJ). A large modern white-and-grey office building with irregular window patterns stands on a corner under an overcast sky, with parked motorcycles, a few pedestrians, and a crosswalk in the foreground.]]
In Portugal, public prosecution is conducted by the [[Public Prosecution Service (Portugal)|Public Prosecution Service]] which is headed by the {{ill|Prosecutor General of Portugal|pt|Procurador-Geral da República (Portugal)|lt=prosecutor general}}.{{sfnp|Narciso|2023|pp=208–212}} The main police organisations of Portugal are the {{lang|pt-PT|Guarda Nacional Republicana}} (National Republican Guard), the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Polícia de Segurança Pública]]}} (Public Security Police), a civilian police force that works in urban areas; and the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Polícia Judiciária]]}} (Judiciary Police), a senior criminal police body, under the authority of the [[Ministry of Justice (Portugal)|Minister of Justice]] and endowed with administrative autonomy.{{sfnp|Lloyd-Jones|Cerezales|2007|p=90}}{{sfnp|Rocha Gonçalves|Durão|2017|p=4}}{{sfnp|Cardoso|2020|pp=189–193}}
Portugal has {{ill|List of prisons in Portugal|pt|Lista de prisões portuguesas|lt=49 correctional facilities}} run by the {{ill|Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services|pt|Direção-Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais|lt=Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services}} (DGRSP).{{sfnp|Conde|Sousa|Pita|Souto|2026|pp=1–19}} The facilities are classified by security level, and by degree of management complexity, and often house inmates with different legal statuses, risk levels, and criminal trajectories within the same facilities.{{sfnp|Conde|Sousa|Pita|Souto|2026|pp=1–19}} Despite following a reintegration-oriented penal model, Portugal retains high prison occupancy and an average sentence length of 31.3 months and one of the world's highest [[Prisoner suicide|prison suicide]] rates representing around 30% of the 60 to 70 [[Death in custody|deaths]] occurring annually.{{sfnp|Conde|Sousa|Pita|Souto|2026|pp=1–19}}{{sfnp|Lança Pereira|2026|pp=181-197}}
=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Portugal}}
Portugal has a tradition of a humanistic criminal justice.{{sfnp|Miranda Rodrigues|João Antunes|Fidalgo|Horta Pinto|2021|p=1}} The Portuguese Constitution defines the country as being one that is based on human dignity.{{sfnp|Martins|Roque|2013|pp=312-314}} It abolished [[Capital punishment in Portugal|capital punishment]] and [[life imprisonment]] in the 19th century,{{sfnp|Miranda Rodrigues|João Antunes|Fidalgo|Horta Pinto|2021|p=1}} and forbids [[extradition]] in the case of either sentence possibly being imposed.{{sfnp|Costa|Caeiro|2021|pp=281-283,299-304}} The [[Portuguese Penal Code]] provides for a wide range of non-custodial sentences, with the aim of keeping a prison sentence a punishment of last resort.{{sfnp|Miranda Rodrigues|João Antunes|Fidalgo|Horta Pinto|2021|p=1}} Portuguese penitentiary laws have traditionally been progressive, and based on rehabilitation as the main goal of the implementation of such a sentence.{{sfnp|Miranda Rodrigues|João Antunes|Fidalgo|Horta Pinto|2021|p=1}}
Since the 1980s, Portugal has strengthened [[LGBTQ rights in Portugal|LGBTQ rights]] and become one of [[LGBTQ rights in Europe|Europe's most equal countries]], although [[LGBTQ history in Portugal|historical isolation and authoritarianism]] continues to shape social acceptance of {{ill|LGBTQ people in Portugal|pt|Homossexualidade em Portugal|lt=LGBTQ people}}.{{sfnp|Ramalho|2026|pp=203-232}}{{sfnp|Gato|Portugal|Sotero|Seabra|2025|pp=146-149,161}}{{sfnp|Neves|Borges|Ferreira|Correia|2025|pp=349-364}} In 2001, Portugal [[Drug policy of Portugal|decriminalised]] the personal possession and consumption of all drugs.{{sfnp|Rêgo|Oliveira|Lameira|Cruz|2021}} Portugal faces issues such as [[Police brutality|unwarranted use of force by law enforcement]],{{sfnp|''Visit report - Portugal - November 2024''|2025|pp=8–14}}{{sfnp|Casquilho-Martins|Belchior-Rocha|Alves|2022|pp=1-19}} [[Racism in Portugal|racism]] and discrimination against minorities,{{sfnp|''Survey on living conditions, origins and trajectories of the resident population 2023''|2023}}{{sfnp|Loza|2024|pp=29-37}} {{ill|Slavery in contemporary Portugal|pt|Escravatura moderna em Portugal|lt=migrant slavery}},[{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226071501/https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/portugal/ |archive-date=26 February 2026 |url-status=live |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/portugal/ |title=2025 trafficking in persons report: Portugal |publisher=United States Department of State |publication-date=30 September 2025 |access-date=29 April 2026 |author=}}] restrictions on [[freedom of association]] and collective bargaining,{{sfnp|United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|2025|p=3}} violations of wage, hour, and overtime laws,{{sfnp|United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|2025|p=5}} and persistent structural and institutional
deficiencies in the prison system.{{efn|Such as constrained resources, inadequate conditions, insufficient transparency, and the risk of non-compliance with [[Prisoners' rights in international law|international human rights standards]].{{sfnp|Lança Pereira|2026|pp=181-197}}}}
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Portugal}}
[[File:Lisboa June 2014-14a.jpg|thumb|[[Parque das Nações]], in Lisbon; an economic centre in Portugal|alt=Photography of Parque das Nações, in Lisbon. Modern waterfront buildings, including two tall glass-and-concrete towers with sail-shaped white roofs, can be seen across the Tagus River under a blue sky with few thin white clouds. Trees, a riverside promenade, pedestrians, and nearby commercial buildings line the waterfront.]]
Portugal is a [[high-income country]] with an [[advanced economy]] that follows the [[European social model#Mediterranean model|Mediterranean model]].[{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank country and lending groups |publisher=World Bank Group |author= |website=World Bank Open Data |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |access-date=29 April 2026}}]{{sfnp|''World economic outlook: global economy in the shadow of war''|2026|p=99}}{{sfnp|Gentilucci|2020|p=181}} The country's economic policy is framed by strategic guidelines called {{ill|Major Options|pt|Grandes Opções do Plano|lt=Major Options}}, which are subsequently implemented through the [[government budget|State Budget]].{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2023|p=64}} Portugal has the EU's [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|14th-largest economy by nominal GDP]] and the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)|12th-largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP]].{{sfnp|''World economic outlook: global economy in the shadow of war''|2026|pp=39,120,123,127-128,137-138}} Its PPP-adjusted GDP per capita stood at to 81% of the EU average in 2025.[{{cite web |doi=10.2908/PRC_PPP_IND_1 |doi-access=free |title=Purchasing power parities, price level indices, nominal and real expenditures by analytical categories - based on COICOP 2018 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/ecfbff41-69cb-47d9-bb89-bdb52711fcd4?lang=en |publication-date=25 March 2026 |publisher=Eurostat |author= |access-date=30 April 2026}}] As of 2024, Portugal's service sector contributed the most for its economic output followed the industrial sector and its [[primary sector]].[{{cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - data base - indicator 0006612 |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Statistics Portugal]] |author= |publication-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=30 April 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0006612&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en}}] In 2025, Portugal [[List of countries by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] was 5.8%.{{sfnp|''Employment statistics – 4th quarter of 2025''|2026}} As of 2024, its poverty rate after social transfers was 15.4% of the population while in 2023, the at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers stood at 40.3%.{{sfnp|''Income and living conditions – 2025''|2025}}{{sfnp|Tavares|Carmo|2025|p=13}} The [[Portuguese national debt|national debt of Portugal]] was estimated at 89.7% relative to GDP as of 2025.{{sfnp|''Excessive deficit procedure: 1st notification 2026''|2026}}
Portugal is part of the [[European single market]] which represents more than 450 million consumers.[{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en |title=The European single market |date=5 July 2016 |publisher=European Commission |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409110216/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en |archive-date=9 April 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2026}}] Portugal replaced the [[Portuguese escudo|escudo]] with the [[euro]] in 2002.[{{cite web |url=https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/changeover/2002/html/index.en.html |author= |access-date=16 April 2026 |title=Initial changeover (2002) |date=31 January 2023 |publisher=European Central Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420131848/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/changeover/2002/html/index.en.html |archive-date=20 April 2026 |url-status=live}}] Its monetary policy is set by the [[European Central Bank]].[{{cite web |url=https://www.bportugal.pt/en/page/what-monetary-policy-and-what-it-used |publisher=Banco de Portugal |author= |access-date=16 April 2026 |title=What is monetary policy and what is it used for? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831070832/https://www.bportugal.pt/en/page/what-monetary-policy-and-what-it-used |archive-date=31 August 2025 |url-status=live}}] The country has been a part of the [[Eurozone]] since its inception.[{{cite web |url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/what-euro-area_en |title=What is the euro area? |publisher=European Commission |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Economy and Finance |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260331235803/https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/what-euro-area_en |archive-date=31 March 2026 |url-status=live}}] Portugal's [[central bank]] is the [[Banco de Portugal]] and it is part of the [[European System of Central Banks]].[{{cite web |url=https://www.bportugal.pt/en/page/eurosystemescb |title=Eurosystem/ESCB |publisher=Banco de Portugal |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824125004/https://www.bportugal.pt/en/page/eurosystemescb |archive-date=24 August 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2026}}] In 2024, Portugal had a combined share of exports and imports that amounted to 90% of its total GDP.[{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS |title=Trade (% of GDP) |publisher=World Bank Group |author= |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |access-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425212634/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS |archive-date=25 April 2026 |url-status=live}}]
In February 2026, Portugal's main export markets were Spain at 26% and Germany at 13.9%. Its main exports are machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and other transportation equipment, base metals, and plastics. Portugal's main import markets in 2026 were Spain at 32.9% and Germany at 11.9%. Portugal's main imports are machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products, agricultural products, and mineral fuels.{{sfnp|''International trade – March 2026''|2026}}
Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic model has been based on [[consumption (economics)|public consumption]] and [[economic development]] focused on exports, private [[investment (macroeconomics)|investment]] and the development of its [[high-tech]] sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as [[wine]] and [[Cork (material)|cork]] in export earnings.{{sfnp|''Financial Times special report: investing in Portugal''|2014|p=4}} Operated by the [[Euronext Lisbon]], Portugal's stock market, the [[PSI-20|PSI]], includes 16 major companies based on the country, including [[Sonae]], [[Mota-Engil]], [[Corticeira Amorim]], [[The Navigator Company]], and [[EDP Group|EDP]].[{{cite web |url=https://live.euronext.com/en/markets/lisbon/equities-by-index/psi |title=PSI stocks |publisher=Euronext |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130012145/https://live.euronext.com/en/markets/lisbon/equities-by-index/psi |archive-date=30 January 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2026}}]
In 2025, Portugal ranked 16th among European Union member states in innovation by the [[European Innovation Scoreboard]], while placing 31st worldwide in the [[Global Innovation Index]].{{sfnp|European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation|2025|p=71}}{{sfnp|''Global Innovation Index 2025: innovation at a crossroads''|2025|p=68}} In 2024, neuroscience accounted for 12.5% of Portugal's scientific output, the second-highest national share, and the country ranked 23rd worldwide in total neuroscience output.[{{cite journal |title=High-performers and specialists in neuroscience research |journal=Nature |date=3 October 2024 |volume=634 |issue=8032 |pages=S7 |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-03045-6 |pmid=39358538 |bibcode=2024Natur.634S...7.}}] Among the research institutions based in the country are the {{ill|Gulbenkian Institute of Molecular Medicine|pt|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência}}, the [[International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory]], and the [[Champalimaud Foundation]] which was the world's 11th top non-profit institution in neuroscience research between 2019 and 2023.[{{Cite web |title=Leading 25 NPO/NGO institutions |author= |publisher=Nature Portfolio |date=2 October 2024 |access-date=30 April 2026 |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-neuroscience/tables/npo-ngo}}]
=== Agriculture and fishery ===
{{main|Agriculture in Portugal|Fishing industry in Portugal}}
[[File:Ameixial - cork store (13532168205).jpg|alt=A long pile of harvested cork bark stacked in a grassy field.|thumb|The harvesting of [[Cork (material)|cork]] bark. The majority of the world's cork is produced in Portugal.{{sfnp|Rodrigues|Gevrek|Mota|2023|pp=19–20}}]]
The Portuguese agriculture sector accounted for 2.9% of the country's total GDP as of 2024.[{{Cite web |title=Global and regional tourism performance |url=https://www.untourism.int/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard |access-date=1 May 2026 |publisher=UN Tourism |author= |publication-date=22 April 2026 |archive-date=2 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202030537/https://www.untourism.int/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard |url-status=live}}]
=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Transport in Portugal|Energy in Portugal}}
[[File:Alqueva dam.JPG|alt=Alqueva dam with a road across its crest holds back a reservoir in a rural landscape.|thumb|The [[Alqueva Dam]] is one of the largest strategic water reserves in Europe.{{sfnp|Santos|Pais Dias|2021|p=4}}]]
Portugal's road network includes a system of [[Roads in Portugal#Motorways|48 motorways]], which, as of 2023, ranked as the [[Evolution of motorway construction in European nations|seventh largest among 42 European countries]].{{sfnp|''Transport and communications statistics - 2024''|2025|p=12}}[{{cite web|url=https://www.dgterritorio.gov.pt/recart/TRANSPORTES%20(Transporte%20rodovi%C3%A1rio)/CatalogoDasViasRodoviariasParte1.html|title=Catálogo das vias rodoviárias - parte 1|trans-title=Catalog of road routes - part 1|language=pt-PT|publication-date=4 April 2024|publisher=Direção-Geral do Território|publication-place=Lisbon|access-date=1 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606205531/https://www.dgterritorio.gov.pt/recart/TRANSPORTES%20(Transporte%20rodovi%C3%A1rio)/CatalogoDasViasRodoviariasParte1.html|archive-date=6 June 2026|url-status=live|author=}}][{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ttr00002/default/table |doi=10.2908/TTR00002 |doi-access=free |publisher=Eurostat |author= |access-date=17 April 2026 |title=Total length of motorways |date=16 April 2026}}] The busiest [[List of airports in Portugal|Portuguese airports]] are [[Lisbon Airport]], [[Porto Airport]], [[Faro Airport]], [[Madeira Airport]], and [[Ponta Delgada Airport]].{{Sfnp|''Civil aviation yearbook 2023''|2023|p=58}} As of 2024, passenger and freight [[Rail transport in Portugal|rail transport]] in Portugal operated on {{convert|2526|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of active [[List of railway lines in Portugal|railway lines]], with passenger services operated mainly by [[Comboios de Portugal]] (CP).{{sfnp|''Transport and communications statistics - 2024''|2025|p=11}}{{sfnp|Marques|Moro|Ramos|2025|pp=683–713}} The [[Port of Sines]] serves as Portugal's foremost [[List of ports in Portugal|container port]] and leads the country in cargo [[tonnage]].{{sfnp|Kazmi|Rocha|Brochado|2025|p=5}}
As of 2023, two-thirds of Portugal's energy supply was imported, representing the 11th-highest level of energy dependency in the European Union.{{sfnp|Observatório da Energia|Direção-Geral de Energia e Geologia: Direção de Serviços de Planeamento Energético e Estatística|Agência para a Energia: Direção de Formação, Informação e Educação|2025|pp=44–46}} The country is pursuing [[Renewable energy in Portugal|energy transition]] and has invested in the development of renewable energy sources such as the [[Aguçadoura Wave Farm]].{{sfnp|Khatiwada|Vasudevan|Santos|2022|p=12}}{{sfnp|Silva|Rusu|Guedes Soares|2018}} Portugal has expanded the role of renewable sources in its energy sector, with renewables accounting for 35.2% of energy consumption, up from 21.9% in 2007, and 78.1% of [[Electricity generation|total installed capacity]], compared with 59.3% in 2014.{{sfnp|Observatório da Energia|Direção-Geral de Energia e Geologia: Direção de Serviços de Planeamento Energético e Estatística|Agência para a Energia: Direção de Formação, Informação e Educação|2025|pp=44,53-54,76}} In 2021, the country completed the phase-out of coal-fired generation.{{sfnp|Moreira|2025}}{{sfnp|Martins|Moura|de Almeida|2022|p=18}}
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Portugal}}
{{See also|Portuguese people}}
[[File:Puente de Don Luis I, Oporto, Portugal, 2019-06-02, DD 29-31 HDR.jpg|alt=View during the blue hour of the Luiz I Bridge and the city of Porto.|thumb|upright 1.2|[[Porto]] is the [[List of cities in Portugal|second largest city]] in Portugal, with [[Porto metropolitan area|its metropolitan area]] the country's second-largest.]]
In 2025, Portugal had a population of {{Nts|11424031}}, of whom {{Nts|9826492}} were Portuguese nationals. The remainder were foreign residents at {{Nts|1597539}}.{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} Portugal is steadily ageing and has one of the world's highest proportion of elderly citizens, comprising nearly one-fourth of its entire population,{{sfnp|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|2023|p=23}}[{{Cite web |title=Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=World Bank |author= |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=23 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260323030148/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS |url-status=live |publication-place=Washington, D.C.}}] together with a female share of the population at 51.1%.{{sfnp|''Gender equality in Portugal: statistical bulletin 2025''|2025|pp=16–17}}[{{Cite web |title=Population, female (% of total population) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=World Bank |author= |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301210058/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS |url-status=live}}]
In 2025, Portugal had a fertility rate of 1.4, which is below the [[Sub-replacement fertility|replacement rate]] of 2.1 and is one of the [[List of countries by total fertility rate|world's lowest]].{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}[{{Cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman)|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?view=map |access-date=17 August 2026 |publisher=World Bank |author= |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |website=World Bank Open Data }}] Portugal has had a fertility rate below the replacement rate of 2.1 since the 1980s that has led to the country having a [[Population pyramid|median age]] of 45.8, one of the [[List of countries by median age|highest in the world]].{{sfnp|Surkyn|Lesthaeghe|2004|pp=45–86}}{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}}[{{cite web |url=https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/67,49/locations/4,8,12,16,20,24,660,28,32,51,533,36,40,31,44,48,50,52,112,56,84,204,60,64,68,535,70,72,76,92,96,100,854,108,132,116,120,124,136,140,148,152,156,344,446,158,170,174,178,184,188,384,191,192,531,196,203,408,180,208,262,212,214,218,818,222,226,232,233,748,231,238,234,242,246,250,254,258,266,270,268,276,288,292,300,304,308,312,316,320,831,324,624,328,332,340,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,833,376,380,388,392,832,400,398,404,296,412,414,417,418,428,422,426,430,434,438,440,442,450,454,458,462,466,470,584,474,478,480,175,484,583,492,496,499,500,504,508,104,516,520,524,528,540,554,558,562,566,570,807,580,578,512,586,585,591,598,600,604,608,616,620,630,634,410,498,638,642,643,646,652,654,659,662,663,666,670,882,674,678,682,686,688,690,694,702,534,703,705,90,706,728,724,144,275,729,740,752,756,760,762,764,626,768,772,776,780,788,792,795,796,798,800,804,784,826,834,840,850,858,860,548,862,704,876,732,900,887,894,716/start/2024/end/2024/table/pivotbylocation?df=67e9fdb2-341a-4b63-8655-87fae18ae077 |author=United Nations Population Division |publisher=United Nations |website=Population Division Data Portal |title=World Population Prospects: The 2024 Revision |access-date=1 May 2026 |date=2024}}] As of 2025, 23.3% of the population was aged 65 or older.{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} Despite the effects of net migration, due to low fertility rates, Portugal's population is projected to drop to 8.3 million by 2100.{{sfnp|''Projections of resident population in Portugal 2025-2100''|2025}}
Historically a country of emigration,{{sfnp|Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|1993|pp=[http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm 75-79]}} Portugal has been a net recipient of [[Immigration to Portugal|immigrants]] since 1993 except between 2011 and 2016 during the [[2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis|Portuguese financial crisis]].{{sfnp|''30 years of 25 April: a statistical portrait''|2004|p=8}}{{sfnp|Pires|Vidigal|2020|pp=5,6}}{{sfnp|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} Since 2016, Portugal has experienced a marked increase in immigration, with the proportion of non-nationals in the total population rising from 3.5% to 14.0% by 2025, living mainly in the Algarve and the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], and with 24.5% of all births registered in 2024 being to foreign-born women.[{{cite web |author= |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/6b569dd8-b96c-4111-a727-8e49e1aad2c5?lang=en&createdAt=2026-04-25T18:59:34Z |title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and broad group of citizenship |doi=10.2908/MIGR_POP2CTZ |doi-access=free |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |access-date=25 April 2026 |date=9 April 2026}}]{{sfnp|''Survey on living conditions, origins and trajectories of the resident population 2023''|2023}}[{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012437&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en |title=Statistics Portugal - data base - indicator 0012437 |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author= |access-date=25 April 2026 |date=29 April 2025}}] In Portugal, White Portuguese constitute the largest [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] and [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]], representing 84.2% of the population, followed by multiracial Portuguese at 3.4%, [[Black Portuguese]] at 2.2%, [[Luso-Asians|Asian Portuguese]] at 0.7%, and the [[Romani people in Portugal|Romani]] at 0.6%.{{sfnp|''Survey on living conditions, origins and trajectories of the resident population 2023''|2023}}
In 2023, 88% of the Portuguese population lived in urban areas.[{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008856&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en |title=Statistics Portugal - data base - indicator 0008856 |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author= |access-date=25 April 2026 |date=9 August 2024}}] The capital city, [[Lisbon]], had a population of {{Nts|658236}} as of 2025. It is part of Lisbon metropolitan area, the biggest [[Metropolitan areas in Portugal|metropolitan area]] of Portugal with 3.4 million people.[{{Cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012917&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |title=Statistics Portugal - data base - indicator 0012917 |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author= |access-date=22 June 2026 |date=22 June 2026}}]
{{Largest cities
| country = Portugal
| kind = [[Municipalities of Portugal|Municipalities]]
| stat_ref = [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]] 2025 Estimate[{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012311&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en |title=Statistics Portugal - data base - indicator 0012311 |publisher=Statistics Portugal |author= |date=23 November 2022b |access-date=25 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815222045/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012311&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en |archive-date=15 August 2025 |url-status=live}}]{{sfnp|Coutinho|2023|pp=1-15}}{{sfnp|Dix|2025|p=20}}}}
The country has small [[Protestantism in Portugal|Protestant]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Portugal|Latter-day Saints]], [[Islam in Portugal|Muslim]], [[Hinduism in Portugal|Hindu]], [[Sikhism in Portugal|Sikh]], {{ill|Jehovah's Witnesses in Portugal|pt|Testemunhas de Jeová em Portugal
|lt=Jehovah's Witnesses}}, [[Baháʼí Faith in Portugal|Baháʼí]], [[Buddhism in Portugal|Buddhist]], and [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Jewish]] communities.[{{CELEX|01958R0001-20130701|text=Regulation No 1 determining the languages to be used by the European Economic Community}}] Portuguese is the fifth-most widely spoken first language in the world, with around 250 million native speakers.{{sfnp|Branco|Grilo|Silva|2023|pp=195–198}}
[[Portuguese Sign Language]] is officially protected by the country's constitution.{{sfnp|Figueira-Cardoso|Grzegorczy|Marçalo|2025|pp=9-36}} The recognised regional languages and dialects include [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]], spoken in [[Terra de Miranda]], and [[Barranquenho]], in [[Barrancos]].{{sfnp|Figueira-Cardoso|Grzegorczy|Marçalo|2025|pp=9-36}} Portuguese people are typically bilingual, with 67.5% speaking at least two languages, and tend to be proficient non-native English speakers, with Portugal placed sixth globally for English proficiency in the 2025 [[EF English Proficiency Index]].{{sfnp|''Adult education survey – 2022''|2023}}{{sfnp|EF Education First|2025|p=9}}
=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Portugal}}
[[File:Universidad de Coímbra, Portugal, 2012-05-10, DD 16.JPG|alt=Square of the University of Coimbra|thumb|The [[University of Coimbra]] in [[Coimbra]] is the first university in Portugal.]]
Portugal's education system is organised into [[preschool]] education; school education, encompassing {{ill|Basic education in Portugal|pt|Ensino básico em Portugal|lt=basic}}, {{ill|Secondary education in Portugal|pt|Ensino secundário em Portugal|lt=secondary}} and [[Higher education in Portugal|higher education]]; and {{ill|Extracurricular education in Portugal|pt|Educação extraescolar|lt=extracurricular education}}, which includes [[continuing education]].{{sfnp|Correia|2025|p=316}}{{sfnp|Barros|2025|pp=271–295}} Optional preschool is provided for all children between three and five years old,{{sfnp|European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture|2025|p=10}}{{sfnp|Assembly of the Republic|2025}} after which school attendance is compulsory for 12 years.{{sfnp|Cabrito|2023}} Basic education lasts nine years and is divided into three cycles, while secondary education is organised into [[College-preparatory school|academic]] and [[Vocational education|vocational pathways]].{{sfnp|Cabrito|2023}}
Higher education is provided by universities and [[Polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic institutions]] in accordance with the [[Bologna Process]], with the [[University of Lisbon]] being the country's largest university by enrolment.{{sfnp|Urbano|2011|pp=95-115}} A general requirement for higher education are the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Exames Nacionais do Ensino Secundário|exames finais nacionais do ensino secundário]]}}.{{sfnp|Coordinators and authors of the National Secondary Education Examinations|2024|p=11}} Most secondary-school students continue their studies at public higher education institutions or the [[Military Academy (Portugal)|Military Academy]], which also awards university degrees.{{sfnp|''State of education 2024''|2025|p=79}}{{sfnp|Fonseca|Encarnação|2012|pp=31-32}}{{sfnp|''Main results of RAIDES25 – first stage – enrolled students and international mobility – 2025/2026''|2026}}
Although other European countries began investing in education in the 19th century, Portugal's long-established national identity, stable borders and homogeneous population contributed to a lack of political commitment to educational development until the First Republic in the early 20th century;{{sfnp|Gomes|Machado|2021|pp=135-164}} many of its reforms were subsequently reversed under the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]}}, whose deliberate neglect of education contributed to Portugal recording Europe's highest illiteracy rate in 1964;{{sfnp|Felgueiras|Amorim|2024}}{{sfnp|Alves|Lima|Pereira|2019|p=23}} following democratisation in 1974, education became more widely accessible and underwent modernisation.{{sfnp|Cabrito|2023}}
Portugal lags behind most OECD countries on educational indicators, largely owing to the older working-age generation.{{sfnp|''State of education 2024''|2025|pp=117-123}} Fewer than two-thirds of Portugal's population have completed secondary or higher education.{{sfnp|''State of education 2024''|2025|pp=117-123}} Portugal's adult population aged 16 to 65 records the fifth-lowest level of knowledge and skills in the OECD, whereas school students perform at average levels.{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2024a|p=2}}{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|2024b}}{{sfnp|Rosa|Maia|Mascarenhas|Teodoro|2020|pp=94–120}} In 2021, the national illiteracy rate among people aged 10 or over stood at 3.1%, ranging from 1.4% to 12.3% across the country's municipalities.{{sfnp|''Census 2021 - 16th population census. 6th housing census''|2022|pp=44-45}} Portugal spent 4.5% of its total GDP on education in 2022.[{{cite web |title=Public expenditure on education by education level and programme orientation - as % of GDP |doi=10.2908/EDUC_UOE_FINE06 |doi-access=free |date=8 May 2026 |publisher=Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/bookmark/a36b249b-5030-4681-b7c9-93fc139acae2?lang=en |access-date=25 May 2026 |author=}}]
=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Portugal|Healthcare in Portugal}}
[[File:Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra em 2025 - Foto 02.jpg|alt=The Coimbra University Hospital, part of the Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, in Coimbra.|thumb|upright 0.8|The [[Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra]] in [[Coimbra]] is the largest medical complex in Portugal.[{{cite web |url=https://benchmarking-acss.min-saude.pt/MH_CapacidadeUtilizadaDashboard |publisher=[[Ministry of Health (Portugal)|Ministry of Health]] |author= |publication-date=27 April 2026 |access-date=8 May 2026 |title=Monitorização mensal hospitais - capacidade utilizada |trans-title=Monthly hospital monitoring – utilized capacity |language=pt-PT}}]]]
Portugal has a predominantly [[Universal health care|universal tax-funded health care]] system, called {{lang|pt-PT|{{ill|National Health Service (Portugal)|pt|Serviço Nacional de Saúde|lt=Serviço Nacional de Saúde}}}} (SNS), that operates alongside public-sector health insurance schemes called health subsystems funded mainly through employee and
employer contributions, as well as private voluntary health insurance.{{sfnp|Fronteira|Augusto|Maresso|2025|p=2}} Primary and hospital care are provided by both public and private entities, with the private sector and complementing services offered by the SNS.{{sfnp|Fronteira|Augusto|Maresso|2025|p=3}} In 2023, Portugal had the 3rd lowest public share on health spending in the European Union and over half of public hospitals in [[insolvency|technical insolvency]] in 2020.{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies|2025|p=7}}{{sfnp|Dubas-Jakóbczyk|Ndayishimiye|Szetela|Sowada|2025|p=3}} Portugal has a high level of health inequity in the OECD, driven by limited public spending, uneven distribution of services, low household income, long waiting times, and policy shortcomings.{{sfnp|Fernandes|Furtado|Pereira|2024|pp=104–111}}
Portugal [[List of countries by life expectancy|ranked 23rd]] in the world in 2024 in life expectancy with 85.4 years for women and 79.8 years for men, and it had an [[infant mortality rate]] of 2.7 deaths per {{Nts|1000}} [[Live birth (human)|live births]].{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies|2025|p=2}}{{sfnp|United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation|2026|p=94}} In 2022, the leading cause of death were cardiovascular diseases, at 25.4%.{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies|2025|p=2}} Portugal presents several adverse public-health indicators, including the 3rd lowest share of people reporting good health in the European Union, in 2024, at 54%, the highest alcohol consumption with {{convert|11.9|l|impgal usgal}} consumed per person, in 2020, and the highest share of adult population living a [[sedentary lifestyle]], in 2022, at 73%, a pattern reinforced by limited active-transport infrastructure and unsafe conditions for pedestrians and cyclists.{{sfnp|European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture|2022|p=9}}{{sfnp|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies|2025|pp=2-3,5-6}} The percentage of the Portuguese population suffering from moderate or severe [[food insecurity]] between 2022 and 2024 was on average 11.9%, which makes Portugal the third-highest country in [[Southern Europe]] for this indicator where the average stands at 5.9%.{{sfnp|''The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2025 – addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition''|2025|p=120}} Stakeholders have raised concerns over the effectiveness of food safety policies.{{sfnp|Rodrigues|Saraiva|García-Díez|Castro|2025|pp=5-7,12-13}}
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Portugal|Mass media in Portugal}}
[[File:Desfile 12.jpg|alt=Women wearing red traditional Portuguese costumes with embroidered aprons and gold jewellery at the Romaria de Nossa Senhora da Agonia.|thumb|The women of the [[North Region, Portugal|North Region]] practice the traditional art of {{ill|Viana gold|pt|Ouro de Viana|lt=gold-thread embroidery}}, as seen in this photo of {{ill|Romaria de Nossa Senhora da Agonia|pt|Romaria de Nossa Senhora da Agonia|lt=Romaria de Nossa Senhora da Agonia}} in [[Viana do Castelo]].{{sfnp|Maestrello|Favaro|2022|pp=261-264}}{{sfnp|dos Santos Mota|2016|pp=175-188}}]]
Portugal's culture has developed due to, initially before its existence, the influence from various civilisations that have crossed Europe, especially the Mediterranean.{{sfnp|Suisse|2026|pp=42–59}}{{sfnp|Arruda|2009|p=124}} Later, during the period of [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portugal's engagement in the Age of Discovery]], cultural elements from outside of Europe were introduced and became a central element of Portuguese national identity.{{sfnp|Casimiro|2020|pp=1–17}}{{sfnp|Peralta|2026|pp=341-364}}
Portugal is known for [[Portuguese architecture|its heritage and architecture]],{{sfnp|Gholitabar|Alipour|Costa|2018|p=2}} [[Sanctuary of Fátima|sacred sites]],{{sfnp|Heidari|Yazdani|Saghafi|Jalilvand|2018|p=751}} [[List of festivals in Portugal|festivities]],{{sfnp|Carvalho|Costa|2022|pp=73-82}}{{sfnp|Charzyński|Łyszkiewicz|Musiał|2017|pp=95-96}} [[Portuguese poetry|poetry]],{{sfnp|Ladeira|2008|pp=43-72}} its music (especially the [[fado]]),{{sfnp|Carvalho|Madeira|Monteiro|Lopes|2023|p=2}} and [[Portuguese cuisine|cuisine]] (including [[Portuguese wine|its wine]]).{{sfnp|Costa e Silva|Elo|2017|pp=425–442}}{{sfnp|Charzyński|Łyszkiewicz|Musiał|2017|pp=85-100}} As of 2026, [[UNESCO]] inscribed [[List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal|17 properties in Portugal on the World Heritage List]].[{{cite web |title=World Heritage - List |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/world-heritage/list |publisher=UNESCO |author= |access-date=26 February 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206124451/https://www.unesco.org/en/world-heritage/list |archive-date=6 February 2026}}] Portugal's [[national day]] is on 10 June, celebrated as the {{lang|pt-PT|Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas}} ([[Portugal Day|Portugal, Camões, and Portuguese Communities Day]]).{{sfnp|João|2011|pp=19-34}}
=== Art and architecture===
{{main|Portuguese art|Architecture of Portugal}}
[[File:Lagos40 kopie.jpg|alt=Six paintings attributed to Nuno Gonçalves presenting a 58 people of the Court and various groups of Portuguese society at that time, gathered together around the double figuration of St. Vincent with expressive look of concentration on their faces, engaged in an act of veneration.|thumb|The ''[[Saint Vincent Panels]]'' ({{circa|1450's}}) by [[Nuno Gonçalves]] are one of the most significant works of Portuguese painting from the 15th century.{{sfnp|Vermeersch|Rousaki|Lycke|Valadas|2025}}]]
The history of visual art in Portugal dates back into the [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|Paleolithic]]. An early evidence showing an attempt at depicting motion was found at the [[Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde]].{{sfnp|''Evaluation report of cultural properties - 1998''|1998|p=46}} Over time, foreign and native influences, together with advancements in manufacturing, developed distinctive art styles, such as the [[Manueline]] and [[Pombaline style|Pombaline]],{{sfnp|Câmara|1999|pp=197-214}} and also a number of crafts that are typical of Portugal, namely the {{lang|pt|[[azulejo]]}}, {{lang|pt|[[Gilded woodcarving in Portugal|talha dourada]]}}, and [[Portuguese pavement]].{{sfnp|Sandu|Murta|Neves|Pereira|2016|pp=47–71}}{{sfnp|Resende|2022|pp=206–227}}{{sfnp|Pereira|Conte|Esteves|Pais|2023|pp=3804–3815}}
Historically, Christianity played an influential role in Portuguese art and was a recurrent theme in many art forms, including painting.{{sfnp|Vermeersch|Rousaki|Lycke|Valadas|2025}} Throughout the country's history, artwork in Portugal was typically done by local artists who, depending on location, followed different variations in style, giving Portugal a diverse array of artistic styles throughout the country, an example of this being the {{ill|Typical thatch houses of Santana|pt|Casas típicas de Santana|lt=thatch houses of Santana}}, in Madeira.{{sfnp|Silva|da Silva|2024}}
=== Literature ===
{{Main|Portuguese literature}}
[[File:Camões, por Fernão Gomes.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of Luís Vaz de Camões|upright|left|[[Luís Vaz de Camões]] was the writer of ''[[Os Lusíadas]]''.]]
Portugal has a literary tradition that predates the Portuguese language going back into the early 13th century.{{sfnp|Cohen|Parkinson|2009|pp=37–43}} Portuguese literature developed through song as well as the written page known as {{lang|pt-PT|[[cantigas]]}}.{{sfnp|Monteagudo|2007|pp=275-312}} The {{lang|pt-PT|cantigas}} drew practitioners from all social ranging from King [[Denis of Portugal|Denis I]] to [[Martin Codax]] who was a [[minstrel]].{{sfnp|Macedo|2009|p=2}} The earliest known work of literature produced by a Portuguese is the ''{{ill|Ora faz ost'o senhor de Navarra|ca|Ora faz ost’o senhor de Navarra}}'', a {{lang|pt-PT|[[Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer|cantiga de escárnio e maldizer]]}} written in [[Galician–Portuguese]] by [[João Soares de Paiva]] at around the year 1200.{{sfnp|Castro|2015|p=120}}{{sfnp|Miranda|2012|p=2}}
Portuguese literature developed under the influence of both European geopolitical developments and broader European literary traditions. The [[Hundred Years' War]] helped foster the development of Portuguese [[chronicle]]s by [[Fernão Lopes]], which constitute a valuable record of some of Europe's early encounters with peoples beyond the continent.{{sfnp|Macedo|2009|pp=2–5}}{{sfnp|Parkinson|2009|pp=45–51}} European medieval chivalric literature, together with didactic religious literature transmitted through adaptations and partial translations, contributed to the development of Portuguese poetry in the translated works of [[Norman French]] [[List of Arthurian literature|Arturian narratives]].{{sfnp|Macedo|2009|p=2}}{{sfnp|Parkinson|2009|pp=53–54}} Portuguese literature flourished during the Age of Discovery with writers such as [[Luís Vaz de Camões]] and [[António Ferreira (poet)|António Ferreira]].{{sfnp|Willis|2009|pp=72–83}}{{sfnp|Perkins|Earle|2009|p=68}} Modern Portuguese literature took shape through the work of [[Almeida Garrett]], one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism.{{sfnp|Carvalhão Buescu|2009|pp=109–111}} Portugal has one [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize–winning author]]—[[José Saramago]] (1998).[{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 - NobelPrize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/summary/ |access-date=27 December 2025 |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach |publication-date=2026 |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260424120342/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1998/summary/ |archive-date=24 April 2026 |url-status=live}}]
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Portugal}}
{{CSS image crop
|Alt=Black-and-white photograph of Amália Rodrigues singing into a standing microphone, wearing a long dark gown and shawl, with one hand raised in expression and a guitarist partly visible in the background.
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|Description = [[Amália Rodrigues]] was known as the "Queen of Fado".{{sfnp|Aguiar-Branco|2024|p=1}}
}}
The [[Music history of Portugal|recorded history of music in Portugal]] dates back to the 6th century. The earliest documentation of a church singer in Portugal is from the year 525 and refers to an individual named André. Portuguese music initially consisted mostly of [[liturgical music]] and [[Galician-Portuguese lyric|troubadourism]].{{sfnp|Ferreira|2008|p=10}}{{sfnp|Ferreira|2014|pp=170–178}} Over time, new folk traditions together with the influence of foreign cultures and the creation of [[List of Portuguese musical instruments|new instruments]], especially {{ill|Portuguese guitars|pt|Violas portuguesas|lt=guitars}}, led to a diverse variety of regional folk music such as the fado, the [[Coimbra fado]], and [[Music of Madeira|Madeira's folk music]].{{sfnp|Ribeiro|2026|pp=1–18}}{{sfnp|Lã|Silva|Granqvist|2023|p=631.e7}}{{sfnp|dos Santos|2013|pp=147-153}}
[[List of Portuguese musicians|Popular music]] in Portugal after the Carnation Revolution has been heavily influenced by American trends, which has led into the evolution of [[hip-hop tuga]] and popularisation of [[Rock music in Portugal|rock]].{{sfnp|Alge|2013|pp=7–24}} Historically, Portugal has been a country of [[emigration]] which has heavily influenced the [[pimba]] in the 20th century and led to the introduction of Portuguese music into other cultures such as the [[ukelele]] in [[Music of Hawaii|Hawaii]] in the 19th century.{{sfnp|Elliott|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa-gR-P-pVEC&q=pimba+music&pg=PA135 135]}}{{sfnp|Nidel|2004|p=312}}
=== Holidays and festivities ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Portugal}}
[[File:Entrudo de Vila Boa de Ousilhão 26.jpg|alt=People dressed up as Caretos leap around a bonfire during the Entrudo.|thumb|Two [[Careto]]s at the {{ill|Entrudo|pt|Entrudo|lt=Entrudo}}, in [[Vinhais]]]]
Officially, Portugal has 13 national, government-recognised holidays.{{sfnp|Torgal|2026|pp=1-13}} Public holidays in Portugal are regulated by the {{ill|Portuguese Labour Code|pt|Código do Trabalho|lt=Labour Code}}.{{sfnp|Torgal|2026|pp=1-13}} Besides the national holidays, there are regional holidays celebrated only in Madeira and the Azores and two facultative holidays which are the {{ill|Entrudo|pt|Entrudo|lt=Entrudo}} and one municipal holiday allowed per [[concelho]].{{sfnp|Assembly of the Republic|2009}} Unlike some official holidays, Portugal's folk festivities remain widely attended and are rooted in local traditions, such as the [[Carnival of Ovar]], Lisbon's [[Marchas Populares]], and Porto's [[Festa de São João do Porto|Festa de São João]].{{sfnp|Torgal|2026|pp=1-13}}{{sfnp|Carvalho|Costa|2022|p=73}} Many of folk festivities are associated with the {{lang|pt-PT|[[Folk saint|Santos Populares]]}}, Christian celebrations with older pagan origins linked to [[Midsummer]].{{sfnp|Carvalho|Costa|2022|pp=74-78}} These festivities are celebrated across the country, especially in rural areas, and typically include music performances, stages, temporary arenas, and traditional food stalls.{{sfnp|Carvalho|Costa|2022|pp=79-82}}
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese wine}}
[[File:Funchal (Madeira, Portugal), Rua Dr. Fernão de Ornelas, Nata 7 - Fernão Ornelas -- 2025 -- 1205.jpg|thumb|{{lang|pt-PT|[[Pastel de nata|Pastéis de nata]]}}|alt=Photograph of a bakery display case filled with pastéis de nata, with a sign in front labelled "Pastel de Nata" and describing them as a low-sugar secret recipe in Portuguese and English.]]
Portuguese cuisine is influenced by both the [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean]] and [[Atlantic diet|Atlantic]] diets.{{sfnp|Guiné|Florença|Amaral|Costa|2025|pp=1–2}} Seafood, ''[[brassicas]]'', potatoes, bread, dairy, and [[olive oil]] are traditional staples.{{sfnp|Lorenzo|Izquierdo|Rodriguez-Carnero|Fernández-Pombo|2022|pp=1725–1747}} {{lang|pt-PT|[[Bacalhau]]}} has such a broad presence in Portugal that it is considered a [[national dish]], along with the {{lang|pt|[[pastel de nata]]}}.{{sfnp|Sá|da Silva|2019|pp=4-19}}{{sfnp|Costa e Silva|Elo|2017|pp=425–442}} Traditional Portuguese sweets are known as [[conventual sweets]]. Large quantities of sugar and eggs are used.{{sfnp|Barata Dias|2018|pp=275-299}}
Popular Portuguese beverages include its wines, a craft that is well establish since the 7th century, and of which are such examples as [[Port wine|Port]] and [[Madeira wine|Madeira]].{{sfnp|Cunha|Ibáñez|Teixeira-Santos|Brazão|2020}}{{sfnp|Charzyński|Łyszkiewicz|Musiał|2017|pp=85-100}} [[Beer in Portugal|Beer]] has been brewed in Portugal since the [[Chalcolithic Europe|Chalcolithic]].{{sfnp|Estreicher|2025|p=40}} Tea has been produced on São Miguel Island since the 19th century.{{sfnp|Moura|2019|pp=112-130}}
=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Portugal}}
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}}
Portugal has contributed to the popularity and globalisation of sport through internationally recognised athletes such as [[Cristiano Ronaldo]], [[Ricardinho (futsal player, born 1985)|Ricardinho]], [[Naide Gomes]], and [[Carlos Lopes]], as well as through the [[List of sports clubs by membership|popularity]] of its three largest [[Big Three (Portugal)|football clubs]].{{sfnp|García-Fernández|Grimaldi-Puyana|Bravo|2022|p=2}}{{sfnp|Carvalho|García-Cirac|Sousa|2022|p=36}} [[Football in Portugal|Football]] is the most popular sport in Portugal.{{sfnp|Almeida|2022|pp=75–88}} The [[Portugal men's national football team]] won the [[UEFA European Championship]] in [[UEFA Euro 2016|2016]] and the [[UEFA Nations League]] in [[2018–19 UEFA Nations League|2019]] and [[2024–25 UEFA Nations League|2025]].{{sfnp|''Full time report final - Sunday 10 July 2016 Stade de France - Saint-Denis''|2016}}{{sfnp|''Full time report final - Sunday 9 June 2019 - Estádio do Dragão - Porto''|2019}}{{sfnp|''Full time report final - Sunday 8 June 2025 - Munich Football Arena''|2025}}
Portugal is among the world's leading [[Futsal in Portugal|futsal]] countries,[{{cite web |url=https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings |publisher=FIFA |author= |access-date=11 May 2026 |date=8 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511052247/https://inside.fifa.com/fifa-rankings |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live |title=FIFA rankings}}] with its [[Portugal national futsal team|men's national team]] having won the [[FIFA Futsal World Cup]] in [[2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup|2021]],[{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/futsalworldcup/news/0257-0de805f9ebe1-fdf0b055945a-1000--2021-fifa-futsal-world-cup-portugal-beat-argentina-in-final/ |title=2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup: Portugal beat Argentina in final |publisher=FIFA |author= |date=30 September 2021 |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022183728/https://www.uefa.com/futsalworldcup/news/0257-0de805f9ebe1-fdf0b055945a-1000--2021-fifa-futsal-world-cup-portugal-beat-argentina-in-final/ |archive-date=22 October 2021 |url-status=live}}] the [[UEFA Futsal Championship]] in [[UEFA Futsal Euro 2018|2018]] and [[UEFA Futsal Euro 2022|2022]],{{sfnp|''UEFA Futsal EURO 2018 tournament review''|2018|p=23}}{{sfnp|''UEFA Futsal EURO 2022 tournament review''|2022|p=27}} and the [[Futsal Finalissima]] in [[2022 Futsal Finalissima|2022]].[{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/futsalfinalissima/match/2036154--spain-vs-portugal/ |title=Spain-Portugal |publisher=UEFA |author= |date=18 September 2022 |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511063133/https://www.uefa.com/futsalfinalissima/match/2036154--spain-vs-portugal/ |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live}}] In {{ill|Sport of athletics in Portugal|pt|Atletismo em Portugal|lt=athletics}}, the country has set several [[List of Portuguese records in athletics|records]] and has earned more medals in this sport than in any other at both the [[Portugal at the Olympics|Olympic]] and [[Portugal at the Paralympics|Paralympic Games]].{{sfnp|''2024 activities and accounts report''|2025|pp=54–95}}[{{cite web |url=https://comiteolimpicoportugal.pt/atletas/atletas-olimpicos/resultados/ |title=Resultados |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Results |publisher=Comité Olímpico de Portugal |author-link=Olympic Committee of Portugal |publication-date=1 November 2024 |author= |access-date=11 May 2026}}]{{sfnp|''Paralympic medals''|2026|pp=2-9}} In traditional sport, Portugal is noted for its [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art|classical dressage]] as well as native sports such as [[jogo do pau]] and {{ill|Jogo da malha|pt|Jogo da malha|lt=jogo da malha}}.{{sfnp|Pickel-Chevalier|2020|pp=22–44}}{{sfnp|Ramírez-Macías|Rodríguez-Sánchez|Lasaga-Rodríguez|2022|pp=199–208}} Portugal has several established sporting centres across the country, including the Algarve and Lisbon, which are international golf destinations and have hosted motorsport events such as [[Portuguese Grand Prix|Formula One]] and [[Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix|Grand Prix motorcycle racing]],{{sfnp|Moreira|2018}}{{sfnp|Castro|Menezes|2025|pp=29–47}}{{sfnp|Mourão|Macedo|Sánchez-Carreira|2025|p=198}} as well as [[Praia do Norte (Nazaré)|Nazaré]] and [[Supertubos|Peniche]], which are known for surfing and annually host the {{ill|TUDOR Nazaré Big Wave Challenge|es|Big Wave World Tour}} and the [[MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal]], respectively.{{sfnp|Fernandes|Ribeiro|Ferreira|2017|pp=703–712}}[{{cite web |url=https://www.worldsurfleague.com/events/2025/bwt/472/tudor-nazar-big-wave-challenge/results |title=Results - TUDOR Nazaré Big Wave Challenge 2025 |publisher=World Surf League |author= |publication-date=31 March 2026 |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511161329/https://www.worldsurfleague.com/events/2025/bwt/472/tudor-nazar-big-wave-challenge/results |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live}}][{{cite web |url=https://www.worldsurfleague.com/events/2026/ct/445/meo-rip-curl-pro-portugal |publication-date=4 February 2026 |title=Main - MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal 2026 |publisher=World Surf League |author= |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511162032/https://www.worldsurfleague.com/events/2026/ct/445/meo-rip-curl-pro-portugal |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live}}]
== See also ==
{{Portal|Portugal|Countries|Europe}}
* [[Outline of Portugal]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |trans-title=Relations between power, strategy and territory during the Portuguese maritime-commercial expansion in the great navigations |title=Relações entre poder, estratégia e território durante a expansão marítimo-comercial portuguesa nas grandes navegações |doi=10.5016/geografia.v49i1.17882 |doi-access=free |language=pt-BR |journal=Geografia |eissn=1983-8700 |issn=0100-7912 |publication-place=Rio Claro, São Paulo |publication-date=31 October 2024 |publisher=Universidade Estadual Paulista |first1=Thiago Henrique |last1=Barros Cardoso |first2=Leonardo |last2=da Silva Lima |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528111237/https://www.periodicos.rc.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/ageteo/article/download/17882/13169 |archive-date=28 May 2026 |url-status=live |url=https://www.periodicos.rc.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/ageteo/article/view/17882/13169 |access-date=28 May 2026 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=388–410}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=McVicar |first2=Tim R. |last3=Vergopolan |first3=Noemi |last4=Berg |first4=Alexis |last5=Lutsko |first5=Nicholas J. |last6=Dufour |first6=Ambroise |last7=Zeng |first7=Zhenzhong |last8=Jiang |first8=Xin |last9=van Dijk |first9=Albert I. J. M. |last10=Miralles |first10=Diego G. |title=High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections |journal=Scientific Data |date=23 October 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=724 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6 |pmid=37872197 |doi-access=free |pmc=10593765 |bibcode=2023NatSD..10..724B |eissn=2052-4463 |publisher=Springer Nature |publication-place=London |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6.pdf |access-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715202126/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fb14217b-20e0-4258-a292-4a84450c7059 |archive-date=15 July 2025 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Ana Maria |last1=Belchior |first2=Pedro |last2=Silveira |issn=1424-7755 |eissn=1662-6370 |doi=10.1111/spsr.12552 |doi-access=free |publication-date=8 January 2023 |title=The effect of ministerial instability on government's mandate fulfilment: evidence from the Portuguese case |journal=Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=310–329 |publication-place=Oxford}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1675/063.045.0204 |publication-date=8 February 2023 |issn=1524-4695 |eissn=1938-5390 |publisher=The Waterbird Society |journal=Waterbirds |publication-place=Washington, D.C |volume=45 |issue=2 |first1=João R. |last1=Belo |first2=Maria P. |last2=Dias |first3=João |last3=Jara |first4=Amélia |last4=Almeida |first5=Frederico |last5=Morais |first6=Carlos |last6=Silva |first7=Joaquim |last7=Valadeiro |first8=José A. |last8=Alves |title=Synchronous declines of wintering waders and high-tide roost area in a temperate estuary: results of a 10-year monitoring programme}}
* {{cite book |edition=2nd |publication-place=Évora |year=2019 |isbn=978-989-8550-80-4 |title=Atlas de mamíferos de Portugal |editor-first1=Joana |editor-first2=Helena |editor-first3=Francisco |editor-first4=André E. |editor-first5=A. Márcia |editor-last1=Bencatel |editor-last2=Sabino-Marques |editor-last3=Álvares |editor-last4=Moura |editor-last5=Barbosa |url=http://atlas-mamiferos.uevora.pt/ |publisher=University of Évora |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=14 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514193426/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Marcia-Barbosa/publication/335352299_Atlas_de_Mamiferos_de_Portugal_2_edicao/links/5de4e4fb299bf10bc33789d4/Atlas-de-Mamiferos-de-Portugal-2-edicao.pdf |url-status=live |trans-title=Atlas of the mammals of Portugal}}
* {{cite book |title=The Almoravid and Almohad empires |isbn=978-0-7486-4682-1 |series=The Edinburgh history of the Islamic empires |first=Amira K. |last=Bennison |publication-date=August 2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |publication-place=Edinburgh |oclc=10019128555}}
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* {{cite book |series=New transculturalisms, 1400–1800 |issn=2946-5338 |eissn=2946-5346 |isbn=978-3-031-61523-8 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |title=Ibero-Dutch imperial entanglements in the seventeenth century: geopolitical shifts in global perspective |publication-place=Cham |publication-date=2024 |last=Borschberg |first=Peter |chapter=Chapter 3: Armada in the East: a Spanish fleet in Singapore waters, 1616 |pages=47–75 |oclc=1514338779 |editor-last1=Mitchell |editor-last2=Heinsen-Roach |editor-first1=Silvia Z. |editor-first2=Erica |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-61523-8_3}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Cann|first=John P.|title=Baixa do Cassange|doi=10.56092/MFMY7496|doi-access=free|url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano1/n12021/cassange/Documents/4-%20RevPHM_I_1_John%20P%20Cann.pdf|access-date=18 August 2026|publisher=Comissão Portuguesa de História|eissn=2795-4331|issn=2795-4323|journal=Revista portuguesa de história militar|publication-place=Lisbon|publication-date=December 2021|volume=I|issue=1, ''Início da Guerra de África 1961-1965''|pages=91–106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103180835/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano1/n12021/cassange/Documents/4-%20RevPHM_I_1_John%20P%20Cann.pdf|archive-date=3 November 2022|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Caraccioli |first=Mauro José |chapter=Chapter 1: narratives of conquest and the conquest of narrative |date=2021 |title=Writing the New World |series=The politics of natural history in the early Spanish Empire |pages=14–38 |publication-place=Gainesville, Florida |lccn=2020023369 |publisher=University Press of Florida |doi=10.5744/9781683401988 |doi-access=free |jstor=j.ctv1gt9419.6 |hdl=10919/101936 |oclc=1158505674 |hdl-access=free |isbn=978-1-68340-170-4 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/84123/pdf/download |access-date=7 July 2026}}
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* {{cite journal |doi=10.5944/etfi.2.2009.1958 |publication-date=30 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517051612/https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFI/article/download/1958/1834/4804 |archive-date=17 May 2026 |url-status=live |title=Sobre a cristianização da Lusitânia: novas reflexões a partir dos dados históricos e das evidências arqueológicas |issn=1131-7698 |eissn=2340-1354 |journal=Espacio Tiempo y Forma |series=Serie I (Nueva época), Prehistoria y Arqueología |doi-access=free |url=https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFI/article/view/1958/1834 |issue=2 |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: Facultad de Geografía e Historia |publication-place=Madrid |first=André |last=Carneiro |access-date=27 April 2026 |language=pt-PT |trans-title=On the Christianisation of Lusitania: new reflections based on historical data and archaeological evidence}}
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* {{cite book |chapter=Chapter 4: the sport systems in Spain and Portugal |publication-date=3 November 2022 |doi=10.4324/9781003197003-4 |oclc=1344489817 |title=Sport in the lberian Peninsula: management, economics and policy |series=Routledge research in sport business and management |lccn=2022025248 |isbn=978-1-003-19700-3 |editor-last1=García-Fernández |editor-first1=Jerónimo |editor-last2=Grimaldi-Puyana |editor-first2=Moisés |editor-last3=Bravo |editor-first3=Gonzalo A. |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=Abingdon |last1=Carvalho |first1=Maria José |last2=García-Cirac |first2=María Josefa |last3=Sousa |first3=Marisa}}
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* {{cite book|last=Esteves Soares|first=Carolina|publisher=Brepols Publishers|isbn=978-2-503-58160-6|publication-date=January 2025|publication-place=Turnhout|issn=2565-8476|eissn=2565-9545|editor-first1=Violet|editor-last1=Soen|editor-first2=Yves|editor-last2=Junot|title=Pacification and reconciliation in the Spanish Habsburg worlds|chapter=The 1668 Treaty of Lisbon and its impact on Iberian diplomatic relations: implementing peace through conflicts over borders, privileges and property|volume=7 |pages=151–199 |doi=10.1484/M.HW-EB.5.141530|doi-access=free|chapter-url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/deliver/fulltext/10.1484/M.HW-EB.5.116057/M.HW-EB.5.141530.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fbooks%2F10.1484%2FM.HW-EB.5.141530&mimeType=pdf|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/deliver/fulltext/10.1484/M.HW-EB.5.116057/M.HW-EB.5.116057.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fbooks%2F10.1484%2FM.HW-EB.5.116057-electronic&mimeType=pdf|access-date=12 July 2026|oclc=1521078525|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206193435/https://www.brepolsonline.net/docserver/fulltext/10.1484/M.HW-EB.5.116057/M.HW-EB.5.116057.pdf?expires=1765050575&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B83FF79A7AE7C4EC6CC20ABD08D1A0B9|archive-date=6 December 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=22 June 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=770295679&DESTAQUESmodo=2&tblci=GiB_bg21TjyJXVgz5nryvn4SEQCWsMLL6k098ZCCQyT0qiCvuUgoq8GTj6_O0_dYMPn7Xw&xlang=en|location=Lisbon |author= |access-date=22 June 2026 |title=Estimates of resident population in Portugal 2025|eissn=2184-4534|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625205521/https://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=799790042&att_display=n&att_download=y|archive-date=25 June 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1062798724000346 |doi-access=free |journal=European Review |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=Wine and Portugal: a brief history |publication-date=18 February 2025 |volume=33 |issue=1 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1D8A780317C586A218C446F31FBCE780/S1062798724000346a.pdf/wine-and-portugal-a-brief-history.pdf |first=Stefan K. |last=Estreicher |pages=38–129 |access-date=13 April 2026 |issn=1062-7987 |eissn=1474-0575 |publication-place=Cambridge |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319011330/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1D8A780317C586A218C446F31FBCE780/S1062798724000346a.pdf/wine-and-portugal-a-brief-history.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |doi=10.2766/356346 |doi-access=free |author=European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture |publication-date=26 September 2022 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |title=Sport and physical activity: full report |isbn=978-92-76-56432-4 |docket=NC-09-22-460-EN-N |url=https://www.sportesalute.eu/images/studi-e-dati-dello-sport/schede/2022/98-Sport_physical_activity_2022_report.pdf |access-date=9 May 2026 |publication-place=Luxembourg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207090209/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/ebsm/api/public/deliverable/download?doc=true&deliverableId=83654 |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live |oclc=1347440217}}
* {{cite report |author=((European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture and Verian)) |title=Europeans and their languages |year=2024 |location=Luxembourg |publisher=[[Publications Office of the European Union]] |series=Special Eurobarometer |volume=540 |docket=NC-02-24-122-EN-N |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3 |issn=2811-9576 |doi=10.2766/28257 |doi-access=free |access-date=15 April 2026 |url=https://roycross.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/europeans_and_languages_sp540_en.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250824235411/https://roycross.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/europeans_and_languages_sp540_en.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |url=https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor/en/country-reports/portugal.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209015904/https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor/en/country-reports/portugal.html |archive-date=9 February 2026 |url-status=live |doi=10.2766/1164370 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-92-68-29320-1 |eissn=2466-9997 |issn=2466-9989 |docket=NC-01-25-121-EN-Q |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |publication-place=Luxembourg |publication-date=11 December 2025 |author=European Commission: Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture |title=Education and training monitor 2025: Portugal}}
* {{cite report |author=European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |doi=10.2777/3239776 |docket=KI-01-25-136-EN-N |title=European innovation scoreboard 2025 |isbn=978-92-68-28502-2 |publication-place=Luxembourg |publication-date=15 July 2025 |issn=2467-4435 |series=European innovation scoreboard |edition=14th |url=https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c102236e-66b2-11f0-bf4e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en |access-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715224653/https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/document/download/3d4f12c2-033e-451b-9c4c-0d28c0339cfe_en |archive-date=15 July 2025 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Evaluation report of cultural properties - 1998''|1998}} |publisher=[[International Council on Monuments and Sites]] |url=https://publ.icomos.org/publicomos/jlbSai?html=Bur&base=technica&ref=44476&file=3548.pdf&path=1998_ICOMOS_Evaluation%20Volume_EN.pdf |series=ICOMOS Evaluation Volumes |publication-date=1 October 1998 |access-date=12 April 2026 |publication-place=Paris |title=Evaluation report of cultural properties - 1998 |id=44476 |author= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501200053/https://publ.icomos.org/publicomos/jlbSai?html=Bur&base=technica&ref=44476&file=3548.pdf&path=1998_ICOMOS_Evaluation%20Volume_EN.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Excessive deficit procedure: 1st notification 2026''|2026}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=26 March 2026 |issn=2184-4534 |title=Excessive deficit procedure: 1st notification 2026 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=762272780&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |location=Lisbon |author= |access-date=30 April 2026}}
* {{cite book |title=Portugal: a country study |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/po/portugalcountrys00sols_0/portugalcountrys00sols_0.pdf |author=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |editor-last=Solsten |editor-first=Eric |series=Area handbook series |publication-date=January 1993 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-8444-0776-3 |issn=1057-5294 |access-date=7 December 2025 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |oclc=44354987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303132514/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/po/portugalcountrys00sols_0/portugalcountrys00sols_0.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Feijó |first=Rui Graça |chapter=Chapter 3: the president of the republic and the management of the eurocrisis |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-98152-9_3 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |publication-place=Cham |publication-date=2019 |title=Political institutions and democracy in Portugal: assessing the impact of the eurocrisis |lccn=2018950517 |isbn=978-3-319-98152-9 |oclc=1079002324 |editor-last1=Costa Pinto |editor-last2=Pequito Teixeira |editor-first1=António |editor-first2=Maria da Conceição}}
* {{cite journal |volume=46 |doi=10.4025/actascieduc.v46i1.69218 |title=Regentes escolares and poor children's literacy promotion in Portugal (1930-1976) |last1=Felgueiras |first1=Margarida Louro |first2=José Pedro |last2=Amorim |url=http://educa.fcc.org.br/pdf/actaeduc/v46n1/en_2178-5201-aseduc-46-e69218.pdf |access-date=25 May 2026 |eissn=2178-5201 |issn=2178-5198 |journal=Acta Scientiarum |doi-access=free |publisher=Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá |publication-place=Maringá, Paraná |publication-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260526011606/https://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciEduc/article/download/69218/751375158034/ |archive-date=26 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |title=A comunicação de Portugal como destino de surf: análise exploratória |trans-title=Portugal's communication as a surfing destination: an exploratory analysis |language=pt-PT |eissn=2182-1453 |journal=Revista turismo & desenvolvimento |issn=1645-9261 |doi=10.34624/rtd.v1i27/28.8759 |volume=1 |issue=27/28 |doi-access=free |publisher=Universidade de Aveiro |publication-place=Aveiro |url=https://proa.ua.pt/index.php/rtd/pt/article/view/8759/6147 |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511153555/https://proa.ua.pt/index.php/rtd/pt/article/download/8759/6147/15641 |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live |publication-date=2017 |first1=Filipa |last1=Fernandes |first2=Raquel |last2=Ribeiro |first3=Ana |last3=Ferreira |pages=703–712}}
* {{cite journal |trans-title=Equity in access to health care in Portugal: what do we know? |journal=Acta Médica Portuguesa |volume=38 |issue=2 |doi=10.20344/amp.21668 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/21668/15569 |title=Equidade no acesso aos cuidados de saúde em Portugal: o que sabemos? |publisher=Centro Editor Livreiro da Ordem dos Médicos |language=pt-PT |access-date=8 May 2026 |publication-date=9 December 2024 |publication-place=Lisbon |first1=Joana |last1=Fernandes |first2=Cláudia |last2=Furtado |first3=João |last3=Pereira |pages=104–111 |pmid=39653036 |eissn=1646-0758 |issn=0870-399X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508221421/https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/download/21668/15569/120580 |archive-date=8 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10826-023-02650-9 |doi-access=free |title=Families navigating macroeconomic hard times: the experiences of Portuguese emerging adults and their parents in the aftermath of the Great Recession |journal=Journal of Child and Family Studies |volume=33 |issue=1 |publication-date=31 August 2023 |issn=1573-2843 |first1=Gabriela |last1=Fonseca |first2=Daniela |last2=Lourenço |first3=Rita |last3=Francisco |first4=Carla |last4=Crespo |first5=Ana Paula |last5=Relvas |pages=314–326 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10826-023-02650-9.pdf |access-date=21 April 2026 |publisher=Springer |publication-place=New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604210145/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10826-023-02650-9.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Fontes|first=José|title=Nótulas sobre os órgãos de soberania|volume=7|issue=5|language=pt-PT|trans-title=Notes on the organs of sovereignty|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259602644|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704080539/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Fontes-4/publication/259602644_Notulas_sobre_os_orgaos_de_soberania/links/00b4952cdc80c549df000000/Notulas-sobre-os-orgaos-de-soberania.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2021|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2026|journal=Proelium|issn=1645-8826|eissn=2976-0860|publication-place=Lisbon|publication-date=January 2013|pages=93–102 |publisher=Academia Militar}}
* {{cite book|first1=Palmira|last1=Fontes da Costa|first2=Henrique|last2=Leitão|chapter=Chapter 2: Portuguese imperial science, 1450–1800: a historiographical review|title=Science in the Spanish and Portuguese empires, 1500–1800|doi=10.2307/j.ctvqr1dp8.10|publisher=Stanford University Press|publication-place=Stanford, California|publication-date=2009|lccn=2008041298|isbn=978-0-8047-5358-6|oclc=697631964|editor-first1=Daniela|editor-last1=Bleichmar|editor-first2=Paula|editor-last2=De Vos|editor-first3=Kristin|editor-last3=Huffine|editor-first4=Kevin|editor-last4=Sheehan}}
* {{cite journal|last=Franco da Costa|first=Rodrigo|doi=10.55702/medievalis.v3i1.44246|doi-access=free|url=https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/medievalis/article/view/44246/23736|access-date=7 July 2026|publication-date=2014|language=pt-BR|eissn=2316-5642|journal=Medievalis|issue=1|volume=5|title=A batalha de Ourique e a construção da identidade portuguesa: de Fernão Lopes à Luís de Camões|trans-title=The Battle of Ourique and the construction of Portuguese identity: from Fernão Lopes to Luís de Camões|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206043819/https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/medievalis/article/download/44246/23736|archive-date=6 February 2024|url-status=live|publisher=Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro|publication-place=Rio de Janeiro}}
* {{cite journal |first1=Amélia |last1=Frazão-Moreira |first2=Humberto |last2=Martins |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616093144/https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/IR/article/download/94834/72553 |archive-date=16 June 2025 |url-status=live |publisher=Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional |journal=Investigaciones Regionales |issue=55 |publication-date=24 April 2023 |issn=1695-7253 |eissn=2340-2717 |url=https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/IR/article/view/94834/72553 |access-date=5 June 2026 |title=National and natural parks in Portugal. A brief history to understand the appropriation by the state of humanized territories |volume=55 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.38191/iirr-jorr.23.006 |doi-access=free |publication-place=Madrid}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/CENAInternacional/2006/vol8/no1/3.pdf |access-date=24 April 2026 |last=Freixo |first=Adriano de |title=Dez anos da CPLP: as perspectivas de integração do mundo de língua portuguesa |trans-title=Ten years of the CPLP: the prospects for the integration of the Portuguese-speaking world |language=pt-BR |journal=Cena Internacional |publication-date=June 2006 |volume=8 |issue=1 |hdl=20.500.14330/CLA01000305636 |publication-place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Instituto Metodista Bennett |issn=1518-1200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715171222/https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/CENAInternacional/2006/vol8/no1/3.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |title=Portugal: health system summary, 2024 |publication-place=Copenhagen |publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe |publication-date=2025 |url=https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/7f21852d-5d94-4735-8135-8909b8d8d431/content |access-date=8 May 2026 |isbn=978-92-890-1456-4 |eissn=2958-9193 |first1=Inês |last1=Fronteira |first2=Gonçalo Figueiredo |last2=Augusto |first3=Anna |last3=Maresso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508214546/https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/7f21852d-5d94-4735-8135-8909b8d8d431/content |archive-date=8 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite report |publication-date=July 2021 |title=Plano estratégico da PAC 2023-2027 – diagnóstico |author=Gabinete de Planeamento, Políticas e Administração Geral |url=https://www.gpp.pt/images/PEPAC/Documentos_PEPAC/Diagn%C3%B3stico_OE2.pdf |publication-place=Lisbon |publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture (Portugal)|Ministry of Agriculture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117191700/https://www.gpp.pt/images/PEPAC/Documentos_PEPAC/Diagn%C3%B3stico_OE2.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2024 |access-date=1 May 2026 |url-status=live |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Strategic plan for the PAC 2023–2027 – diagnosis}}
* {{cite journal |last=García |first=Eusebio Medina |journal=Revista de estudios extremeños |volume=62 |issue=2 |title=Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya) |issn=0210-2854 |language=es |trans-title=Historical origins and ambiguity of the Hispano-Portuguese border (La Raya) |year=2006 |publisher=Centro de Estudios Extremeños |publication-place=Badajoz |url=https://www.dip-badajoz.es/cultura/ceex/reex_digital/reex_LXII/2006/T.%20LXII%20n.%202%202006%20mayo-ag/RV000827.pdf |access-date=20 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206183123/https://www.dip-badajoz.es/cultura/ceex/reex_digital/reex_LXII/2006/T.%20LXII%20n.%202%202006%20mayo-ag/RV000827.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2026 |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book |chapter=Chapter 1: sport in the Iberian Peninsula: an introduction |publication-date=3 November 2022 |doi=10.4324/9781003197003-1 |oclc=1344489817 |title=Sport in the lberian Peninsula: management, economics and policy |series=Routledge research in sport business and management |lccn=2022025248 |isbn=978-1-003-19700-3 |editor-last1=García-Fernández |editor-first1=Jerónimo |editor-last2=Grimaldi-Puyana |editor-first2=Moisés |editor-last3=Bravo |editor-first3=Gonzalo A. |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=Abingdon |last1=García-Fernández |first1=Jerónimo |last2=Grimaldi-Puyana |first2=Moisés |last3=Bravo |first3=Gonzalo A.}}
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* {{cite book |first1=Eunice |last1=Goes |first2=Cristina |last2=Leston-Bandeira |chapter=Chapter 9: the role of the Portuguese parliament |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192855404.013.9 |title=The Oxford handbook of Portuguese politics |isbn=978-0-19-285540-4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford |publication-date=2022 |oclc=1352001183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DeKEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 June 2026 |editor-first1=Jorge M. |editor-last1=Fernandes |editor-first2=Pedro C. |editor-last2=Magalhães |editor-first3=António Costa |editor-last3=Pinto}}
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* {{cite book |title=Direito constitucional: diálogos em homenagem ao 80º aniversário de J. J. Gomes Canotilho |isbn=978-65-5518-191-3 |publication-place=Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais |language=pt-BR |first1=Ana Cláudia Nascimento |last1=Gomes |first2=Bruno |last2=Albergaria |first3=Mariana Rodrigues |last3=Canotilho |publisher=Fórum |year=2021 |trans-title=Constitutional law: dialogues in tribute to the 80th birthday of J. J. Gomes Canotilho}}
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* {{cite book|chapter=Chapter 9: Portugal: decolonization without agency|publication-date=6 December 2018|last=MacQueen|first=Norrie|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713197.013.10|lccn=2018952783|title=The Oxford handbook of the ends of empire|isbn=978-0-19-871319-7|publication-place=Oxford|oclc=1477607217|series=Oxford handbooks|editor-last1=Thomas|editor-first1=Martin|editor-last2=Thompson|editor-first2=Andrew S.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |doi=10.4337/9781782547235.NP.4 |isbn=978-1-78254-723-5 |publication-date=22 September 2017 |oclc=966426761 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of private international law |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |chapter=Portugal |first1=Andrzej |last1=Mączyński |first2=Dário |last2=Moura Vicente |pages=2434–2442 |editor-first1=Jürgen |editor-last1=Basedow |editor-first2=Giesela |editor-last2=Rühl |editor-first3=Franco |editor-last3=Ferrari |editor-first4=Pedro de Miguel |editor-last4=Asensio |lccn=2016949947 |publication-place=Cheltenham}}
* {{cite journal|title=Revolution and policy failure: the 1910s Portuguese Republic|first=Nuno Luís|last=Madureira|publication-date=1 August 2010|volume=17|issue=4|journal=European Review of History|pages=647–663 |issn=1350-7486|eissn=1469-8293|doi=10.1080/13507486.2010.495767|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=Abingdon}}
* {{cite journal|first1=Denise|last1=Maestrello|first2=Henny Aguiar Bizarro Rosa|last2=Favaro|doi=10.29147/datjournal.v7i3.632|doi-access=free|title=Filigrana - joia rendada|trans-title=Filigree - laced jewel|language=pt-BR|publication-date=24 October 2022|journal=DATJournal|publication-place=São Paulo|publisher=Universidade Anhembi Morumbi|volume=7|issue=3|pages=255–271 |eissn=2526-1789|url=https://datjournal.anhembi.br/dat/article/view/632/465|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020011105/https://datjournal.anhembi.br/dat/article/download/632/465|archive-date=20 October 2023|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2026}}
* {{Cite conference |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64928298/Origem_e_significado_do_nome_de_Portugal_e_a_Galiza_FINAL1-libre.pdf?1605294355=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DOrigem_e_significado_dos_nomes_de_Portug.pdf&Expires=1772315413&Signature=fCikagvlPJT~wqaUY~HVr0iIP-Do7afNyeQj73g8GYcO1SKnhN~LOpumxxlJEvD53LN3dl5vQsYvEMzQlfZ4N~spi~npQzEPgTDTex8acDmj9hXawxoCG3yzJvM~PdyCSyg6dxGGVCbV4lAaZSp3BkD2FDV60-c589-r8KpmUh0yElyyCMtGFyGbonz8kEJIUYVDcVPHS-7c3o7SQk2yYMkgiI1f4VuD7ZzBAGHT8dUAbcrjAl4J6be3HupGG1pvhxIjDR3sF~EGswOR04SS0~W4F2BRPfpU1dq1~xmvphqOWtp-jMSFyqEVrkTCEjpxjpruSeUrKNDaGnwRbQ02ZQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |title=Origem e significado dos nomes de Portugal e Galiza |book-title=Actas do III congreso internacional sobre a cultura celta: os celtas da Europa atlántica |conference=III Congresso internacional sobre a cultura celta: os celtas da Europa atlântica |trans-title=Origin and meaning of the names of Portugal and Galicia |language=pt-PT |location=Narón, Galicia |first=Luís |last=Magarinhos |access-date=28 February 2026 |date=15 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305150327/https://www.academia.edu/10819665/Origem_e_significado_dos_nomes_de_Portugal_e_da_Galiza_Lu%C3%ADs_Magarinhos |archive-date=5 March 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=Luís |last2=Moro |first2=Sérgio |last3=Ramos |first3=Pedro |title=Data-driven insights to reduce uncertainty from disruptive events in passenger railways |volume=17 |issue=3 |eissn=1613-7159 |journal=Public Transport |publication-place=Berlin |publication-date=12 February 2025 |pages=683–713 |publisher=Springer |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-024-00380-9.pdf |access-date=4 June 2026 |doi=10.1007/s12469-024-00380-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1866-749X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604171651/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12469-024-00380-9.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |chapter-url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf#page=41 |access-date=March 21, 2026 |editor-last1=Lindberg |editor-first1=Staffan I. |first1=Nord |last1=Marina |last2=Altman |first2=David |first3=Tiago |url=https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |last3=Fernandes |first4=Ana Good |last4=God |publisher=[[University of Gothenburg]]: [[V-Dem Institute]] |title=Democracy report 2026: unraveling the democratic era? |edition=10th |chapter=Democracy report 2026 watchlist |date=March 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260320121434/https://www.v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=March 20, 2026}}
* {{cite book |last1=Martins |first1=Ana Maria Guerra |last2=Roque |first2=Miguel Prata |chapter=Chapter 18: universality and binding effect of human rights from a Portuguese perspective |publisher=Springer |publication-place=Dordrecht |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4510-0_18 |title=The universalism of human rights |lccn=2012945069 |eissn=2214-9902 |issn=1534-6781 |series=Ius gentium: comparative perspectives on law and justice |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=Rainer |publication-date=2013 |volume=16 |pages=297–324 |isbn=978-94-007-4510-0 |oclc=809055918}}
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* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Paralympic medals''|2026}} |url=https://paralimpicos.pt/documents/20194/10719631/Medalhas+Paral%C3%ADmpicas+2.pdf |publisher=Comité Paralímpico de Portugal |author= |title=Medalhas Paralímpicas |access-date=11 May 2026 |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Paralympic medals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511121647/https://paralimpicos.pt/documents/20194/10719631/Medalhas+Paral%C3%ADmpicas+2.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live |publication-date=30 March 2026 |publication-place=Loures}}
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* {{cite journal|title=O impacto da figura do Presidente da República em Portugal e no Brasil|trans-title=The impact of the president of the republic in Portugal and Brazil|language=pt-PT|volume=1|issue=7|doi=10.23925/ddem.v.1.n.7.59706|doi-access=free|first=Suzana Maria Fernandes|last=Mendonça|journal=Direitos Democráticos & Estado Moderno|eissn=2675-7648|publisher=Faculdade de Direito da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo|publication-place=São Paulo|publication-date=11 May 2023|pages=49–67 |url=https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/DDEM/article/view/59706/41980|access-date=17 August 2026}}
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* {{cite report |publisher=University of Coimbra Institute for Legal Research |first1=Anabela |last1=Miranda Rodrigues |first2=Maria |last2=João Antunes |first3=Sónia |last3=Fidalgo |first4=Inês |last4=Horta Pinto |first5=Karla Tayumi |last5=Ishiy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428121309/https://www.uc.pt/site/assets/files/422661/portugal.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2026 |url-status=live |url=https://www.uc.pt/site/assets/files/422661/portugal.pdf |access-date=14 April 2026 |publication-place=Coimbra, Portugal |publication-date=November 2021 |title=Promoting non-discriminatory alternatives to imprisonment across Europe}}
* {{cite book |series=New transculturalisms, 1400–1800 |issn=2946-5338 |eissn=2946-5346 |isbn=978-3-031-61523-8 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |title=Ibero-Dutch imperial entanglements in the seventeenth century: geopolitical shifts in global perspective |publication-place=Cham |publication-date=2024 |last=Mitchell |first=Silvia Z. |chapter=Chapter 11: Spanish-Dutch collaboration under Mariana of Austria, 1665–1675: shifting diplomatic and military alliances in Europe and the Caribbean |pages=259–282 |oclc=1514338779 |editor-last1=Mitchell |editor-last2=Heinsen-Roach |editor-first1=Silvia Z. |editor-first2=Erica |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-61523-8_11}}
* {{cite book |trans-chapter=The emergence of Galician-Portuguese in documentary writing: a historical overview |language=gl |chapter=A emerxencia do galego-portugués na escrita instrumental. Unha panorámica histórica |last=Monteagudo |first=Henrique |title=Na nosa lyngoage galega. A emerxencia do galego como lingua escrita na Idade Media |trans-title=In our Galician language: the emergence of Galician as a written language in the Middle Ages |publisher=Instituto da Lingua Galega |publication-place=Santiago de Compostela |publication-date=2007 |doi=10.17075/nlg.2007.013 |doi-access=free |chapter-url=https://consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/2007_Na-nosa-lyngoage-galega_A-emerxencia-do-galego-como-lingua-escrita-na-Idade-Media_A-emerxencia-do-galego-portugues-na-escrita-instrumental_Henrique-Monteagudo-Romero_pp276-313.pdf |access-date=2 June 2026 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008123525/https://consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/2007_Na-nosa-lyngoage-galega_A-emerxencia-do-galego-como-lingua-escrita-na-Idade-Media_A-emerxencia-do-galego-portugues-na-escrita-instrumental_Henrique-Monteagudo-Romero_pp276-313.pdf |url-status=live |isbn=978-84-96530-44-7 |editor-last=Boullón Agrelo |editor-first=Ana Isabel |oclc=433875311}}
* {{cite journal|first=João Gouveia|last=Monteiro|title=A campanha militar de Ceuta (1415) revisitada|language=pt-PT|trans-title=The military campaign of Ceuta (1415) revisited|doi=10.14195/1645-2259_17_3|doi-access=free|publication-date=22 December 2017|journal=Revista de história da sociedade e da cultura|publisher=Coimbra University Press|publication-place=Coimbra|eissn=2183-8615|issn=1645-2259|volume=17|pages=63–78 |url=https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_17_3/5265|access-date=16 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019185210/https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/download/1645-2259_17_3/5265|archive-date=19 October 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |publication-place=Leeds |isbn=978-1-64189-062-5 |chapter=Chapter 4: the decisive battle |title=Aljubarrota Battle and its contemporary heritage |series=European medieval battlefields |editor-first1=Luís Adão da |editor-last1=Fonseca |editor-first2=João Gouveia |editor-last2=Monteiro |editor-first3=Maria Cristina |editor-last3=Pimenta |doi=10.1017/9781641890625.005 |publication-date=29 February 2020a |oclc=1143847565 |first1=João Gouveia |last1=Monteiro}}
* {{cite book |publisher=Arc Humanities Press |publication-place=Leeds |isbn=978-1-64189-062-5 |chapter=Chapter 5: casualties and the aftermath |title=Aljubarrota Battle and its contemporary heritage |series=European medieval battlefields |editor-first1=Luís Adão da |editor-last1=Fonseca |editor-first2=João Gouveia |editor-last2=Monteiro |editor-first3=Maria Cristina |editor-last3=Pimenta |doi=10.1017/9781641890625.006 |publication-date=29 February 2020b |oclc=1143847565 |first1=João Gouveia |last1=Monteiro}}
* {{cite book|last=Montes|first=Néstor Vigil|chapter=Os inícios da política internacional de Portugal: a entrada no contexto europeu e o surgimento de tendências geoestratégicas|trans-chapter=The beginnings of Portugal's international policy: entry into the European context and the emergence of geostrategic trends|language=pt-PT|title=Portugal e a Europa nos séculos XV e XVI: olhares, relações, identidade(s)|trans-title=Portugal and Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries: views, relations, identity(ies)|doi=10.34619/gdut-mspy|doi-access=free|publication-place=Lisbon|publication-date=23 December 2019|editor-last=Lopes|editor-first=Paulo Esmeraldo Catarino|series=Estudos 21|url=https://research.unl.pt/ws/portalfiles/portal/17597620/Portugal_e_a_Europa_nos_s_culos_XV_e_XVI._Olhares_rela_es_identidade_s_.pdf|access-date=14 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910063111/https://research.unl.pt/ws/portalfiles/portal/17597620/Portugal_e_a_Europa_nos_s_culos_XV_e_XVI._Olhares_rela_es_identidade_s_.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2021|url-status=live|isbn=978-989-99567-3-5|publisher=Instituto de Estudos Medievais / Centro de Humanidades}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Vieira |editor-first1=Gonçalo |editor-last2=Luís |editor-first2=Zêzere José |editor-last3=Mora |editor-first3=Carla |first1=Carla |last1=Mora |first2=Gonçalo |last2=Vieira |chapter=Chapter 2: the climate of Portugal |title=Landscapes and landforms of Portugal |publication-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |isbn=978-3-319-03640-3 |series=World geomorphological landscapes |pages=33–46 |issn=2213-2090 |eissn=2213-2104 |publication-place=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-03641-0_2 |oclc=1156020287}}
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* {{cite conference|hdl=11067/5856|hdl-access=free|title=Dois séculos de constitucionalismo eleitoral em Portugal, 1820-2020: atas da conferência|trans-title=Two centuries of electoral constitutionalism in Portugal, 1820–2020: conference proceedings|language=pt-PT|location=Porto|publication-place=Lisbon|doi=10.34628/zgy1-hv32|doi-access=free|conference=Dois séculos de constitucionalismo eleitoral em Portugal (1820-2020)|isbn=978-989-640-239-6|chapter=A eleição direta do Presidente da República na história constitucional portuguesa|trans-chapter=The direct election of the president of the Republic in Portuguese constitutional history|editor-first1=Vital|editor-last1=Moreira|editor-first2=José|editor-last2=Domingues|first=Vital|last=Moreira|publisher=Universidade Lusíada Press|chapter-url=http://repositorio.ulusiada.pt/bitstream/11067/5850/5/18_VitalMoreira.pdf|url=http://repositorio.ulusiada.pt/bitstream/11067/5856/4/dois_seculos_constitucionalismo.pdf|access-date=24 July 2026|publication-date=25 March 2021|date=24 September 2020|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603192525/http://repositorio.ulusiada.pt/bitstream/11067/5856/4/dois_seculos_constitucionalismo.pdf|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=Parkinson |editor-first2=Cláudia |editor-last2=Pazos Alonso |editor-first3=T. F. |editor-last3=Earle |publisher=Tamesis |publication-place=Woodbridge, Suffolk |title=A companion to Portuguese literature |chapter=Chapter 4: Portuguese theatre in the sixteenth century: Gil Vicente and António Ferreira |isbn=978-184-6157-08-0 |oclc=1389178173 |publication-date=19 November 2009 |series=Monografías A |volume=282 |first1=Juliet |last1=Perkins |first2=T. F. |last2=Earle |doi=10.1017/9781846157080.005}}
* {{cite journal |last=Peyroteo-Stjerna |first=Rita |title=Chronology of the burial activity of the last hunter-gatherers in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, Portugal |doi=10.1017/RDC.2020.100 |doi-access=free |publisher=Cambridge University Press |journal=Radiocarbon |issn=0033-8222 |eissn=1945-5755 |publication-place=Cambridge |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F6F433C5E8A432B890DF2703956FDC52/S0033822220001009a.pdf/chronology-of-the-burial-activity-of-the-last-hunter-gatherers-in-the-southwestern-iberian-peninsula-portugal.pdf |access-date=5 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303090918/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F6F433C5E8A432B890DF2703956FDC52/S0033822220001009a.pdf/chronology-of-the-burial-activity-of-the-last-hunter-gatherers-in-the-southwestern-iberian-peninsula-portugal.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2022 |volume=63 |issue=1 |url-status=live |publication-date=February 2021 |pages=265–299 |bibcode=2021Radcb..63..265P}}
* {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=William D. |title=Slavery in medieval and early modern Iberia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbboAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |access-date=1 June 2026 |publication-place=Philadelphia |publication-date=2014 |lccn=2013022778 |isbn=978-0-8122-4491-5 |oclc=899045459}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.4000/tourisme.3019 |publisher=Éditions touristiques européennes |journal=Mondes du Tourisme |eissn=2492-7503 |publication-date=1 December 2020 |doi-access=free |url=https://journals.openedition.org/tourisme/3019 |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427062332/https://journals.openedition.org/tourisme/pdf/3019 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |url-status=live |publication-place=Paris |last=Pickel-Chevalier |first=Sylvine |issn=2109-5671 |title=Tourism as an agent of reinvention for European equestrian intangible heritages: the case of three great public classical riding schools |issue=18}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pimentel|first=Irene Flunser|trans-title=April 25, 1974 and PIDE/DGS|title=O 25 de abril de 1974 e a PIDE/DGS|language=pt-PT|doi=10.4000/11pr5|doi-access=free|journal=Revista crítica de ciências sociais|eissn=2182-7435|issn=0254-1106|publication-date=23 May 2024|publisher=Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra|publication-place=Coimbra|url=https://research.ebsco.com/c/77mf3w/viewer/pdf/7uifkof4nj|access-date=26 July 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260726064654/https://scielo.pt/pdf/rccs/n133/2182-7435-rccs-133-121.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2026|volume=133 |pages=121–146 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pinheiro de Carvalho |first1=Miguel Â. A. |last2=Ragonezi |first2=Carla |last3=Oliveira |first3=Maria Cristina O. |last4=Reis |first4=Fábio |last5=Macedo |first5=Fabrício L. |last6=de Freitas |first6=José G. R. |last7=Nóbrega |first7=Humberto |last8=Ganança |first8=José Filipe T. |title=Anticipating the climate change impacts on Madeira's agriculture: the characterization and monitoring of a vine agrosystem |volume=12 |issue=9 |article-number=2201 |doi=10.3390/agronomy12092201 |doi-access=free |eissn=2073-4395 |journal=Agronomy |publication-place=Basel |publisher=Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |publication-date=16 September 2022 |bibcode=2022Agron..12.2201P |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/9/2201/htm |access-date=19 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609063404/https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/agronomy/agronomy-12-02201/article_deploy/agronomy-12-02201.pdf?version=1663292938 |archive-date=9 June 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pinto |first=António Costa |title=Political purges and state crisis in Portugal's transition to democracy, 1975—76 |publication-date=1 April 2008 |issn=0022-0094 |eissn=1461-7250 |doi=10.1177/0022009408089034 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=305–332 |publisher=SAGE Publications |publication-place=London}}
* {{cite book|doi=10.2307/JJ.38479310.7|doi-access=free|last=Pinto|hdl=10016/48562|hdl-access=free|publisher=Dykinson|isbn=979-13-7006-762-5|oclc=1569916719|publication-place=Madrid|publication-date=27 November 2025|jstor=38479310|title=Relaciones luso-castellanas en la Edad Media: espacios, cultura, sociedades|language=pt-PT|trans-title=Luso-Castilian relations in the Middle Ages: spaces, culture, societies|chapter=Os processos de legitimação e deslegitimação de Beatriz de Portugal e Joana de Trastámara: uma similitude sem precedentes|trans-chapter=The processes of legitimation and delegitimation of Beatriz of Portugal and Joana of Trastámara: an unprecedented similarity|first=Vitor Manuel Inácio|url=https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/bitstreams/44cdb474-a9e3-481c-85e5-5c1351f9e031/download|access-date=14 July 2026|series=Extravagantes|eissn=2660-8693|editor-last=Olivera Serrano|editor-first=César}}
* {{cite journal|first=Ana Paula|last=Pires|volume=30|issue=61|publication-place=Rio de Janeiro|doi=10.1590/S2178-14942017000200003|doi-access=free|title=As letras de uma Revolução: a implantação da República em Portugal a 5 de Outubro de 1910|journal=Estudos Históricos|issn=0103-2186|eissn=2178-1494|publisher=[[Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil]]|publication-date=9 May 2017|url=https://periodicos.fgv.br/reh/article/view/65862/68281|access-date=21 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026084925/https://periodicos.fgv.br/reh/article/download/65862/68281|archive-date=26 October 2023|url-status=live|trans-title=The letters of a Revolution: the implantation of the Republic in Portugal on 5 October 1910|pages=331–354 |language=pt-PT}}
* {{cite book |publication-place=Brighton |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |publication-date=2022 |oclc=1227270763 |isbn=978-1-78976-104-7 |title=The global history of Portugal: from prehistory to the modern world |series=The Portuguese-speaking world |editor-first1=Carlos D. |editor-last1=Fiolhais |editor-first2=José Eduardo |editor-last2=Franco |editor-first3=José Pedro |editor-last3=Paiva |first1=Hélio |last1=Pires |chapter=844 — what remained from the time of the Vikings?}}
* {{cite journal |issn=2183-4385 |title=Saldos migratórios, 2000-2017 |language=pt-PT |journal=OEm Fact Sheets |issue=10 |hdl=10071/20347 |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/file/7354/OEm_FactSheet_10_2020_Saldos.pdf|access-date=25 April 2026 |trans-title=Net migration, 2000-2017 |first1=Rui Pena |last1=Pires |first2=Inês |last2=Vidigal |publisher=Observatório da Emigração |publication-date=March 2020 |publication-place=Lisbon |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703032312/http://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/file/7354/OEm_FactSheet_10_2020_Saldos.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pires Pereira|first=Carlos Samuel|url=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=363762|access-date=7 July 2026|issn=0482-5748|eissn=2530-1950|volume=68|issue=2|title=Roma en el Occidente: datos sobre el avance del ejército romano en el territorio portugués entre Décimo Junio Bruto y Julio César|journal=Revista de historia militar|publication-place=Madrid|publisher=Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar|publication-date=2024|pages=[405]–455 |doi=10.55553/504nkf068207|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707031921/https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=363762|archive-date=7 July 2026|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Prieto|first=Francisco Machuca|chapter=Chapter 2: Phoenician memories in Hispania: identity and integration across the (local) past and (global) present|title=Global, the local and the glocal: recent approaches in Roman archaeology|editor-last1=Mazzilli|editor-first1=Francesca|editor-last2=González|editor-first2=Rubén Montoya|editor-last3=Sokołowski|editor-first3=Łukasz|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|publication-place=London|publication-date=2026|doi=10.5040/9781350398467|isbn=978-1-3503-9845-0|oclc=1520505581|edition=1st}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Portugal: forest profile''|2021}} |publisher=Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas |date=January 2021 |title=Portugal perfil florestal |publication-place=Lisbon |author= |url=https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/1f924a3c0e4f7372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902133502/https://www.icnf.pt/api/file/doc/1f924a3c0e4f7372 |archive-date=2 September 2025 |access-date=21 April 2026 |trans-title=Portugal: forest profile |language=pt-PT |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Main results of RAIDES25 – first stage – enrolled students and international mobility – 2025/2026''|2026}} |url=https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/69e89652535cf1ea01a9e8a0 |title=Principais resultados do RAIDES25 - 1.º momento - inscritos e mobilidade internacional - 2025/2026 |trans-title=Main results of RAIDES25 – first stage – enrolled students and international mobility – 2025/2026 |language=pt-PT |access-date=26 May 2026 |publisher=Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência |author= |date=16 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260526153347/https://www.dgeec.medu.pt/api/ficheiros/69e89652535cf1ea01a9e8a0 |archive-date=26 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite press release |ref={{SfnRef|''Projections of resident population in Portugal 2025-2100''|2025}} |publisher=Statistics Portugal |date=30 September 2025 |title=Projections of resident population in Portugal 2025-2100 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=707257820&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |location=Lisbon |author= |access-date=25 April 2026 |issn=2184-4534}}
* {{cite journal|title=Direitos LGBTI+ em Portugal: evolução, desafios e implicações para o serviço social|trans-title=LGBTI+ rights in Portugal: evolution, challenges, and implications for social work|first=Nélson|last=Ramalho|url=https://revistas.proeditio.com/ehquidad/article/view/6039/6852|access-date=16 August 2026|language=pt-PT|journal=Ehquidad|eissn=2386-4915|publisher=Asociación Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social|publication-place=Madrid|publication-date=3 August 2026|issue=27}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Chapter 17: traditional games and sports of the Iberian Peninsula as tourist attractions |publication-date=3 November 2022 |doi=10.4324/9781003197003-17 |oclc=1344489817 |title=Sport in the lberian peninsula: management, economics and policy |series=Routledge research in sport business and management |lccn=2022025248 |isbn=978-1-003-19700-3 |editor-last1=García-Fernández |editor-first1=Jerónimo |editor-last2=Grimaldi-Puyana |editor-first2=Moisés |editor-last3=Bravo |editor-first3=Gonzalo A. |edition=1st |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=Abingdon |last1=Ramírez-Macías |first1=Gonzalo |last2=Rodríguez-Sánchez |first2=Augusto Rembrandt |last3=Lasaga-Rodríguez |first3=María José |hdl=11441/165388 |chapter-url=https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/360f0ba7-3ce5-4114-a20c-1dd504e0fc34/download |access-date=11 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511132457/https://idus.us.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/360f0ba7-3ce5-4114-a20c-1dd504e0fc34/content |archive-date=11 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |title=The use of circulation weather types to predict upwelling activity along the western Iberian Peninsula coast |last1=Ramos |first1=Alexandre M. |last2=Pires |first2=Ana Cordeiro |last3=Sousa |first3=Pedro M. |last4=Trigo |first4=Ricardo M. |journal=Continental Shelf Research |publication-date=15 October 2013 |volume=69 |pages=38–51 |doi=10.1016/j.csr.2013.08.019 |doi-access=free |issn=0278-4343 |url=https://idlcc.fc.ul.pt/pdf/AMR_CWT_upwelling_CSR_2013.pdf |access-date=27 May 2026 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416134341/http://idlcc.fc.ul.pt/pdf/AMR_CWT_upwelling_CSR_2013.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=Elsevier |publication-place=Amsterdam |bibcode=2013CSR....69...38R}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Vieira |editor-first1=Gonçalo |editor-last2=Luís |editor-first2=Zêzere José |editor-last3=Mora |editor-first3=Carla |first1=Catarina |last1=Ramos |first2=Ana |last2=Ramos-Pereira |chapter=Chapter 1: landscapes of Portugal: paleogeographic evolution, tectonics and geomorphology |title=Landscapes and landforms of Portugal |publication-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland AG |isbn=978-3-319-03640-3 |series=World geomorphological landscapes |pages=3–31 |issn=2213-2090 |eissn=2213-2104 |publication-place=Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-03641-0_1 |oclc=1156020287}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rêgo |first1=Ximene |last2=Oliveira |first2=Maria João |last3=Lameira |first3=Catarina |last4=Cruz |first4=Olga S. |date=17 July 2021 |title=20 years of Portuguese drug policy - developments, challenges and the quest for human rights |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=16 |issue=1 |article-number=59 |doi=10.1186/s13011-021-00394-7 |doi-access=free |pmc=8285857 |pmid=34273972 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13011-021-00394-7.pdf |access-date=19 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519112446/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13011-021-00394-7.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2026 |url-status=live |eissn=1747-597X |publication-place=London |publisher=BioMed Central}}
* {{cite book |last=Reilly|doi=10.9783/9781512806120|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |publication-place=Philadelphia |title=The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126-1157 |first=Bernard F. |series=The Middle Ages series |lccn=98006677 |publication-date=1998 |isbn=978-0-8122-3452-7 |oclc=982238002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVIrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |access-date=31 May 2026}}
* {{cite book|last=Reis Santos|issn=2589-5966|first=José|doi=10.1163/9789004549159_021|chapter=Chapter 19: the Portuguese ''Estado Novo'' constitutional process as a model for transitioning to authoritarianism in the Europe of the New Order|title=Constitutional moments: founding myths, charters and constitutions through history|editor-last=Gil Pujol|editor-first=Xavier|lccn=2023045814|isbn=978-90-04-54915-9|publication-date=18 March 2024|publisher=Brill|publication-place=Leiden|series=History of European political and constitutional thought, volume 11|oclc=1401630209}}
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''2024 activities and accounts report''|2025}} |url=https://fpaportalonline.blob.core.windows.net/portalfpa-public/2025/04/RAC_2024_VF.pdf |title=Relatório de atividades e contas 2024 |publication-place=Linda-a-Velha |publication-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=11 May 2026 |publisher=[[Portuguese Athletics Federation|Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo]] |author= |language=pt-PT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511072813/https://fpaportalonline.blob.core.windows.net/portalfpa-public/2025/04/RAC_2024_VF.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2026 |trans-title=2024 activities and accounts report |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.4000/sociologico.103 |title=O lugar do Dia da Defesa Nacional e a profissionalização das forças armadas: dilemas e desafios |journal=Forum Sociológico |eissn=2182-7427 |issn=0872-8380 |publisher=CICS.NOVA – Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, NOVA University Lisbon |publication-place=Lisbon |publication-date=1 June 2009 |language=pt-PT |trans-title=The place of National Defence Day and the professionalisation of the armed forces: dilemmas and challenges |doi-access=free |first=José Manuel |last=Resende |volume=19 |pages=11–24 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269947532 |access-date=5 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605091606/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Resende-4/publication/269947532_O_lugar_do_Dia_da_Defesa_Nacional_e_a_profissionalizacao_das_Forcas_Armadas_dilemas_e_desafios/links/5cf5a6c892851c4dd026df8e/O-lugar-do-Dia-da-Defesa-Nacional-e-a-profissionalizacao-das-Forcas-Armadas-dilemas-e-desafios.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Resende |first1=Nuno |hdl=10216/147694 |hdl-access=free |chapter=A arte da talha em madeira em Portugal: novas perspectivas |publisher=Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar Cultura, Espaço e Memória |chapter-url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/19629.pdf |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/19618.pdf |isbn=978-989-9082-51-9 |series=Suportes do Património |volume=1 |title=Madeira |publication-date=2022 |publication-place=Porto |access-date=1 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706232939/https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/19618.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2024 |url-status=live |language=pt-PT |trans-chapter=The art of wood carving in Portugal: new perspectives |trans-title=Wood}}
* {{cite journal|title=O movimento das forças armadas e a assembleia constituinte na revolução portuguesa (1975-1976)|trans-title=The armed forces movement and the Constituent Assembly in the Portuguese Revolution (1975-1976)|language=pt-PT|first=Maria Inácia|last=Rezola|issue=13|journal=Historia constitucional|publication-place=Oviedo|publisher=Universidad de Oviedo|publication-date=1 September 2012|eissn= 1576-4729|url=https://www.historiaconstitucional.com/historiaconstitucional/index.php/historiaconstitucional/article/view/347/311|access-date=7 August 2026|archive-date=7 August 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260807163301/https://www.historiaconstitucional.com/historiaconstitucional/index.php/historiaconstitucional/article/download/347/311|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |first=António José Pacheco |last=Ribeiro |doi=10.51891/rease.v12i2.23995 |doi-access=free |volume=12 |issue=2 |eissn=2675-3375 |journal=Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação |publisher=Arche Consultoria Cientifica e Editorial |publication-place=São Paulo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260602232325/https://periodicorease.pro.br/rease/article/download/23995/15230 |archive-date=2 June 2026 |url-status=live |publication-date=1 February 2026 |url=https://periodicorease.pro.br/rease/article/view/23995/15230 |access-date=2 June 2026 |title=A guitarra portuguesa e o fado: um canto de saudade e nostalgia |trans-title=The Portuguese guitar and fado: a song of longing and nostalgia |pages=1–18 |language=pt-BR}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Ribeiro de Meneses|last2=Aires Oliveira|first2=Pedro|first1=Filipe|title=The Portuguese Republic at war: states of emergency or business as usual?|doi=10.1080/19475020.2024.2369521|doi-access=free|publication-date=2 September 2023|journal=First World War Studies|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=Abingdon|issue=2–3|volume=14|pages=273–292 |issn=1947-5020|eissn=1947-5039}}
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* {{cite book |lccn=2017950696 |isbn=978-0-19-881020-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=Christianization and commonwealth in early medieval Europe: a ritual interpretation |publication-place=Oxford |publication-date=8 March 2018 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198810209.001.0001 |first=Nathan J. |last=Ristuccia |volume=1 |oclc=1026492381}}
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* {{cite journal |doi-access=free |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201691.pdf |access-date=5 June 2026 |last1=Rodeles |first1=Amaia A. |last2=Galicia |first2=David |last3=Miranda |first3=Rafael |title=Iberian fish records in the vertebrate collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra |journal=Scientific Data |date=11 October 2016 |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=160091 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.91 |pmid=27727236 |pmc=5058334 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360091R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322020659/https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201691.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2026 |url-status=live |eissn=2052-4463 |publication-place=London |publisher=Springer}}
* {{cite journal|first=Paulo|last=Rodrigues|title=A propósito da primeira incursão da 6.ª Companhia de Caçadores Especiais nos Dembos: abordagem de alguns mitos e realidades de Angola de 1961|doi=10.56092/BMGE1401|doi-access=free|trans-title=On the first incursion of the 6th Special Hunters Company in the Dembos: addressing some myths and realities of Angola in 1961|language=pt-PT|url=https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano1/n12021/6compcacesp/Documents/5-%20RevPHM_I_1_Paulo%20Rodrigues.pdf|access-date=18 August 2026|publisher=Comissão Portuguesa de História|eissn=2795-4331|issn=2795-4323|journal=Revista portuguesa de história militar|publication-place=Lisbon|publication-date=December 2021|volume=I|issue=1, ''Início da Guerra de África 1961-1965''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103180859if_/https://www.defesa.gov.pt/pt/defesa/organizacao/comissoes/cphm/rphm/edicoes/ano1/n12021/6compcacesp/Documents/5-%20RevPHM_I_1_Paulo%20Rodrigues.pdf#page=1.00&gsr=0|archive-date=3 November 2022|url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |first1=Vasco |last1=Rodrigues |first2=Eylem |last2=Gevrek |first3=Filipa |last3=Mota |title=The cork sector: description |publisher=Associação Portuguesa da Cortiça |publication-date=June 2023 |publication-place=Santa Maria de Lamas |url=https://apcor.pt/uploads/Media/Estudos/estudo-tecnologico-2023/3_O%20Setor%20da%20Cortic%CC%A7a_Caracterizac%CC%A7a%CC%83o_EN.pdf |access-date=4 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504232443/https://apcor.pt/uploads/Media/Estudos/estudo-tecnologico-2023/3_O%20Setor%20da%20Cortic%CC%A7a_Caracterizac%CC%A7a%CC%83o_EN.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2026 |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite journal |journal=Nação e Defesa |title=Portugal e a NATO: 1949-1999 |last=Teixeira |first=Nuno Severiano |publisher=Instituto de Defesa Nacional |language=pt-PT |issue=89 |series=2 |year=1999 |publication-place=Lisbon |issn=0870-757X |eissn=2183-9662 |url=https://www.idn.gov.pt/pt/publicacoes/nacao/Documents/NeD089/NeD89.pdf#page=11.00 |access-date=24 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625170259/http://www.idn.gov.pt/pt/publicacoes/nacao/Documents/NeD089/NeD89.pdf#page=11.00 |archive-date=25 June 2025 |url-status=live |trans-title=Portugal and Nato: 1949-1999}}
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* {{cite book |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |chapter=Chapter 6: Portugal: from transformative to open constitutionalism |first=Teresa |last=Violante |doi=10.4337/9781803928890.00013 |doi-access=free |lccn=2023942302 |isbn=978-1-80392-889-0 |publication-date=29 September 2023 |publication-place=Cheltenham |title=The legitimacy of European constitutional orders: a comparative inquiry |editor-first1=Marco |editor-last1=Dani |editor-first2=Marco |editor-last2=Goldoni |editor-first3=Agustín José |editor-last3=Menéndez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318033609/https://www.elgaronline.com/downloadpdf/edcollbook-oa/book/9781803928890/9781803928890.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2024 |chapter-url=https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9781803928890/book-part-9781803928890-13.xml |access-date=6 June 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite report |ref={{SfnRef|''Visit report - Portugal - November 2024''|2025}} |publisher=European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |author= |docket=CPT/Inf (2025) 32 |access-date=17 April 2026 |url=https://rm.coe.int/2024/488028f8a1 |publication-date=21 October 2025 |publication-place=Strasbourg |title=Visit report - Portugal - November 2024 |archive-date=21 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021122849/https://rm.coe.int/2024/488028f8a1 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=Being Portuguese in Spanish: reimagining early modern Iberian literature, 1580-1640 |volume=78 |series=Purdue studies in romance literatures |publisher=Purdue University Press |publication-place=West Lafayette, Indiana |isbn=978-1-55753-884-0 |publication-date=April 2020 |last=Wade |first=Jonathan William |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=purduepress_previews |access-date=27 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526110634/https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=purduepress_previews |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Douglas L.|title=The Portuguese revolution of 1910|publisher=University of Chicago Press|publication-place=Chicago|doi=10.1086/240748|journal=The Journal of Modern History|issn=0022-2801|eissn=1537-5358|volume=44|issue=2|publication-date=1 June 1972 |pages=172–194 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=Parkinson |editor-first2=Cláudia |editor-last2=Pazos Alonso |editor-first3=T. F. |editor-last3=Earle |publisher=Tamesis |publication-place=Woodbridge, Suffolk |title=A companion to Portuguese literature |chapter=Chapter 5: the Lusiads and the literature of Portuguese overseas expansion |isbn=978-184-6157-08-0 |oclc=1389178173 |publication-date=19 November 2009 |series=Monografías A |volume=282 |first1=Clive |last1=Willis |doi=10.1017/9781846157080.006}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|publication-date=3 May 2020|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043|title='Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese ''Reconquista''?|journal=Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies|pages=199–229 |issn=1754-6559|eissn=1754-6567|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=Abingdon}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{SfnRef|''World economic outlook: global economy in the shadow of war''|2026}} |eissn=1564-5215 |issn=0256-6877 |journal=World Economic and Financial Surveys |title=World economic outlook: global economy in the shadow of war |isbn=979-8-22904-278-9 |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |publication-date=14 April 2026 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |author= |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2026/april/english/text.pdf |access-date=30 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260423140612/https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2026/april/english/text.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2026 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''World food and agriculture – statistical yearbook 2025''|2025}} |doi=10.4060/cd4313en |doi-access=free |publication-place=Rome |isbn=978-92-5-140174-3 |title=World food and agriculture – statistical yearbook 2025 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |author= |series=FAO statistical yearbook – world food and agriculture |issn=2225-7373 |oclc=1583153409 |publication-date=2025 |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ece7c683-4659-4fd0-b958-4bcbe8654cf7/content |access-date=1 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214203849/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ece7c683-4659-4fd0-b958-4bcbe8654cf7/content |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zilhão |first1=João |last2=Cardoso |first2=João Luís |last3=Pike |first3=Alistair W. G. |last4=Weninger |first4=Bernhard |title=Gruta Nova da Columbeira (Bombarral, Portugal): site stratigraphy, age of the Mousterian sequence, and implications for the timing of Neanderthal extinction in Iberia |journal=Quartär |date=2011 |volume=58 |doi=10.7485/QU58_05 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808195604/https://www.uniarq.net/uploads/4/7/1/5/4715235/zilhao_et_al_2010.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2024 |url-status=live |url=https://www.uniarq.net/uploads/4/7/1/5/4715235/zilhao_et_al_2010.pdf |hdl=10400.2/2766 |access-date=6 June 2026 |hdl-access=free |eissn=2749-9995 |issn=0375-7471 |publication-place=Rahden |publisher=Hugo Obermaier-Gesellschaft}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Klaus |title=A companion to the Punic Wars |editor-first=Dexter |editor-last=Hoyos |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |series=Blackwell companions to the ancient world |chapter=Chapter 16: Roman strategy and aims in the Second Punic War |publication-place=Malden, Massachusetts |publication-date=4 February 2011 |doi=10.1002/9781444393712.ch16 |isbn=978-1-4051-7600-2 |oclc=657223828 |lccn=2010033794}}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |title=De Pelayo a Belay: la batalla de Covadonga según los historiadores árabes |language=es |trans-title=From Pelagius to Belay: the Battle of Covadonga according to Arab historians |first=David |last=Arbesú |doi=10.1080/14753820.2011.574357 |volume=88 |issue=3 |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |issn=1475-3820 |eissn=1478-3428 |publication-date=1 May 2011 |pages=321–340 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |publication-place=London}}
* {{cite journal|last=Chalmeta Gendrón|first=Pedro|publication-date=25 April 2025|doi=10.26754/ojs_aem/aem.2022337321|doi-access=free|title=¿Asturias, Covadonga, Pelayo?|trans-title=Asturias, Covadonga, Pelagius?|language=es|url=https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/aem/article/view/7321/9745|access-date=7 July 2026|journal=Aragón en la Edad Media|eissn=2387-1377|issn=0213-2486|publication-place=Zaragoza|publisher=Universidad de Zaragoza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260707102145/https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/aem/article/download/7321/9745|archive-date=7 July 2026|url-status=live|issue=33 |pages=1–49 }}
* {{cite book |title=Atlas das aves invernantes e migradoras de Portugal 2011-2013 |hdl=10174/26177 |last=Godinho |first=Carlos |date=September 2018 |publication-place=Lisbon |publisher=SPEA |url=https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/26177/1/Atlas_das_aves_invernantes_e_migradoras_2012_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407100129/https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/26177/1/Atlas_das_aves_invernantes_e_migradoras_2012_2013.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2026 |url-status=live |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Atlas of the wintering and migratory birds of Portugal, 2011–2013}}
* {{cite book |first=Gordon |last=Miller |title=Voyages: to the New World and beyond |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre; University of Washington Press |publication-place=Vancouver, British Columbia; Seattle, Washington |edition=1st |publication-date=3 August 2011 |isbn=978-0-295-99115-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7H7tgAACAAJ |access-date=28 April 2026 |oclc=710044991}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.gastronomias.com/Livro%20de%20Do%E7aria%20Conventual.pdf |isbn=978-972-37045-0-1 |title=Doçaria dos conventos de Portugal |language=pt-PT |trans-title=Portuguese convent sweets |publisher=Assírio & Alvim |year=1997 |last1=Saramago |last2=Fialho |first1=Alfredo |first2=Manuel |oclc=39724323 |publication-place=Lisbon |series=Coração, cabeça e estômago |volume=1 |access-date=4 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428063339/https://www.gastronomias.com/Livro%20de%20Do%E7aria%20Conventual.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2026 |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|voy=Portugal|d=Q45}}
* {{OSM relation|295480}}
* [http://www.theportugalnews.com/ National English language newspaper]
* [http://www.winesofportugal.info/?market=2 National Wine Website]
* [http://portuguese-american-journal.com/?s=portugal&x=0&y=0 News about Portugal] from the ''Portuguese American Journal''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024243/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/portugal.htm Portugal] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17758217 Portugal profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal |volume=22 |last1=Prestage |first1=Edgar |author1-link=Edgar Prestage |last2=Jayne |first2=Kingsley Garland |page=134–163 |short=1}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/portpam.html Portuguese Pamphlets Collection] from the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress]
* {{Wikiatlas|Portugal}}
; Government
* [http://www.en.parlamento.pt/ Official Parliament website]
* [http://www.portugal.gov.pt/en.aspx Official Portuguese Government website] {{in lang|en|pt}}
;Trade
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/PRT/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Portugal]
; Travel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407215705/http://www.turismodeportugal.pt/Paginas/PageNotFoundError.aspx?requestUrl=http://www.turismodeportugal.pt/english/TurismodeportugalIP/Pages/TurismodePortugalIP.aspx Official Portuguese Government Travel/media website]
* [https://www.visitportugal.com/en Official Travel and Tourism office website]
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