{{Short description|View, system, or school of Indian logic and philosophy, founded in the 13th century}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2019}}
The '''Navya-Nyāya''' ([[sanskrit]]: नव्य-न्याय) or '''Neo-Logical''' ''[[Darshana|darśana]]'' (view, system, or school) of [[Indian logic]] and [[Indian philosophy]] was founded in the 13th century [[Common Era|CE]] by the philosopher [[Gangesha Upadhyaya|Gangeśa Upādhyāya]] of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] and continued by [[Raghunatha Śiromaṇi]] of [[Nabadwipa]] in [[Bengal]].<ref name=":0" /> It was a development of the classical [[Nyāya]] ''darśana''. Other influences on Navya-Nyāya were the work of earlier philosophers [[Vācaspati Miśra]] (900&ndash;980 CE) and [[Udayana]] (late 10th century). It remained active in India through to the 18th century.

Gangeśa's book ''[[Tattvacintāmaṇi]]'' ("Thought-Jewel of Reality") was written partly in response to Śrīharśa's ''Khandanakhandakhādya'', a defence of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedānta]], which had offered a set of thorough criticisms of Nyāya theories of thought and language.  In his book, Gangeśa both addressed some of those criticisms and &ndash; more important &ndash; critically examined the Nyāya ''darśana'' itself.  He held that, while Śrīharśa had failed to successfully challenge the Nyāya realist [[ontology]], his and Gangeśa's own criticisms brought out a need to improve and refine the logical and linguistic tools of Nyāya thought, to make them more rigorous and precise.

''Tattvacintāmani'' dealt with all the important aspects of Indian philosophy, [[logic]] and especially [[epistemology]], which Gangeśa examined rigorously, developing and improving the Nyāya scheme, and offering examples.  The results, especially his analysis of [[cognition]], were taken up and used by other ''darśanas''.

Navya-Nyāya developed a sophisticated language and conceptual scheme that allowed it to raise, analyze, and solve problems in logic and epistemology. It involves naming each object to be analyzed, identifying a distinguishing characteristic for the named object, and verifying the appropriateness of the defining characteristic using ''pramanas''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ganeri |first=Jonardon |title=Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India |date=2023 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2023/entries/early-modern-india/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |edition=Winter 2023 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref> It systematized all the Nyāya concepts into four main categories which are (sense-) perception (''pratyakşa''), inference (''anumāna''), comparison or similarity (''upamāna''), and testimony (sound or word; ''[[śabda]]''). Great stalwarts like Basudev Sarvabhauma,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Satyanarayan |title=Basudev Sarvabhauma |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Basudev_Sarvabhauma |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> [[Raghunatha Siromani|Raghunath Shiromani]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Kanailal |title=Raghunath Shiromani |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Raghunath_Shiromani |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Jagadish Tarkalankar,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Kanailal |title=Jagadish Tarkalankar |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Jagadish_Tarkalankar |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> Gadadhar Bhattacharya<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Suresh Chandra |title=Bhattacharya, Gadadhar |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bhattacharya,_Gadadhar |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> and Mathuranatha Tarkavagisha have contributed further in the development of the subject. Prof [[John Vattanky]] has contributed significantly to the modern understanding of Navya-Nyāya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gaṅgeśa's Philosophy of God: Analysis, Text, Transl. and Interpretation of Iśvaravāda Section of Gaṅgeśa's Tattvacintāmaṇi with a Study on the Development of Nyāya Theism.|last=Vattanky|first=John|publisher=Adyar Libr. and Research Centre|year=1984|location=Madras}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vaisheshika]]
* [[Nyaya]]
* [[John Vattanky]]

==Sources and further reading==
*[[Bimal Krishna Matilal]], ''The Navya-Nyaya Doctrine of Negation: The Semantics and Ontology of Negative Statements in Navya-Nyaya Philosophy'' (Harvard University Press, 1968) {{ISBN|0-674-60650-7}}
*[[Jitendra Nath Mohanty|J. N. Mohanty]], ''Classical Indian Philosophy'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) {{ISBN|0-8476-8933-6}}
*[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], ''et al.'' [edd], ''History of Philosophy Eastern and Western: Volume One'' (George Allen & Unwin, 1952)
*Vattanky, John, Nyāyapañcānana B. Viśvanātha, Nyāyapañcānana B. Viśvanātha, and Dinakarabhaṭṭa. ''Nyāya Philosophy of Language: Analysis, Text, Translation and Interpretation of Upamāna and Śabda Sections of Kārikāvalī, Muktāvalī and Dinakarī''. (Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995)
*Vattanky, John. ''A System of Indian Logic: The Nyana Theory of Inference''. (London : Routledge, 2015)
*Vattanky, John.  ''Development of Nyāya theism''. (New Delhi: Intercultural Publications, 1993)
*BHATTACHARYYA, SIBAJIBAN. ''“GADĀDHARA BHAṬṬĀCĀRYA’S ‘VIṢAYATĀVĀDA.’”'' Journal of Indian Philosophy 14, no. 2 (1986): 109–93.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BHATTACHARYYA |first1=SIBAJIBAN |title=GADĀDHARA BHAṬṬĀCĀRYA'S "VIṢAYATĀVĀDA"|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=6 May 1986 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=109-193 (85 pages) |jstor=23444109 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23444109}}</ref>
*BHATTACHARYYA, SIBAJIBAN. “GADĀDHARA BHAṬṬĀCĀRYA’S ‘VIṢAYATĀVĀDA’ (Continued).” Journal of Indian Philosophy 14, no. 3 (1986): 217–302.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BHATTACHARYYA |first1=SIBAJIBAN |title=GADĀDHARA BHAṬṬĀCĀRYA'S "VIṢAYATĀVĀDA" (Continued) |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=6 May 1986 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=217-302 (86 pages) |doi=10.1007/BF00161087 |jstor=23445458 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23445458|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*Bhattacharyya, Sibajiban. ''Some Features of Navya-Nyāya Logic.'' Philosophy East and West 24, no. 3 (1974): 329–42.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=BHATTACHARYYA |first1=SIBAJIBAN |title=Some Features of Navya-Nyāya Logic.|journal=Philosophy East and West |date=6 May 1974 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=329-342 (14 pages) |doi=10.2307/1398388 |jstor=1398388 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1398388|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*Bhattacharyya, Sibajiban. ''Some Features of the Technical Language of Navya-Nyāya.'' Philosophy East and West 40, no. 2 (1990): 129–49.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BHATTACHARYYA |first1=SIBAJIBAN |title=Some Features of the Technical Language of Navya-Nyāya.|journal=Philosophy East and West |date=6 May 1990 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=129-149 (21 pages) |doi=10.2307/1399225 |jstor=1399225 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1399225|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Philosophy}}

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[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
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[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]