{{short description|Russian polymath (1711–1765)}}
{{redirect|Lomonosov}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2026}}
{{Infobox scientist
| native_name       = {{nobold|Михаил Ломоносов}}
| native_name_lang  = ru
| image             = M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg
| image_size        = 
| caption           = Portrait by {{ill|Georg Caspar Prenner|fr}}, 1787
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1711|11|19}}
| birth_place       = [[Lomonosovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Mishaninskaya]], Russia
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1765|4|15|1711|11|19}}
| death_place       = Saint Petersburg, Russia
| academic_advisors = [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]]
| fields            = [[Natural science]], [[Astronomy]], chemistry, physics, [[physical chemistry]], geology, [[geophysics]], [[mineralogy]], history, [[philology]], [[optics]]
| education         = [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]]<br/>[[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg Academy]]<br/>[[University of Marburg]]
| workplaces        = [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg Academy]]
| spouse            = Elisabeth Christine Zilch
| signature         = БСЭ1. Автограф. Автографы. 13.svg
}}

'''Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov'''{{family name footnote|Vasilyevich|Lomonosov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}{{efn|{{langx|ru|Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов|link=no}}, {{IPA|ru|mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ  {{nobr|ləmɐˈnosəf}}|IPA|Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg}}}} ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|ɒ|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|s|ɒ|f}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lomonosov "Lomonosov"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{OldStyleDate|19 November|1711|8 November}} – {{OldStyleDate|15 April|1765|4 April}}) was a Russian [[polymath]], scientist and writer, who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. Among his discoveries were the [[atmosphere of Venus]], the law of [[conservation of mass]] in [[chemical reaction]]s, the theoretical prediction of Antarctica, and the idea of [[coaxial rotors]]. His spheres of science were [[natural science]], chemistry, physics, [[mineralogy]], history, art, [[philology]], [[optical devices]] and others. One of the founders of modern geology,<ref name="Rowland">{{ cite book |title = On the Strata of the Earth. |others=Translation and commentary by S.M. Rowland and S. Korolev |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=2012 |publisher=The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 485 |isbn=978-0-8137-2485-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5x3jgEACAAJ }}</ref><ref name="Vernadsky">Vernadsky, V. (1911) Pamyati M.V. Lomonosova. Zaprosy zhizni, 5: 257-262 (in Russian) [In memory of M.V. Lomonosov]</ref> Lomonosov was also a poet and influenced the formation of the modern [[Russian language|Russian literary language]].

== Early life and family ==
Lomonosov was born in the village of Mishaninskaya, later renamed [[Lomonosovo, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Lomonosovo]] in his honor, in [[Archangelgorod Governorate]], on an island in [[Northern Dvina]] not far from [[Kholmogory, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Kholmogory]], in the far north of Russia.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=11}} His father, Vasily Dorofeyevich Lomonosov, was a prosperous peasant fisherman turned ship owner, who amassed a small fortune transporting goods from [[Arkhangelsk]] to [[Pustozyorsk]], [[Solovetsky Islands|Solovki]], [[Kola (town)|Kola]], and [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=11}} Lomonosov's mother was Vasily's first wife, a [[deacon]]'s daughter, Elena Ivanovna Sivkova.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=12}}

He remained at Denisovka until he was ten, when his father decided that he was old enough to participate in his business ventures, and Lomonosov began accompanying Vasily on trading missions.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=12}}

Lomonosov had been taught to read as a boy by his neighbor Ivan Shubny, and he spent every spare moment with his books.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=12}} He continued his studies with the village deacon, S.N. Sabelnikov, but for many years the only books he had access to were religious texts. When he was fourteen, Lomonosov was given copies of [[Meletius Smotrytsky]]'s ''Modern Church Slavonic'' (a grammar book) and [[Leonty Magnitsky]]'s ''Arithmetic''.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=13}} Lomonosov was a Russian Orthodox Christian all his life, but had close encounters with [[Old Believers]] schism in early youth and later in life he became a [[deist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: his life and work|date=1980|publisher=Mir|page=161|author=Galina Evgenʹevna Pavlova |author2=Aleksandr Sergeevich Fedorov|quote=The atheistic direction of Lomonosov's scientific and artistic creativity was not always consistent. His world outlook, just as that of many other representatives of the age of enlightenment, possessed elements of deism according to which God, having created the universe, assumed no control over its development which was governed by the laws of nature. Lomonosov's deism was no chance factor. As Karl Marx aptly put it, deism was the most convenient and easiest way for many materialists of the 17th–18th centuries to abandon religion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pushkin's Lyric Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/pushkinslyricint00kahn|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191552939|page=[https://archive.org/details/pushkinslyricint00kahn/page/n142 130]|author=Andrew Kahn|quote=No atheistic conclusions spring from 'The Orb of Day has Set' to reverse Lomonosov's deism, but the poem still intrudes a painful gap between man and nature.}}</ref>

In 1724, his father married for the third and final time. Lomonosov and his stepmother Irina had an acrimonious relationship. Unhappy at home and intent on obtaining a higher education, which Lomonosov could not receive in Mishaninskaya, he was determined to leave the village.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=15}}

== Education ==
[[File:Lomonosov-house marburg1.jpg|thumb|upright|The Lomonosov house in [[Marburg]], Germany]]
In 1730, determined to "study sciences," the 19-year-old Lomonosov walked all the way to Moscow.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=15}} Shortly after arrival, he was admitted into the [[Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] by falsely claiming to be a son of a Kholmogory nobleman.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=16}} In 1734 that initial falsehood, as well as another lie that he was the son of a priest, nearly got him expelled from the academy, but the investigation ended without severe consequences.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=20}}

Lomonosov lived on three [[kopeck]]s a day, eating only black bread and [[kvass]], but he made rapid progress scholastically.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=17}} It is believed that in 1735, after three years in Moscow he was sent to [[Kiev]]<!--Do not change per WP:KYIV--> to study for short period at the [[National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy|Kiev Academy]]. He quickly became dissatisfied with the education he was receiving there, and returned to Moscow.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=17}} In five years Lomonosov completed a twelve-year study course and in 1736, among 12 best graduates, was awarded a scholarship at the [[Saint Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg Academy]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=23}} He plunged into his studies and was rewarded with a four-year grant to study abroad, in Germany, first at the [[University of Marburg]] and then in [[Freiberg]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=24}}

=== Education abroad ===
The University of Marburg was among Europe's most important universities in the mid-18th century due to the presence of the philosopher [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]], a prominent figure of the [[German Enlightenment]]. Lomonosov became one of Wolff's students while at Marburg from November 1736 to July 1739. Both philosophically and as a science administrator, this connection would be the most influential of Lomonosov's life. In 1739–1740 he studied mineralogy, mining, and metallurgy with Bergrat Henckel in his Freiberg laboratory; there, too, he intensified his studies of German literature.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

[[File:Lomonosov Poltava 1762 1764.jpg|thumb|The most grandiose of Lomonosov's mosaics depicts the [[Battle of Poltava]].]]
Lomonosov quickly mastered the German language, and in addition to philosophy, seriously studied [[chemistry]], discovered the works of 17th century Irish theologian and natural philosopher [[Robert Boyle]], and even began writing poetry. He also developed an interest in German literature. He is said to have especially admired [[Johann Christian Günther|Günther]]. His "Ode on the Taking of [[Khotin]] from the Turks," composed in 1739 – modelled after Günther's poem "Eugen ist fort. Ihr Musen, nach!", 1718, celebrating the taking of [[Belgrade]] from the Turks – , attracted a great deal of attention in Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} 

Contrary to his adoration for Wolff, Lomonosov had fierce disputes with Henckel over the training and education courses he and his two compatriot students were getting in Freiberg, as well as over very limited financial support which Henckel was instructed to provide to the Russians after numerous debts they had accumulated in Marburg. As the result, Lomonosov left Freiberg without permission and wandered for quite a while over Germany and Holland, unsuccessfully trying to obtain permission from Russian envoys to return to the St. Petersburg Academy.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

During his residence in Marburg, Lomonosov boarded with Catharina Zilch, a brewer's widow.<ref>Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S. ''Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).'' Mir: Moscow, 1980.</ref> He fell in love with Catharina's daughter Elisabeth Christine Zilch. They were married in June 1740.<ref>Pavlova, Galina E., and Fedorov, Aleksandr S. ''Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov: His Life and Work (English Translation).'' Mir: Moscow, 1980. {{ISBN|0-8285-2895-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8285-2895-5}}</ref> Lomonosov found it extremely difficult to maintain his growing family on the scanty and irregular allowance granted him by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. As his circumstances became desperate, he got permission to return to Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

=== Return to Russia ===
Lomonosov returned to Russia in June 1741, after being abroad 4 years and 8 months.  A year later he was named an Adjunct of the Russian Academy of Science in the physics department.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} In May 1743, Lomonosov was accused, arrested, and held under house arrest for eight months, after he supposedly insulted various people associated with the academy. He was released and pardoned in January 1744 after apologising to all involved.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

Lomonosov was made a full member of the academy and named professor of [[chemistry]] in 1745,{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}} becoming the first Russian professor of chemistry at the academy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Vassiliou |first=M. S. |title=Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry |date=2023 |publisher=Campus eBookstore Inc – CEI |isbn=979-8-7651-7468-5 |edition=Second |series=Historical dictionaries of professions and industries |location=Lanham |pages=276}}</ref> He established the academy's first chemistry laboratory.<ref name="Cornwell Page 514">Cornwell, Neil and Christian, Nicole. ''Reference Guide to Russian Literature,'' p. 514. Taylor & Francis: London, 1998</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crease |first1=R.P. |last2=Shiltsev |first2=V. |year=2026 |title=Founding the First Scientific Laboratory in Russia: Mikhail Lomonosov's Project |journal=Physics in Perspective |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1007/s00016-026-00349-0 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00016-026-00349-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Eager to improve Russia's educational system, in 1755, Lomonosov joined his patron Count [[Ivan Shuvalov]] in founding [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]].<ref name="Cornwell Page 514"/>

In 1760, he was elected a Foreign Member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In 1764, he was elected Foreign Member of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna]].<ref>R. Crease and V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765): Scientist in Politically Turbulent Times" in Il Nuovo Saggiatore, vol. 33, issue 5–6 (2017), pp. 43–56 https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130092120/https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54 |date=30 January 2018 }}</ref> In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of the [[State Councillor (Russia)|State Councillor]] which was of Rank V in the Russian Empire's [[Table of Ranks]]. He died on {{OldStyleDate|15 April|1765|4 April}} 1765 in Saint Petersburg.  He is widely and deservingly regarded as the "Father of Russian Science,"<ref>V. Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science", ''Physics Today'' (February 2012), vol. 65, http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.1438</ref> though many of his scientific accomplishments were relatively unknown outside Russia until long after his death and gained proper appreciation only in late 19th and, especially, 20th centuries.

== Science and inventions ==

=== Physics ===
[[File:Ekaterina II and Lomonosov.jpg|thumb|[[Catherine the Great|Catherine II of Russia]] visits Mikhail Lomonosov in 1764. 1884 painting by Ivan Feodorov.]]
In 1756, Lomonosov tried to replicate [[Robert Boyle]]'s experiment of 1673.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=120}} He concluded that the commonly accepted [[phlogiston theory]] was false. Anticipating the discoveries of [[Antoine Lavoisier]], he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments – of which I append the record in 13 pages – demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same."

That is the [[Conservation of mass|Law of Mass Conservation]] in [[chemical reaction]], which is well-known today as "in a chemical reaction, the mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products." Lomonosov, together with Lavoisier, is regarded as the one who discovered the law of mass conservation.<ref>{{Cite journal | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 119–127 | last = Pomper | first = Philip | title = Lomonosov and the Discovery of the Law of the Conservation of Matter in Chemical Transformations | journal = Ambix | date = October 1962| doi = 10.1179/amb.1962.10.3.119 }}</ref>

He stated that all matter is composed of corpuscles – molecules that are "collections" of elements – atoms. In his dissertation "Elements of Mathematical Chemistry" (1741, unfinished), the scientist gives the following definition: "An element is a part of a body that does not consist of any other smaller and different bodies ... corpuscle is a collection of elements forming one small mass."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mikhailvasilevic017733mbp |first=Mikhail Vasil'evich |last=Lomonosov |title=Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory |translator-first=Henry M. |translator-last=Leicester |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1959 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mikhailvasilevic017733mbp/page/n71 56]–57}}</ref> In a later study (1748), he uses the term "atom" instead of "element", and "particula" (particle) or "molecule" instead of "corpuscle."

He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the [[wave theory]] of light, contributed to the formulation of the [[kinetic theory of gases]], and stated the idea of [[Conservation of mass|conservation of matter]] in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to [[Leonhard Euler]] dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies," 1760).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pismen |first1=Len |title=The Swings of Science: From Complexity to Simplicity and Back |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-99777-3 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rvx9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41}}</ref>

=== Astronomy ===
[[File:LomonossowEffekt.svg|thumb|Scheme of the Lomonosov-Effect during a [[transit of Venus]]]]
Lomonosov discovered the atmosphere of Venus during his observation of the [[transit of Venus]] of 1761 from a small observatory near his house in St Petersburg.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}<ref>{{cite arXiv |title=Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus Atmosphere in 1761: English Translation of Original Publication with Commentaries |date=1970|eprint=1206.3489 |author1=Vladimir Shiltsev|class=physics.hist-ph}}</ref> He inferred the atmosphere from an arc around the planet at its ingress and egress, correctly attributing it to refraction of sunlight in Venus's atmosphere.<ref name="ML">{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |title=Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit |first=Mikhail Ya. |last=Marov |date=2004 |pages=209–219 |bibcode=2005tvnv.conf..209M |doi=10.1017/S1743921305001390 |volume=2004 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The effect became known in the literature as "Lomonosov's arc" and has since been observed by many astronomers watching the Venus transits of the 18th, 19th, and 21st centuries.<ref name="Shiltsev2014">{{cite journal |title=The 1761 Discovery of Venus' Atmosphere: Lomonosov and Others |journal=[[Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage]] |first=Vladimir |last=Shiltsev |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–112 |date=March 2014 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.01.06 |bibcode=2014JAHH...17...85S|s2cid=53394126 }}</ref>
Doubts about the feasibility of such an observation with 18th-century telescopes, and about the correct interpretation of Lomonosov's report,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jay |last1=Sheehan |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=3 |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |title=Lomonosov, the Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere, and Eighteenth-century Transits of Venus |bibcode=2012JAHH...15....3P |last2=Sheehan |first2=William |date=2012 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2012.01.01 |s2cid=55848433 }}</ref> were convincingly resolved by the 2012 transit of Venus experiment, which replicated the observation using several antique refractors and confirmed Lomonosov's account: his instrument proved fully adequate to detect the atmospheric arc under the observing methods and conditions he described.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Experimental Reconstruction of Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus's Atmosphere with Antique Refractors During the 2012 Transit of Venus|date=27 August 2012|arxiv=1208.5286 |author1=Alexandre Koukarine |author2=Igor Nesterenko |author3=Yuri Petrunin |author4=Vladimir Shiltsev |doi=10.1134/S0038094613060038 |volume=47 |issue=6|journal=Solar System Research |pages=487–490|bibcode=2013SoSyR..47..487K |s2cid=119201160}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Replicating the discovery of Venus's atmosphere |journal=Physics Today |first1=Vladimir |last1=Shiltsev |first2=Igor |last2=Nesterenko |first3=Randall |last3=Rosenfeld |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=64–65 |date=February 2013 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.1894}}</ref> Later transits — notably 1874, 1882, 2004, and 2012, together with 18th-century observations by several others, including  [[David Rittenhouse|Rittenhouse]] in June 1769,<ref>{{cite book|author=Cajori, Florian|author-link=Florian Cajori|chapter=The Teaching and History of Mathematics in the United States|title=Circular of Information No. 3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jahHAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA40|year=1899|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=40–41}}</ref>  — have further clarified the character of the atmospheric arc phenomenon that bears Lomonosov's name.

[[File:Lomonosov 1761German Fig.jpg|thumb|Diagrams from Mikhail Lomonosov's "The Appearance of Venus on the Sun, Observed at the [[St. Petersburg]] Imperial Academy of Sciences on 26 May 1761"]]
In 1762, Lomonosov presented an improved design of a [[reflecting telescope]] to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] forum. His telescope had its [[primary mirror]] adjusted at an angle of one to three degrees to the telescope's axis. This made the image focus at the side of the telescope tube, where the observer could view the image with an [[eyepiece]] without blocking the image. This invention was not published until 1827, so this type of telescope has become associated with a similar design by [[William Herschel]], the [[Herschelian telescope]].<ref>"On an optic pipe improvement" – Lomonosov M.V. Selected works in two volumes. Volume I: Natural sciences and philosophy. Moscow: Nauka (Science) publishing house, 1986 {{in lang|ru}}. ''Name in Russian'': «Об усовершенствовании зрительных труб» – М.В. Ломоносов. Избранные произведения. В двух томах. Т. 1. Естественные науки и философия. М.: Наука. 1986</ref>

=== Chemistry and geology ===
In 1759, with his collaborator, academician Joseph Adam Braun, Lomonosov was the first person to record the [[freezing]] of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] and to carry out initial experiments with it.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Lomonosov |first1=Mikhail |last2=Shiltsev |first2=Vladimir |date=3 January 2018 |title=Mikhail Lomonosov. Meditations on Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies(1760). English translation and commentary by V.Shiltsev |class=physics.hist-ph |eprint=1801.00909 |language=en}}</ref> Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous [[evolution]], he demonstrated the [[life|organic]] origin of [[soil]], [[peat]], coal, petroleum and [[amber]]. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of [[iceberg]]s.{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

In 1763, he published ''On The Strata of the Earth'' – his most significant geological work.<ref>''Lomonosov M.V.'' On the strata of the Earth: a translation of "O sloiakh zemnykh" / translated by S.M. Rowland, S. Korolev. Boulder: Geological Soc. of America, 2012. 41 p. (Special paper; 485)</ref> This work puts him before [[James Hutton]], who has been traditionally regarded as the founder of modern geology. Lomonosov based his conceptions on the unity of the Earth's processes in time, and necessity to explain the planet's past from present.<ref name="Vernadsky"/><ref name="Rowland"/>

Lomonosov also contributed in the field of petroleum science. He was already conducting distillation experiments on crude oil way before similar experiments were conducted in the West by chemists such as [[Benjamin Silliman Jr.|Benjamin Silliman, Jr]].<ref name=":2" /> His works include his findings that oil has a [[Biogenic substance|biogenic]] origin and that the petroleum migrated from source rocks to reservoir rocks.<ref name=":2" />

=== Geography ===
Lomonosov's observation of iceberg formation led into his pioneering work in geography. Lomonosov got close to the theory of [[continental drift]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=zoohall.com.ua |url=http://www.zoohall.com.ua/leftframes/ecolog/greenplanet/jizn1.htm |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=www.zoohall.com.ua |archive-date=11 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111224004/http://www.zoohall.com.ua/leftframes/ecolog/greenplanet/jizn1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> theoretically predicted the existence of [[Antarctica]] (he argued that [[iceberg]]s of the [[Southern Ocean]] could be formed only on a dry land covered with ice),<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2020 |title=About – Eduard Belcher |work=Eduard Belcher |url=https://www.eduard-belcher.org/belcher-stati5.html |access-date=29 September 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808070306/https://www.eduard-belcher.org/belcher-stati5.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. In 1764, he organized an expedition (led by Admiral [[Vasili Chichagov]]) to find the [[Northern Sea Route|Northeast Passage]] between the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and Pacific oceans by sailing along the northern coast of [[Siberia]].{{sfn|Menshutkin|1952|p=}}

=== Engineering ===
[[File:Lomonosov-aerodromic-machine-(reconstruction).jpg|thumb|A first ever spring-driven [[Coaxial rotors|coaxial rotor]]]]
The idea of a [[coaxial rotor]] originated from Mikhail Lomonosov. In July 1754, he developed a model of a small helicopter with a coaxial rotor and demonstrated it to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

=== Mosaic ===
Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of [[mosaic]]s. In 1754, in his letter to [[Leonhard Euler]], he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their colour led to his deep involvement in the mosaic art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] and the ''Battle of Poltava'', measuring {{convert|4.8|×|6.4|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elena Lavrenova |url=http://www.foxdesign.ru/aphorism/biography/lomonosov.html |title=Lomonosov biography |publisher=Foxdesign.ru |access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narfu.ru/lomonosov |title=М.В. Ломоносов: к 300-летию со дня рождения|publisher=narfu.ru |access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://grokhovs1.chat.ru/lomonos/lomono5.html |title=''М.А. Безбородое'' М.В. Ломоносов. Фабрика В Усть-Рудицах |publisher=Grokhovs1.chat.ru |date=5 December 2001 |access-date=2 May 2011}}</ref>

=== Grammarian, poet, historian ===
Besides his scientific activities, Lomonosov also paid considerable attention to literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pilshchikov |first=Igor |date=1 December 2016 |title=Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov |script-title=ru:Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов |url=https://rvb.ru/18vek/lomonosov/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Rvb.ru}}</ref> Together with his contemporaries [[Alexander Sumarokov]] and [[Vasily Trediakovsky]], Lomonosov sought the creation of a system of Russian linguistic conventions, syntax and prosody which would allow the advancement of a native literary tradition on the basis of Western European genres.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=A. |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780190681173 |editor-last=Greene |editor-first=Roland |edition=4th |pages=1230 |chapter=Russia, Poetry of}}</ref> He laid out his literary theories in his work "Epistle on the Rules of Russian Versification" (1739). Lomonosov is considered the founder of [[Accentual-syllabic verse|accentual-syllabic (or syllabo-tonic) verse]] in Russian poetry,<ref name=":0" /> although statistical analysis suggests the adoption of this system was already in progress when Lomonosov publicized his theories.<ref name=":1" /> His "Ode on the Taking of Khotin" has been called the first "aesthetically indisputable example" of accentual-syllabic verse in the history of Russian literature. The [[iambic tetrameter]] and [[Iambic hexameter|hexameter]] verse and the ten-line odic stanza which he developed had a lasting role in Russian poetry. His advocacy of the iamb won out over Trediakovsky's arguments for the [[trochee]] as the basic [[metrical foot]].<ref name=":1" />

Lomonosov wrote solemn occasional, spiritual, as natural-philosophical odes, as well as an [[Anacreontics|Anacreontic]] ode.<ref name=":0" /> According to A. Kahn, "the turgidity of the Lomonosovian ode derives from a propensity to create semantic clusters, usually through etymologic play or tropes, such as [[Zeugma and syllepsis|zeugma]]." His "Evening Meditation on God's Grandeur" and "Morning Meditation on God's Grandeur" are the first Russian poems on the theme of [[Sublime (literary)|sublime]] admiration of nature.<ref name=":1" /> He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, Y and U, whereas things that may cause fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U and Y. That was a version of what is now called [[sound symbolism]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} He also wrote two verse tragedies, ''Tamira i Selim'' and ''Demofont''.<ref name=":0" /> 

Lomonosov wrote an important Russian [[Grammar book|grammar]] in 1755 (published in 1757), in which he distinguished Old Church Slavonic and colloquial Russian forms. His work on [[rhetoric]] "Kratkoye rukovodstvo k krasnorechiyu" (Brief guide to eloquence, 1748) is the first such work in Russian and expounds a theory of literature on the basis of Russian literary models. His treatise "Predisloviye o polze knig tserkovnykh v rossiyskom yazyke" (Introduction to the usefulness of church books in the Russian language, 1757) is the first Russian work on [[stylistics]]. Lomonosov adopted classical views on the existence of three distinct styles—high, middle, and low—and applied them to the Russian literary language. It also addresses the problems of the combination of Church Slavonic and Russian forms and the categorization of literary genres.<ref name=":0" /> In 1760, Lomonosov published a history of Russia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lomonosov |first=Mikhail Vasilʹevich |url=https://archive.org/details/chronologicalabr00lomo |title=A chronological abridgement of the Russian history; translated from the original Russian |date=1767 |publisher=[London, Printed for T. Snelling] |others=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Library}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/index.html hist.msu.ru]</ref> In addition, he attempted to write a grand ''[[Aeneid]]''-inspired epic about Peter the Great, but he died before he could finish it.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Alex | last1=Preminger | first2=Terry V.F. | last2=Brogan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7wwAQAAMAAJ&q=lomonosov+peter+the+great+aeneid | title=The New Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics | publisher=MJF Books | year=1993 | page=1104| isbn=9781567311525 }}  (originally from the Pennsylvania State University)</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Lomonosov Grave.jpg|thumb|The grave of Lomonosov in [[Lazarevskoe Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)|Lazarevskoe Cemetery]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]], Saint Petersburg]]
His granddaughter Sophia Konstantinova (1769–1844) married Russian military hero and statesman General [[Nikolay Raevsky]]. His great-granddaughter was Princess [[Mariya Volkonskaya|Maria (Raevskaya) Volkonskaya]], the wife of the [[Decembrist revolt|Decembrist]] Prince [[Sergei Volkonsky]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Christine |title=The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky and the Decembrist Exiles |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-374-23727-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/princessofsiberi00suth }}</ref>

The city of [[Lomonosov, Russia]] (formerly [[Oranienbaum, Russia|Oranienbaum]]), and a [[Lomonosov (lunar crater)|lunar crater]] bear his name, as do a [[Lomonosov (Martian crater)|crater on Mars]] and the asteroid [[1379 Lomonosowa]]. A Russian satellite launched in 2016 was named [[Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)|Mikhailo Lomonosov]] after him. The [[Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg]] was renamed after him from 1925 to 2005. In 1948, the underwater [[Lomonosov Ridge]] in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honor.<ref name="IHO_IOC">{{cite web |title=IHO-IOC GEBCO Gazetteer |publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]]/[[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]] |date=September 2007 |url=http://www.gebco.net/about_us/meetings_and_minutes/documents/gebco_scufn_15_report.pdf |accessdate=24 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080911062905/http://www.gebco.net/about_us/meetings_and_minutes/documents/gebco_scufn_15_report.pdf |archivedate=11 September 2008}}</ref>

[[Lomonosov Bridge]] in Saint Petersburg was named after the polymath. Originally called Tchernyshov Bridge (Chernyshev Bridge) in honour of {{ill|Count Grigory Tchernyshov (Chernyshev)|ru|Чернышёв, Григорий Петрович}} one of Peter the Great's most prominent generals, whose estates were located nearby, the bridge was erected in 1785–1987, and replaced a wooden bridge which had previously stood at the site. It was one of seven moveable stone bridges of similar design crossing the Fontanka River, built simultaneously with the river's granite embankments. Only Lomonosov Bridge and [[Staro-Kalinkin Bridge]] have survived more or less intact.

Moscow's [[Domodedovo airport]] is officially named after Lomonosov.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zubacheva |first=Ksenia |title=What are the 'major' changes at Russian airports – and should you be worried? |work=[[Russia Beyond]] |date=3 June 2019 |url=https://www.rbth.com/travel/330453-airports-renaming |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>

The [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] was established in 1959 and is awarded annually by the Russian Academy of Sciences to a Russian and a foreign scientist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lomonosov Gold Medal |language=ru |publisher=ras.ru |url=http://www.ras.ru/about/awards/lomonosovgoldmedal.aspx |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

[[Lomonosovskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)|Lomonosovskaya Station]] on the [[Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line]] of the [[Saint Petersburg Metro]] is named after him. It was opened in 1970.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The street "Lomonosova iela" in the [[Maskavas Forštate]] district of [[Riga]] is named in honor of Lomonosov. During the Soviet era, a main street in [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]], was named in his honor as "M. Lomonossovi", but from 1991, the year when Estonia restored its independence, the street was renamed {{ill|Gonsiori|et|Gonsiori tänav}} after Jakob Johann Gonsior, a 19th-century [[alderman]] and lawyer.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Simon |title=A Rambling Dictionary of Tallinn Street Names |url= http://www.tallinnstreets.com/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626010846/http://www.tallinnstreets.com/ |archivedate=26 June 2011}}</ref>

[[File:01 Ломонос 1127.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Lomonosov statue in [[Dnipro]], Ukraine in 2010, removed in January 2023]]
In [[Dnipro]], [[Ukraine]], a statue of Lomonosov replaced a statue of Catherine the Great in 1919. It stood until 6 January 2023, when it was removed by the city of Dnipro because of Russia's [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|full-scale invasion]] into Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=У Дніпрі демонтували пам'ятник Михайлові Ломоносову |trans-title=In Dnipro, a memorial to Mikhailo Lomonosov was removed |language=Ukrainian |format=The site includes scripts from mail.ru and ok.ru |publisher=Radio Svoboda/Radio Freedom |date=6 January 2023 |url= https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dnipro-demontazh-lomonosov/32212251.html |accessdate=6 January 2023}}</ref>

On 19 November 2011, Google celebrated his 300th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/mikhail-lomonosovs-300th-birthday/ |title=Mikhail Lomonosov's 300th Birthday |website=Google |date=19 November 2011}}</ref>

A great number of different stamps was issued in honor of Lomonosov throughout the years: Mikhail Lomonosov and the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union|Academy of Sciences]] building in Leningrad stamp of 1925,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mikhail Lomonosov and building of the Academy in Leningrad |publisher=colnect.com |url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/236502-Mikhail_Lomonosov_and_building_of_the_Academy_in_Leningrad-Bicentenary_of_the_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences-Soviet_Union_USSR |accessdate=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> stamps depicting Lomonosov issued in 1949,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mikhail V. Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian scientist-polymath |publisher=colnect.com |url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/198455-Mikhail_V_Lomonosov_1711-1765_Russian_scientist-polymath-Lomonosov_Museum_in_Leningrad-Soviet_Union_USSR |accessdate=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> in 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mikhail V. Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russian scientist and poet |publisher=colnect.com |url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/143174-Mikhail_V_Lomonosov_1711-1765_Russian_scientist_and_poet-Portraits_of_Writers-Soviet_Union_USSR |accessdate=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and in 1961,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of M. V. Lomonosov (by M. Shreier) |publisher=colnect.com |url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/232315-Portrait_of_M_V_Lomonosov_by_M_Shreier-250th_Birth_Anniversary_of_MVLomonosov-Soviet_Union_USSR |accessdate=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a 275th Birth Anniversary of M.V. Lomonosov stamp of 1986,<ref>{{Cite web |title=275th Birth Anniversary of M.V.Lomonosov |publisher=colnect.com |url= https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/89804-275th_Birth_Anniversary_of_MVLomonosov-Birth_Anniversaries-Soviet_Union_USSR |access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> a History of Russia ([[Catherine the Great|Ekaterina II]]) stamp depicting Lomonosov and his study room talking to the queen that was issued in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/275577-History_of_Russia_Ekaterina_II-History_of_Russian_State-Russia|title=Patronage of science|publisher=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> three 300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V. Lomonosov stamps were issued in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/503223-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-Russia|title=300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 100 rubles|publisher=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/286768-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-Russia|title=300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 200 rubles|publisher=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/286769-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-300th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_MVLomonosov-Russia|title=300th Anniversary of the Birth of M.V.Lomonosov, 100 rubles, Booklet Pane|publisher=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ''[[Akademik Lomonosov]]'', the first of a series of [[Russian floating nuclear power station]]s, is named after him. It started operation on 19 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Russia-connects-floating-plant-to-grid |title=Russia connects floating plant to grid |date=19 December 2019 |work=World Nuclear News |access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Work starts on on-shore infrastructure for Russian floating plant|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/WR-Work-starts-on-on-shore-infrastructure-for-Russian-floating-plant-0710165.html|publisher=World Nuclear News|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609173718/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/WR-Work-starts-on-on-shore-infrastructure-for-Russian-floating-plant-0710165.html|archive-date=9 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Moscow State University]], founded by him in 1755, was renamed ''M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University '' in 1940, while celebrating its 185th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Moscow University |url=https://www.msu.ru/en/info/history3.html#nachalo1 |website=msu.ru}}</ref> There are also Moscow Institute of Mechanics and Electrical Engineering M.V. Lomonosov (Lomonosov Institute), Lomonosov Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and [[Petrography]], USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Odessa Technological Institute of Food Industry n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and several other schools in Russia and Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20111119/492112712.html|title=What was named after Lomonosov?|date=19 November 2011|publisher=ria.ru|language=ru|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

On 19 November 1986, on the 275th anniversary of the birth of M.V. Lomonosov, the [[Gosbank|USSR State Bank]] issued a 1 ruble commemorative coin from a copper-nickel alloy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/coins/coin/32054-1_Ruble_275th_Anniv_-_Birth_of_polymath_Mikhail_Lomonosov-1965~1991_-_USSR_Commemorative_RESTRIKE_1988-Soviet_Union_USSR|title=1 Ruble (275th Anniv. – Birth of polymath Mikhail Lomonosov)|publisher=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 6 December 2022, the City Council of the [[Ukrainia]]n city [[Dnipro]] decided to remove from the city all monuments to figures of [[Russian culture]] and [[History of Russia|history]], in particular it was mentioned that the monuments to Lomonosov, [[Alexander Pushkin]] and [[Maxim Gorky]] would be removed from the public space of the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monuments to Pushkin, Lomonosov, and Gorky will be removed from public space in Dnipro – city council|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/6/7379537/|website=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]]|date=6 December 2022|access-date=6 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

== Works ==
;English translations
* {{ cite book |title = A Chronological Abridgement of the Russian History |others=Translated by [[Georg Forster|J.G.A.F.]] for T. Snelling |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=1767 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronologicalabr00lomo |publisher=[London, Printed for T. Snelling] }}
* {{cite book |title=Panegyric to the Sovereign Emperor, Peter the Great.|last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |others=Translated by Ronald Hingley in Marc Raeff, ed. Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology |date=1966 |isbn=978-0391009059 |publisher=Prometheus Books }}
* {{cite book |title=Mikhail Vasil'evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |others=Translated by Henry M. Leicester |date=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674574205 |url=https://archive.org/details/mikhailvasilevic017733mbp}}
* {{ cite book |title = The Appearance of Venus on the Sun, Observed at the St.Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences on May 26, 1761 |others=Translated by Vladimir Shiltsev in "Lomonosov's Discovery of Venus Atmosphere in 1761: English Translation of Original Publication with Commentaries" |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=2012 |arxiv=1206.3489 }}
* {{ cite book |title = On the Strata of the Earth. |others=Translation and commentary by S.M. Rowland and S. Korolev |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=2012 |publisher=The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 485 |isbn=978-0-8137-2485-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5x3jgEACAAJ }}
* {{ cite book |title = Oratio De Meteoris Vi Electrica Ortis – Discourse on Atmospheric Phenomena Originating from Electrical Force (1753)|others=Translation and commentary by Vladimir Shiltsev |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=2017 |arxiv=1709.08847 }}
* {{ cite book |title = Meditations on Solidity and Fluidity of Bodies (1760) |others=Translation and commentary by Vladimir Shiltsev |last=Lomonosov |first= Mikhail |date=2018 |arxiv=1801.00909 }}

;German translations
* {{ cite book |title = Michail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossow. Ausgewählte Schriften in zwei Bänden.|last=Lomonossow |first= Michail |date=1961 |publisher=Berlin-Akademie Verlag |url=https://www.amazon.de/Ausgew%C3%A4hlte-Schriften-zwei-B%C3%A4nden-Sprachwissenschaft/dp/B0025APKB2 }}
* {{ cite book |title = Erste Grundlagen Der Metallurgie Oder Des Huttenwesens (1763) |others=Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Friedrich Naumann  |last=Lomonosov |first= Michail |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3110424072 }}
* {{cite book |title=Schriften zur Geologie und zum Berg- und Hüttenwesen (1742–1765) |others=Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Friedrich Naumann |last=Lomonosov |first=Michail |editor1-first=Friedrich |editor1-last=Naumann |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-042406-5 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/456840?rskey=Q0pEfn |doi=10.1515/9783110424065 |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091658/https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/456840?rskey=Q0pEfn |url-status=dead }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)]]
* [[Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov]]
* [[Franz Aepinus]]
* [[Gerhard Friedrich Müller]]
* [[Ivan Kulibin]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche]]
* [[Johann Daniel Schumacher]]
* [[Joseph-Nicolas Delisle]]
* [[Northern (Arctic) Federal University]]
* [[Stepan Krasheninnikov]]
* [[Stepan Rumovsky]]
* [[Vasily Trediakovsky]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |title=Russia's Lomonosov, Chemist Courtier, Physicist Poet |last=Menshutkin |first=Boris N. |date=1952 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |asin=B0007DKTQU |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVJgAAAAMAAJ&q=Russia's+Lomonosov,+Chemist+Courtier,+Physicist+Poet}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last=Crease|first=Robert|title=Mikhail Who?|journal=Physics World|date=November 2011|volume=24|issue=11|pages=21|doi=10.1088/2058-7058/24/11/32|bibcode=2011PhyW...24k..21C|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/mikhail-who/|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kutateladze|first=Semen|title=The Mathematical Background of Lomonosov's Contribution|journal= Journal of Applied and Industrial Mathematics|date=April 2011|volume=5|issue=2|pages=155–162|doi=10.1134/S1990478911020013|arxiv=1104.2783|s2cid=54612414}}
* {{cite journal|last=Shiltsev|first=Vladimir|title=Nov. 19, 1711: Birth of Mikhail Lomonosov, Russia's first modern scientist|journal=APS News|date=November 2011|volume=20|issue=10|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201111/physicshistory.cfm}}
* {{cite journal|last=Shiltsev|first=Vladimir|title=Mikhail Lomonosov and the dawn of Russian science|journal=Physics Today|date=February 2012|volume=65|issue=2|pages=40–46|bibcode=2012PhT....65b..40S|doi=10.1063/PT.3.1438|doi-access=free}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal|last=Crease|first=Robert|title=Transit Watching|journal=Physics World|volume=25|issue=8|pages=16|date=August 2012|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/2012/aug/16/transit-watching|bibcode=2012PhyW...25h..16C|doi=10.1088/2058-7058/25/08/25|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Crease|first1=Robert|last2=Shiltsev|first2=Vladimir|title=Pomor Polymath: The Upbringing of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, 1711–1730|journal=Physics in Perspective|date=December 2013 |volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1007/s00016-013-0113-5|pages=391–414|bibcode = 2013PhP....15..391C |s2cid=120066473}}
* {{cite journal |title=Lomonosov's Dedication to His ''Russian grammar'' |author=C.A. Johnson |journal=Slavic Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |date=June 1964 |pages=328–332 |doi=10.2307/2492939|jstor=2492939 |s2cid=163610178 }}
* Peter Hoffmann: Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov (1711–1765). Ein Enzyklopädist im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011. {{ISBN|978-3-631-61797-7}}
* {{cite journal | last=Physics-Uspekhi | first=Kapitza P.L. | title=Lomonosov and world science | journal=Physics-Uspekhi | volume=8 | issue=5 | date=1 May 1966 | issn=1063-7869 | pages=720–728 | url=https://ufn.ru/en/articles/1966/5/i/ | language=ru | access-date=24 October 2023}}
* Norbert Nail (March 2012): Russi intra muros: Studenten aus Sankt Petersburg 1736–1739 bei Christian Wolff in Marburg. Zum 300. Geburtstag des Universalgelehrten Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov am 19. November 2011. In: Studenten-Kurier 1/2012, pp.&nbsp;15–19. {{ISSN|0931-0444}} [https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv/inhalte-pdf/sk-2012-1-lomonossow.pdf]
* Steven Usitalo (2013): [https://uplopen.com/books/m/10.1515/9781618116727 The Invention of Mikhail Lomonosov: A Russian National Myth], Academic Studies Press. {{ISBN|978-1618111739}}
* M.W. Lomonossow in Freiberg. Herausgegeben anlässlich der Einweihung des Lomonossow-Hauses in der Freiberger Fischerstraße am 7. Februar 2014 (russisch u. deutsch). Freiberg: TU Bergakademie 2014. (Darin: F. Naumann, Michail Wassiljewitsch Lomonossows Weg in die Wissenschaft; F. Naumann, Das Lomonossow-Haus und seine Geschichte; C. Drebenstedt / B. Meyer, Deutsch-Russische Montanbeziehungen im Wandel der Zeit]. [Russian and German]
* R.Crease and V.Shiltsev, "Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765): Scientist in Politically Turbulent Times" in Il Nuovo Saggiatore, vol. 33, issue 5–6 (2017), pp.&nbsp;43–56 https://web.archive.org/web/20180130092120/https://www.ilnuovosaggiatore.sif.it/issue/54
* Robert Crease / Vladimir Shiltsev: Fueling Peter's Mill: Mikhail Lomonosov's Educational Training in Russia and Germany, 1731–1741. In: Physics in Perspective, Vol. 20, Issue 3, September 2018, pp.&nbsp;272–304. {{doi|10.1007/s00016-018-0227-x}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Mikhail Lomonosov}}
* [http://lomonosovo.ru Сайт о М.В. Ломоносове] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205091746/http://lomonosovo.ru/ |date=5 December 2020 }} – жизнь, научная деятельность, творчество, историческая родина, туризм на родину Ломоносова, 300-летний юбилей М.В. Ломоносова {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.ras.ru/lomonosov/about.aspx Lomonosov and His Time] –  electronic collection at the Russian Academy of Sciences website {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/poetpage/lomonosov.htm Illustrated chronology of Lomonosov's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313195944/http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/poetpage/lomonosov.htm |date=13 March 2013 }}
* [http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/texts/evening_meds.htm ''Evening Meditation on the Greatness of God on the occasion of the Northern Lights''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613180629/http://max.mmlc.northwestern.edu/~mdenner/Demo/texts/evening_meds.htm |date=13 June 2013 }}
* [http://www.math.nsc.ru/LBRT/g2/english/ssk/mvl_e.html Kutateladze S.S. The Mathematical Background of Lomonosov's Contribution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016230108/http://www.math.nsc.ru/LBRT/g2/english/ssk/mvl_e.html |date=16 October 2019 }}
* [http://www.uni-marburg.de/uniarchiv/bilder/lomo?searchterm=lomonossow Lomonosov's matriculation, Marburg 17 November 1736] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921040153/http://www.uni-marburg.de/uniarchiv/bilder/lomo?searchterm=lomonossow |date=21 September 2020 }}
* [[:ru:Файл:Lomonosov passport Marburg 1741.jpg|Lomonosov's Passport, Marburg 13 May 1741]]

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