{{short description|Branch of medicine concerning a specific group of diseases or population}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2023}}
{{Too many sections|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
}}
A '''medical specialty''' is a branch of [[medical practice]] that is focused on a defined group of [[Patient|patients]], [[Disease|diseases]], [[Skill|skills]], or [[philosophy]]. Examples include those branches of medicine that deal exclusively with children ([[pediatrics]]), cancer ([[oncology]]), [[laboratory medicine]] (e.g. [[pathology]]), or [[primary care]] ([[family medicine]]). After completing [[medical school]] or another form of basic training, [[physician]]s or [[surgeon]]s and other [[clinician]]s usually further their [[medical education]] in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple-year [[residency (medicine)|residency]] to become a specialist.[{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medical-specialists-medical-specialists|title=Different Types of Doctors: Find the Specialist You Need|website=webmd.com|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209161621/http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medical-specialists-medical-specialists|archive-date=2009-02-09}}]
==History==
To a certain extent, medical practitioners have long been specialized. According to [[Galen]], specialization was common among Roman physicians.[{{cite journal | author=Weisz G | title=The Emergence of Medical Specialization in the Nineteenth Century | journal=Bull Hist Med | date= Fall 2003 | pages=536–574 | volume=77 | issue=3 | pmid=14523260 | doi=10.1353/bhm.2003.0150| s2cid=23694173 }}]
== Classification ==
Medical specialties can be classified along several axes. These are:
* Surgical or internal medicine
* Age range of patients
* Diagnostic or therapeutic
* Organ-based or technique-based
Throughout history, the most important has been the division into surgical and internal medicine specialties. The surgical specialties are those in which an important part of diagnosis and treatment is achieved through major surgical techniques. The internal medicine specialties are the specialties in which the main diagnosis and treatment is never major surgery. In some countries, [[anesthesiology]] is classified as a surgical discipline, since it is vital in the surgical process, though anesthesiologists never perform major surgery themselves.
Many specialties are organ-based. Many symptoms and diseases come from a particular organ. Others are based mainly around a set of techniques, such as [[radiology]], which was originally based around [[X-ray]]s.
The age range of patients seen by any given specialist can be quite [[Human variability|variable]]. Pediatricians handle most complaints and diseases in children that do not require surgery, and there are several subspecialties (formally or informally) in pediatrics that mimic the organ-based specialties in adults. Pediatric surgery may or may not be a separate specialty that handles some kinds of surgical complaints in children.
A further subdivision is the diagnostic versus therapeutic specialties. While the diagnostic process is of great importance in all specialties, some specialists perform mainly or only diagnostic examinations, such as [[pathology]], [[clinical neurophysiology]], and radiology. This line is becoming somewhat blurred with [[interventional radiology]], an evolving field that uses image expertise to perform minimally invasive procedures.
== Specialties that are common worldwide ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Specialty !! May be subspecialty of
!Age range
of patients
!Diagnostic (D) or
therapeutic (T)
specialty
!Surgical (S) or
internal medicine (I)
specialty
!Organ-based (O)
or technique-based (T)
|-
| [[Immunology|Allergy and immunology]] || Internal medicine
Pediatrics
|All|| Both || I || O
|-
| [[Adolescent medicine]] || Pediatrics
Family medicine
|Pediatric|| Both || I || T
|-
| [[Anesthesiology]] || None
|All|| T || Both || Both
|-
| [[Aviation medicine|Aerospace medicine]] || Family Medicine
|All|| Both || Neither || Both
|-
| [[Bariatrics]] || Several
|All|| Both || Both || Both
|-
| [[Cardiology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| T || I || O
|-
| [[Cardiothoracic surgery]] || General surgery
|Adults|| T || S || O
|-
| Child and adolescent psychiatry || Psychiatry
|Pediatric|| T || I || T
|-
| [[Clinical neurophysiology]] || Neurology
|All|| D || I || Both
|-
| [[Colorectal surgery]] || General surgery
|All|| Both || S || O
|-
| [[Dermatology]] || None
|All|| T || I || O
|-
| Developmental pediatrics || Pediatrics
|Pediatric|| T || I || Neither
|-
| [[Emergency medicine]] || Family medicine
|All|| Both || Both || Both
|-
| [[Endocrinology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| Both|| I || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Family medicine]] || None
|All|| Both || Both || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Forensic pathology]] || Pathology
|All|| D || Neither || T
|-
| [[Forensic psychiatry]] || Psychiatry
|All|| D || I || T
|-
| [[Gastroenterology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| T || I || O
|-
| [[General surgery]] || None
|Adults|| T || S || T
|-
| Surgical oncology || General surgery
Oncology
|Adults|| T || S || T
|-
| [[Geriatrics]] || Family medicine
Internal medicine
|Geriatric|| T || I || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Geriatric psychiatry]] || Geriatrics
Psychiatry
|Geriatric|| T || I || Neither
|-
| [[Gynecologic oncology]] || Obstetrics and gynecology
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Hematology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| Both || I || Neither
|-
| Hematologic pathology || Hematology
Pathology
|All|| D ||Neither || T
|-
| [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] || Internal medicine
Pediatrics
|All|| Both || I || Neither
|-
| [[Internal medicine]] || None
|Adults|| Both || I || Neither
|-
| [[Interventional radiology]] || Radiology
|All|| Both || - || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Intensive care medicine]] || Anesthesiology
Emergency medicine
Internal medicine
|All|| T || Both || Both
|-
| [[Maternal-fetal medicine]] || Obstetrics and gynecology
|Adults|| T || S || Both
|-
| [[Medical biochemistry]] || Internal medicine
|All|| D || I || Neither
|-
| [[Medical genetics]] || None
|All|| D || I || Neither
|-
| [[Medical oncology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| Both || I || Neither
|-
| [[Neonatology]] || Pediatrics
|Neonatal|| T || I || Neither
|-
| [[Nephrology]] || Internal medicine
|All|| T || I || O
|-
| [[Neurology]] || Internal medicine
|All|| Both || I || O
|-
| [[Neuropathology]] || Pathology
|All|| D || Neither || T
|-
| [[Neuropsychiatry]] || Psychiatry
|All|| Both || I || T
|-
| [[Neurosurgery]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Nuclear medicine|Nuclear medicine (nucleology)]] || None
|All|| Both || I || T
|-
| [[Obstetrics and gynecology]] || Family medicine
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Occupational medicine]] || Family medicine
Internal medicine
|Adults|| T || I || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Ophthalmology]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Orthopedic surgery]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Otorhinolaryngology]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Palliative care]] || Family medicine
Emergency medicine
Internal medicine
Pediatrics
|All|| Both || Neither || Neither
|-
| [[Pathology]] || None
|All|| D ||Neither || T
|-
| [[Pediatrics]] || None
|Pediatric|| Both || I || Neither
|-
| Pediatric allergy and immunology || Pediatrics
Allergy and immunology
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| Pediatric cardiology || Pediatrics
Cardiology
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| [[Pediatric emergency medicine]] || Pediatrics
Emergency medicine
|Pediatric|| Both || Both || Both
|-
| Pediatric endocrinology || Pediatrics
Endocrinology
|Pediatric|| Both || I || Multidisciplinary
|-
| Pediatric gastroenterology || Pediatrics
Gastroenterology
|Pediatric|| T ||I || O
|-
| Pediatric hematology and oncology || Pediatrics
Hematology
Oncology
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| Pediatric infectious disease || Pediatrics
Infectious disease
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| Pediatric nephrology || Pediatrics
Nephrology
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| Pediatric respiratory medicine || Pediatrics
Respiratory medicine
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| Pediatric rheumatology || Pediatrics
Rheumatology
|Pediatric|| T || I || O
|-
| [[Pediatric surgery]] || General surgery
|Pediatric|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]] || None
|All|| T || I || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Plastic surgery|Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery]] || General surgery
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Psychiatry]] || Family medicine
|All|| Both || I || T
|-
| [[Public health]] || Family medicine
|All|| Neither || Neither || T
|-
| [[Radiation oncology]] || None
|All|| T || Neither || T
|-
| [[Radiology]] || None
|All|| Both || I || T
|-
| Reproductive endocrinology and infertility || Obstetrics and gynecology
|Adults|| T || S || T
|-
| Pulmunology or [[Respiratory medicine]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| T || I || O
|-
| [[Rheumatology]] || Internal medicine
|Adults|| T || I || Neither
|-
| [[Sports medicine]] || Family medicine
|All|| Both || Neither || Multidisciplinary
|-
| [[Thoracic surgery]] || General surgery
|Adults|| T || S || T
|-
|[[Toxicology]]
|Emergency Medicine
|All
|Both
|Neither
|O
|-
|[[Transfusion Medicine]] || Hematology
|All|| Both || Neither || Both
|-
| [[Neuroradiology]] || Radiology
|All|| Both || I || Both
|-
| [[Urology]] || None
|All|| T || S || O
|-
| [[Vascular surgery]] || General surgery
|All|| T || S || O
|}
== List of specialties recognized in the European Union and European Economic Area ==
The European Union publishes a list of specialties recognized in the European Union, and by extension, the [[European Economic Area]].[{{cite web|title=Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications| date=7 September 2005 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32005L0036:EN:NOT|publisher=European Parliament and Council|access-date=19 April 2011}}] There is substantial overlap between some of the specialties and it is likely that for example "Clinical radiology" and "Radiology" refer to a large degree to the same pattern of practice across Europe.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Emergency medicine|Accident and emergency medicine]]
* [[Allergy#Medical specialty|Allergist]]
* [[Anesthesiology|Anaesthetics]]
* [[Cardiology]]
* [[Child and adolescent psychiatry|Child psychiatry]]
* [[Clinical biologist|Clinical biology]]
* [[Clinical chemistry]]
* [[Clinical microbiology]]
* [[Clinical neurophysiology]]
* [[Craniofacial surgery]]
* [[Dermatology]]
* [[Endocrinology]]
* [[Family medicine|Family and General Medicine]]
* [[Digestive system surgery|Gastroenterologic surgery]]
* [[Gastroenterology]]
* [[General Practice]]
* [[General surgery]]
* [[Geriatrics]]
* [[Hematology]]
* [[Immunology]]
* [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious diseases]]
* [[Internal medicine]]
* [[Medical laboratory|Laboratory medicine]]
* [[Nephrology]]
* [[Neuropsychiatry]]
* [[Neurology]]
* [[Neurosurgery]]
* [[Nuclear medicine]]
* [[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]
* [[Occupational medicine]]
* [[Oncology]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
* [[Orthopaedics]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]]
* [[Paediatric surgery]]
* [[Paediatrics]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]]
* [[Plastic surgery]]
* [[Podiatric surgery]]
* [[Preventive healthcare|Preventive medicine]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Public health]]
* [[Radiation Oncology]]
* [[Radiology]]
* [[Respiratory medicine]]
* [[Rheumatology]]
* [[Stomatology]]
* [[Thoracic surgery]]
* [[Tropical medicine]]
* [[Urology]]
* [[Vascular surgery]]
* [[Venereology]]
{{div col end}}
==List of North American medical specialties and others==
In this table, as in many healthcare arenas, medical specialties are organized into the following groups:
* [[Surgery|Surgical]] specialties focus on manually operative and instrumental techniques to treat disease.
* [[Medicine|Medical]] specialties that focus on the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of disease.
* [[Diagnostic specialty|Diagnostic]] specialties focus more purely on diagnosis of disorders.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Specialty
! Code
! Group
! Sub-specialties
! Focus
|-
| [[Allergy]] and [[immunology]]
|
|
|
| Allergic reactions, asthma, and the immune system.
|-
| [[Anesthesiology]]
| AN, PAN
| Surgery[{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2014}}
|
*[[Pediatric anesthesia]]
*[[Pain management]]
*[[Intensive care]]
*[[intensive-care medicine|Critical care]]
*[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]
*[[Cardiothoracic anesthesiology]]
*Trauma care
*Pre- and Post-Operative Assessment and Care
*Generalist (covers all the sub-specialties)
| [[Anesthesia]]
|-
| [[Bariatrics]]
|
|
|
| Deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of [[obesity]].
|-
| [[Cardiology]]
|
| [[Medicine]]
|
* [[Interventional cardiology]]
* [[Echocardiography]]
* [[Electrocardiography]]
* [[Sports cardiology]]
* [[Cardiogeriatrics]]
* Preventive cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation
* Pediatric cardiology
| Disease of the [[cardiovascular system]].
|-
| [[Cardiovascular surgery]]
|
| [[Surgery]]
|
| The operation of [[heart]] and major [[blood vessel]]s of the [[chest]].
|-
| [[Clinical laboratory]] sciences
|
| Diagnostic
|
*[[Transfusion medicine]] is concerned with the transfusion of [[blood]] and [[blood component]], including the maintenance of a "[[blood bank]]".
*[[Cellular pathology]] is concerned with diagnosis using samples from patients taken as tissues and cells using [[histology]] and [[cytopathology|cytology]].
*[[Clinical chemistry]] is concerned with diagnosis by making biochemical analysis of blood, body fluids, and tissues.
*[[Hematology]] is concerned with diagnosis by looking at changes in the cellular composition of the [[blood]] and [[bone marrow]] as well as the [[coagulation system]] in the blood.
*[[Clinical microbiology]] is concerned with the ''[[in vitro]]'' diagnosis of diseases caused by [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[virus]]es, [[fungus|fungi]], and [[parasite]]s.
*[[Clinical immunology]] is concerned with disorders of the [[immune system]] and related body defenses. It also deals with diagnosis of [[allergy]].
| Application of diagnostic techniques in [[medical laboratories]] such as [[assay]]s, [[microscope]] analysis.
|-
| [[Dermatology]]
| D, DS
| Medicine
| Dermatology, [[Mohs surgery]]
| [[Skin]] and its appendages ([[hair]], [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s, [[sweat gland]]s etc.).
|-
| [[Dietetics]]
| RD][{{cite web|title=Becoming a Registered Dietitian|url=http://fshn.illinois.edu/undergraduate/dietetics/becomingrd|website=Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition|publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign|access-date=21 April 2016}}]
|
|
|Food and nutrition
|-
| [[Emergency medicine]]
| EM
| Medicine
|
*[[Disaster medicine]]
*Emergency medical services
*Hospice and palliative medicine
*International Emergency Medicine and Global Health
*Medical toxicology
*[[Pediatric emergency medicine]]
*Research
*Simulation
*Sports medicine
*Toxicology
*Ultrasound
*Undersea and hyperbaric medicine
*[[Wilderness medicine (practice)|Wilderness medicine]]
| The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital [[emergency room|emergency departments]] or the field.
|-
| [[Endocrinology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The [[endocrine system]] (i.e., [[endocrine gland]]s and [[hormone]]s) and its diseases, including [[diabetes]] and [[thyroid]] diseases.
|-
| [[Family medicine]]
| FM
| Medicine
|
*Addiction medicine
*Adolescent medicine
*Anesthesia
*[[Emergency medicine]]
*Care of the elderly (geriatric medicine)
*Clinical environmental health
*Global health
*HIV care
*Hospital medicine
*Indigenous health
*Low-risk obstetrics
*Medical education
*Medical oncology
*Medical simulation
*Pain medicine
*Palliative care
*Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
*Research
*Sleep medicine
*Sports and exercise medicine
*Women's health
| Continuing, comprehensive healthcare for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases.
|-
| [[Forensic medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Gastroenterology]]
| GI
| Medicine
|
| The [[alimentary tract]]
|-
| [[General surgery]]
| GS
| Surgery
|
*Colorectal surgery
*Gastrointestinal surgery
*Transplant surgery
*Trauma surgery
|
|-
| [[Geriatrics]]
| IMG
| Medicine[{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2014}}
|
| Elderly patients
|-
| [[Gynecology]]
|
|
|
|Female reproductive health
|-
| [[Hepatology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The [[liver]] and [[biliary tract]], usually a part of gastroenterology.
|-
|[[Hospital medicine]]
|
|Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Infectious disease]]
| ID
| Medicine
|
| Diseases caused by biological agents.
|-
| [[Intensive care medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
| [[Life support]] and management of critically ill patients, often in an [[intensive care unit|ICU]].
|-
| [[Internal medicine]]
|
| Medicine
|
|
|-
| [[Medical research]]
|
|
|[[Anatomy]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Embryology]], [[Genetics]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Toxicology]]
|Care of hospitalized patients
|-
| [[Nephrology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| Kidney diseases
|-
| [[Neurology]]
| N
| Medicine
|
*[[Behavioral neurology]]
*[[Clinical neurophysiology]]
*[[Geriatric neurology]]
*Headache medicine
*[[Neuromuscular medicine]]
*[[Neurodevelopmental disorder|Neurodevelopmental disabilities]]
*Neuro-oncology
*[[Neuroradiology]]
*Vascular neurology
*[[Hospice and palliative medicine]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
*[[Sleep medicine]]
| Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic [[nervous system]]s.
|-
| [[Neurosurgery]]
| NS
| Surgery
|
*[[Cerebrovascular]]
*[[Neurosurgical oncology]]
*[[Stereotactic surgery|Stereotactic]] and functional
*[[Vertebral column|Spine]]
*[[Neurotrauma]]
*[[Skull base]]
*[[Peripheral neuropathy|Peripheral nerve]]
*[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]
| Disease of the [[central nervous system]], [[peripheral nervous system]], and [[spinal column]].
|-
| [[Obstetrics and gynecology]]
| OB/GYN
| Surgery][{{Cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/69/05/0678f033.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410001711/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/69/05/0678f033.pdf|title=Ny indelning av läkarspecialiteterna|archive-date=April 10, 2008|website=www.regeringen.se}}]{{citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=October 2014}}
|
*[[Maternal-fetal medicine]]
*[[Reproductive medicine]]
*[[Fertility medicine]]
*[[Gynecologic oncology]]
|
|-
| [[Oncology]]
| ON
| Medicine
|
*[[Radiation oncology]] – pertains to the use of [[radiation therapy]] (the [[medicine|medical]] use of [[ionizing radiation]]) as part of [[cancer]] treatment to control [[malignant]] cells (not to be confused with [[radiology]]).
| [[Cancer]] and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology.
|-
| [[Ophthalmology]]
| OPH
| Surgery
|
* Anterior segment surgery
* Cornea
* [[Glaucoma]]
* [[Neuro-ophthalmology]]
* [[Ocular oncology]]
* [[Oculoplastics|Oculoplastics and Orbital surgery]]
* [[Ophthalmic pathology]]
* [[Pediatric ophthalmology|Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus]]
* [[Refractive surgery]]
* [[Retina|Medical retina]]
* [[Uveitis]]
* [[Vitreoretinal surgery|Vitreo-retinal surgery]]
| Diseases of the visual pathways, including the eyes, brain, etc.
|-
| [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
| Maxfacs, OMS
| Surgery
|
*Oral and Craniofacial surgery (Head and neck)
*Facial cosmetic surgery
*Craniomaxillofacial trauma
| Disease of the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.
|-
| [[Orthopedic surgery]]
| ORS
| Surgery
| [[Hand surgery]], [[surgical sports medicine]], adult reconstruction, spine surgery, foot and ankle, musculoskeletal oncology, orthopedic trauma surgery, pediatric orthopedic surgery
| Injury and disease of the [[musculoskeletal system]].
|-
| [[Otorhinolaryngology]], or ENT
| ORL, ENT
| Surgery
| Head and neck, facial cosmetic surgery, [[Neurotology]], Laryngology
| Treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders. The term [[head and neck surgery]] defines a closely related specialty that is concerned mainly with [[surgical oncology|the surgical management of cancer]] of the same anatomical structures.
|-
| [[Palliative care]]
| PLM
| Medicine
|
| A relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with [[terminal illness]]es including [[cancer]] and [[heart failure]].
|-
| [[Pathology as a medical specialty|Pathology]]
| PTH
| Diagnostic
|
| Understanding [[disease]] through examination of [[molecule]]s, [[Cell (biology)|cells]], [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s and [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s. The term encompasses both the medical specialty that uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information and the related [[science|scientific]] study of disease processes.
|-
| [[Pediatrics]]
| PD
| Medicine
| Children. Like internal medicine, pediatrics has many sub-specialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. Most sub-specialties of adult medicine have a pediatric equivalent such as [[pediatric cardiology]], [[pediatric emergency medicine]], [[pediatric endocrinology]], [[pediatric gastroenterology]], [[pediatric hematology]], [[pediatric oncology]], [[pediatric ophthalmology]], and [[neonatology]].
| Deals with the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child]]ren, and [[adolescent]]s (from [[newborn]] to age 16–21, depending on the country).
|-
| [[Pediatric surgery]]
|
| Surgery
| Treats a wide variety of [[chest|thoracic]] and [[abdominal]] (and sometimes [[urology|urologic]]) diseases of childhood.
|
|-
| [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]] Or Physiatry
| PM&R
| Medicine
|
*Cancer Rehabilitation
*Pain Management
*Traumatic Brain Injury
*Spinal Cord Injury
*Sports Medicine
*Pediatrics
*Hospice & Palliative Medicine
| Concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or [[congenital disorder]]s.
|-
| [[Plastic surgery]]
| PS
| Surgery
|
*Cosmetic surgery
*Burn
*Microsurgery
*Hand surgery
*Craniofacial surgery
| Elective cosmetic surgery as well as reconstructive surgery after traumatic or operative mutilation.
|-
| [[Podiatry]]
| POD
| Surgery
|
*Forefoot surgery
*Midfoot surgery
*Rearfoot surgery
*Ankle surgery
*Soft tissue leg surgery
|Elective podiatric surgery of the foot and ankle, lower limb diabetic wound and salvation, [[peripheral vascular disease]] limb preservation, lower limb [[mononeuropathy]] conditions. Reconstructive [[foot & ankle surgery]].
|-
| [[Proctology]]
| PRO
| Medicine
|
| (or [[colorectal surgery]]) treats disease in the [[rectum]], [[anus]], and [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].
|-
| [[Psychiatry]]
| P
| Medicine
|
*[[Addiction psychiatry]] focuses on substance abuse and its treatment.
*[[Child psychiatry|Child and adolescent psychiatry]] focuses on the care of children and adolescents with mental, emotional, and learning problems including [[ADHD]], [[autism]], and family conflicts.
*[[Liaison psychiatry|Consultation-Liaison psychiatry]] focuses on the interface between general medicine and psychiatry.
*[[Forensic psychiatry]] focuses on the interface of psychiatry and law.
*[[Geriatric psychiatry]] focuses on the care of elderly people with mental illnesses including [[dementia]]s, post-stroke cognitive changes, and depression.
*[[Neuropsychiatry]] focuses on affective, cognitive and behavioral disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system
*[[Sleep medicine]] focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders.
*[[Hospice and Palliative Medicine]]
*[[Pain medicine]]
| The [[biopsychosocial|bio-psycho-social]] study of the [[etiology]], [[diagnosis]], treatment and [[Preventive medicine|prevention]] of [[cognitive]], [[perceptual]], [[emotional]] and [[behavioral]] disorders. Related fields include [[psychotherapy]] and [[clinical psychology]].
|-
| [[Pulmonology]]
|
| Medicine
|
| The lungs and [[respiratory system]]. ''Pulmonology'' is generally considered a branch of [[internal medicine]], although it is closely related to [[intensive care medicine]] when dealing with patients requiring [[mechanical ventilation]].
|-
| [[Public health|Public Health]]
|
|
|
| Public health focuses on the health of populations. Physicians employed in this field work in policy, research or [[health promotion]], taking a broad view of health that encompasses the [[social determinants of health]].
|-
| [[Radiology]]
| R, DR
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic
|
*[[Interventional radiology]] is concerned with using expert imaging of the human body, usually via CT, ultrasound, [[fluoroscopy]], or MRI to perform a breadth of intravascular procedures (angioplasty, arterial stenting, thrombolysis, uterine fibroid embolization), [[biopsy|biopsies]] and minimally invasive oncologic procedures (radiofrequency and cryoablation of tumors & transarterial chemoembolization)
*[[Nuclear medicine]] uses [[radioactive decay|radioactive]] substances for ''[[in vivo]]'' and ''[[in vitro]]'' diagnosis either using imaging of the location of radioactive substances placed into a patient or using ''in vitro'' diagnostic tests utilizing [[radioactivity|radioactive]] substances.
| The use of expertise in radiation in the context of [[medical imaging]] for [[diagnosis]] or image guided minimally invasive therapy. [[Radiography|X-rays]], etc.
|-
| [[Rheumatology]]
| RHU
| Medicine
|
| [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]] and inflammatory diseases of the [[joint]]s and other organ systems, such as [[arthritis]] and other [[rheumatic diseases]].
|-
| [[Surgical oncology]]
| SO
| Surgery
|
| Curative and palliative surgical approaches to [[cancer]] treatment.
|-
| [[Thoracic surgery]]
| TS
| Surgery
|
| Surgery of the organs of the [[thoracic cavity]]: the heart, lungs, and great vessels.
|-
| [[Organ transplantation|Transplant surgery]]
| TTS
| Surgery
|
|Transplantation of [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] from one body to another.
|-
|Toxicology
|
|Diagnostic and Therapeutic
|
* Environmental
* Forensic
* Occupational
* Pediatric
|Poisonings, Overdoses; Environmental, and Occupational Exposures
|-
| Urgent Care Medicine
| UCM
| Medicine
|
| Immediate medical care offering outpatient care for the treatment of acute and chronic illness and injury.
|-
| [[Urology]]
| U
| Surgery
|
| [[Urinary tract]]s of males and females, and the [[male reproductive system]]. It is often practiced together with [[andrology]] ("men's health").
|-
| [[Vascular surgery]]
| VS
| Surgery
|
| The peripheral blood vessels – those outside the [[chest]] (usually operated on by [[cardiovascular surgery|cardiovascular surgeons]]) and outside the [[central nervous system]] (treated by [[neurosurgery]]).
|-
|}
==Salaries==
According to the 2022 Medscape Physician Compensation Report, physicians on average earn $339K annually. Primary care physicians earn $260K annually while specialists earned $368K annually.[{{Cite web |title=Medscape Physician Compensation Report 2022: Incomes Gain, Pay Gaps Remain |url=https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2022-compensation-overview-6015043 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Medscape |language=en}}]
The table below details the average range of salaries for physicians in the US of medical specialties:[{{Cite web |last=Katzowitz |first=Josh |date=2022-02-02 |title=How Much Do Doctors Make? [Salary by Specialty 2022] {{!}} White Coat Investor |url=https://www.whitecoatinvestor.com/how-much-do-doctors-make/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The White Coat Investor - Investing & Personal Finance for Doctors |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202163308/https://www.whitecoatinvestor.com/how-much-do-doctors-make/|archive-date=2022-02-02}}]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Specialty
! Average salary (USD)
! Average hours
work/week
! Average salary/hour (USD)
|-
|Allergy and Immunology
|$298K
|
|
|-
|[[Anaesthesia|Anesthesiology]]
| $405K
| 59
|
|-
| [[Dermatology]]
| $438K
| 44
| 103
|-
| [[Emergency medicine]]
| $373K
| 44
| 180
|-
|Endocrinology
|$257K
|
|
|-
| [[Cardiac Surgery|Cardiac surgery]]
| 218,684 to $500,000
|
|
|-
|Cardiology
|$490K
|55
|
|-
|Critical care
|$369K
|
|
|-
|Infectious disease
|$260K
|
|
|-
| [[Internal medicine]]
| $264K
| 55
| 58
|-
|[[Family medicine]]
| $255K
| 51
| 58
|-
|Nephrology
|$329K
|
|
|-
| [[Neurology]]
| $301K
| 54
| 93
|-
| [[Obstetrics and Gynecology|Obstetrics and gynecology]]
| $336K
| 59
| 83
|-
|Oncology
|$411K
|
|
|-
| [[Ophthalmology]]
| $417K
| 45
|
|-
| [[Orthopedic surgery]]
| $557K
| 56
|
|-
| [[Otolaryngology]]
| $469K
| 52
|
|-
| [[Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery|Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]
| 360,000 to $625,210
| 53
|
|-
|Pathology
|$334K
|44
|
|-
| [[Pediatrics]]
| 244K
| 52
| 69
|-
|Rheumatology
|$289K
|
|
|-
|Physical medicine and rehabilitation
|$322K
|
|
|-
|Preventative medicine
|$243K
|
|
|-
|Pulmonary medicine
|$353K
|55
|
|-
| [[Psychiatry]]
| $287K
| 46
| 72
|-
| [[Radiology]]
| $437K
| 56
|
|-
| [[Surgery|General surgery]]
| $402K
| 58
|
|-
| [[Urology]]
| $461K
| 59
|
|-
| [[Neurosurgery]]
|350,000 to $705,000
|
| 132
|-
| [[Plastic surgery]]
|$576K
|
| 114
|-
| [[Gastroenterology]]
|$453K
|55
| 93
|}
==By country==
===Australia and New Zealand===
There are 15 recognised specialty medical Colleges in Australia.[{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://cpmc.edu.au/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=CPMC |language=en-US}}][{{Cite web |title=Medical Board of Australia - Specialist registration |url=https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Registration/Types/Specialist-Registration.aspx |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.medicalboard.gov.au |language=en}}][{{Cite web|url=https://www.myhealthcareer.com.au/medicine/what-sort-of-doctor-do-you-want-to-be/|title=What sort of doctor do you want to be? Medical specialties in Australia|date=15 May 2014}}] The majority of these are Australasian Colleges and therefore also oversee New Zealand specialist doctors. These Colleges are:
{| class=" wikitable sortable"
|-
! Specialist college !! Major subspecialties
! Approximate number of specialist doctors/trainees
|-
| [[Australasian College for Emergency Medicine]] || Emergency medicine
|5,000
|-
| [[Australasian College of Dermatologists]] ||
|700
|-
| [[Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians]] || [[Exercise medicine]]
|350
|-
| [[Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists]] || Pain medicine
|7,000
|-
| [[Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine]] ||
|4,500
|-
| [[College of Intensive Care Medicine]] || Intensive care
|1,200
|-
| [[Royal Australasian College of Medical Administrators]] ||
|800
|-
| [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]]|| Addiction medicine, adolescent and young adult medicine, cardiology, clinical genetics, clinical haematology, clinical pharmacology, community child health, endocrinology, gastroenterology, general and acute care medicine, general paediatrics geriatric medicine, haematology, infectious diseases, immunology and allergy, neonatal and perinatal medicine, nephrology, neurology, nuclear medicine, occupational medicine, oncology, paediatric emergency medicine, palliative medicine, public health, rehabilitation, respiratory and sleep medicine, rheumatology, sexual health
|28,000
|-
| [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]] || Cardiothoracic, general surgery, head & neck, neurosurgery, orthopaedics, paediatric surgery, plastics, urology, vascular
|9,000
|-
| [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] || Obstetrics, gynaecology, fertility medicine, obstetric ultrasound, gynaecological oncology, urogynaecology
|2,500
|-
| [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists]] ||
|1,100
|-
| [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists]]||
|5,000
|-
| [[Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists]] || Diagnostic, interventional, ultrasound, nuclear medicine
|3,500
|-
| [[Royal Australian College of General Practitioners]] ||
|40,000
|-
| [[Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia]] || Anatomical, chemical, clinical, forensic, genetic, haematological, immunological, microbiological pathology
|1,000
|-
|}
The [[Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons]] supervises training of specialist medical practitioners specializing in [[oral and maxillofacial surgery]] in addition to its role in the training of [[dentists]]. There are approximately 260 faciomaxillary surgeons in Australia.[{{Cite web|url=https://www.anzaoms.org/about-us/|title=About us}}]
The [[Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners]] is a distinct body from the Australian [[Royal Australian College of General Practitioners]]. There are approximately 5100 members of the RNZCGP.
Within some of the larger colleges, there are sub-faculties, such as: [https://web.archive.org/web/20141211133913/https://www.racp.edu.au/page/racp-faculties/australasian-faculty-of-rehabilitation-medicine Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine] within the [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]].
There are some collegiate bodies in Australia that are not officially recognised as specialties by the Australian Medical Council but have a college structure for members, such as: [https://web.archive.org/web/20090121214119/http://www.physicalmedicineaustralia.com.au/ Australasian College of Physical Medicine]
There are some collegiate bodies in Australia of allied health non-medical practitioners with specialisation. They are not recognised as medical specialists, but can be treated as such by private health insurers, such as: [[Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons]]
===Canada===
Specialty training in Canada is overseen by the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]] and the [[College of Family Physicians of Canada]]. For specialists working in the province of [[Quebec]], the [[Collège des médecins du Québec]] also oversees the process.
===Germany===
In Germany these doctors use the term ''[[Facharzt]]''.
===India===
Specialty training in India is overseen by the [[National Medical Commission]] (formerly [[Medical Council of India]]), responsible for recognition of post graduate training and by the [[National Board of Examinations]]. Education of [[Ayurveda]] in overseen by [[Central Council of Indian Medicine]] (CCIM), the council conducts UG and PG courses all over India, while [[Central Council of Homoeopathy]] does the same in the field of Homeopathy.
Specialization and superspecialization in medicine and surgery are pursued after completing [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], for which higher medical ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD, DM]]) and surgical ([[Master of Surgery|MS, MCh]]) degrees are awarded. The following medical and surgical specialties and superspecialties are recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]][{{cite web | title=PG Curricula | NMC | url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-colleges/pg-curricula-2/ }}] (formerly [[Medical Council of India]]) and [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]]:[{{Cite web|url=https://natboard.edu.in/dnbbroad|title=एनबीईएमएस NBEMS}}][{{Cite web|url=https://natboard.edu.in/dnbsuper|title=एनबीईएमएस NBEMS|website=natboard.edu.in}}]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Aerospace medicine]]
* [[Allergology|Allergy]] and [[clinical immunology]]
* [[Anaesthesiology]]
* [[Human anatomy|Anatomy]]
* [[Clinical biochemistry|Biochemistry]]
* [[Anaesthesiology|Cardiac anaesthesia]]
* [[Cardiology]]
* [[Cardiothoracic surgery|Cardiovascular and thoracic surgery]]
* [[Child and adolescent psychiatry]]
* [[Haematology|Clinical haematology]]
* [[Clinical immunology]] and [[rheumatology]]
* [[Clinical pharmacology]]
* [[Critical care medicine]]
* [[Community medicine]]
* [[Dermatology]], [[venereology]] and [[leprosy]]
* [[Emergency medicine]]
* [[Endocrine surgery]]
* [[Endocrinology]]
* [[Family medicine]]
* [[Forensic medicine]] and [[toxicology]]
* [[General medicine]]
* [[General surgery]]
* [[Geriatrics]]
* [[Geriatric psychiatry|Geriatric mental health]]
* [[Gynaecologic oncology]]
* [[Hand surgery]]
* [[Head and neck surgery]]
* [[Health administration]]
* [[Health education]]
* [[Hepatology]]
* [[Digestive system surgery|Hepatopancreatobiliary surgery]]
* [[Hospital management|Hospital administration]]
* [[Immunohematology]]
* [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious diseases]]
* [[Interventional radiology]]
* [[Laboratory medicine]]
* [[Diving medicine|Marine medicine]]
* [[Maternal-fetal medicine|Maternal and child health]]
* [[Gastroenterology|Medical gastroenterology]]
* [[Medical genetics]]
* [[Medical oncology]]
* [[Medical microbiology|Microbiology]]
* [[Neonatology]]
* [[Nephrology]]
* [[Nuclear medicine]]
* [[Anaesthesiology|Neuroanaesthesia]]
* [[Neurology]]
* [[Neuroradiology]]
* [[Neurosurgery]]
* [[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]
* [[Occupational health]]
* [[Pathology|Oncopathology]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Anaesthesiology|Organ transplant anaesthesia and critical care]]
* [[Orthopaedics]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]]
* [[Palliative medicine]]
* [[Anaesthesiology|Paediatric and neonatal anaesthesia]]
* [[Cardiology|Paediatric cardiology]]
* [[Cardiothoracic surgery|Paediatric cardiothoracic and vascular surgery]]
* [[Critical care medicine|Paediatric critical care]]
* [[Hepatology|Paediatric hepatology]]
* [[Paediatric gastroenterology]]
* [[Nephrology|Paediatric nephrology]]
* [[Neurology|Paediatric neurology]]
* [[Childhood cancer|Paediatric oncology]]
* [[Orthopaedics|Paediatric orthopaedics]]
* [[Paediatric surgery]]
* [[Paediatrics]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation]]
* [[Clinical physiology|Physiology]]
* [[Plastic surgery|Plastic]] and [[reconstructive surgery]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Pulmonary medicine]]
* [[Radiology|Radiodiagnosis]]
* [[Radiotherapy]]
* [[Reproductive medicine|Reproductive medicine and surgery]]
* [[Sports medicine]]
* [[Digestive system surgery|Surgical gastroenterology]]
* [[Surgical oncology]]
* [[Thoracic surgery]]
* [[Traumatology|Traumatology and surgery]]
* [[Tropical medicine]]
* [[Urology]]
* [[Vascular surgery]]
* [[Virology]]
{{div col end}}
===Sweden===
In Sweden, a [[medical license]] is required before commencing specialty training. Those graduating from Swedish [[medical school]]s are first required to do a rotational [[internship]] of about 1.5 to 2 years in various specialties before attaining a medical license. The specialist training lasts 5 years.[{{cite web|url=http://www.med.lu.se/english/study/specialty_training_residency|title=Specialty training / residency|website=[[Lund University]], Faculty of Medicine|date=2015-05-20|access-date=2016-11-26}}]
===United States===
{{further|List of medical specialty colleges in the United States}}
There are three agencies or organizations in the United States that collectively oversee [[physician board certification]] of [[Medical Doctor|MD]] and [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|DO]] [[physicians in the United States]] in the 26 approved medical specialties recognized in the country. These organizations are the [[American Board of Medical Specialties]] (ABMS) and the [[American Medical Association]] (AMA); the [[American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists]] (AOABOS) and the [[American Osteopathic Association]]; the [[American Board of Physician Specialties]] (ABPS) and the [[American Association of Physician Specialists]] (AAPS). Each of these agencies and their associated national medical organization functions as its various specialty academies, colleges and societies.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Certifying board
! National organization
! Physician type
|-
| ABMS
| AMA
| MD and DO
|-
| ABPS
| AAPS
| MD and DO
|-
| AOABOS
| AOA
| DO only
|}
All boards of certification now require that [[physician|medical practitioners]] demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years.
In the United States there are hierarchies of medical specialties in the cities of a region. Small towns and cities have primary care, middle sized cities offer secondary care, and metropolitan cities have tertiary care. Income, size of population, population demographics, distance to the doctor, all influence the numbers and kinds of specialists and physicians located in a city.[{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Margot Wiesinger |title=A guide to the delineation of medical care regions, medical trade areas, and hospital service areas |journal=Public Health Reports |year=1979 |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=248–254 |jstor=4596085|pmc=1431844 |pmid=582210 }}]
==Demography==
A population's income level determines whether sufficient physicians can practice in an area and whether public subsidy is needed to maintain the health of the population. Developing countries and poor areas usually have shortages of physicians and specialties, and those in practice usually locate in larger cities. For some underlying theory regarding physician location, see [[central place theory]].[{{cite web | title = These medical specialties have the biggest gender imbalances | publisher = American Medical Association | url = https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/these-medical-specialties-have-biggest-gender-imbalances | access-date = 17 July 2020}}] Such sex segregation is largely due to differential application.[{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025004|doi-access=free|pmid=30837254|pmc=6429837|title=Effect of sex on specialty training application outcomes: A longitudinal administrative data study of UK medical graduates|journal=BMJ Open|volume=9|issue=3|article-number=e025004|year=2019|last1=Woolf|first1=Katherine|last2=Jayaweera|first2=Hirosha|last3=Unwin|first3=Emily|last4=Keshwani|first4=Karim|last5=Valerio|first5=Christopher|last6=Potts|first6=Henry}}]
==Satisfaction and burnout==
A survey of [[physicians in the United States]] came to the result that dermatologists are most satisfied with their choice of specialty followed by [[radiologist]]s, [[oncologist]]s, [[plastic surgeon]]s, and [[gastroenterologist]]s.[ In contrast, [[primary care physician]]s were the least satisfied, followed by [[nephrologist]]s, [[obstetricians/gynecologist]]s, and [[pulmonologist]]s.][{{cite web| url = http://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/compensation/2011| title = Medscape: Medscape Access}}] Surveys have also revealed high levels of depression among medical students (25 - 30%) as well as among physicians in training (22 - 43%), which for many specialties, continue into regular practice.[{{Cite journal|last1=Rotenstein|first1=Lisa S.|last2=Ramos|first2=Marco A.|last3=Torre|first3=Matthew|last4=Segal|first4=J. Bradley|last5=Peluso|first5=Michael J.|last6=Guille|first6=Constance|last7=Sen|first7=Srijan|last8=Mata|first8=Douglas A.|date=2016-12-06|title=Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=21|pages=2214–2236|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.17324|issn=1538-3598|pmid=27923088|pmc=5613659 |bibcode=2016JAMA..316.2214R }}][{{Cite journal |author-link1= Douglas A. Mata |author-link2=Marco A. Ramos |author-link3=Narinder Bansal |author-link4=Rida Khan |author-link5=Constance Guille |author-link6=Emanuele Di Angelantonio |author-link7=Srijan Sen |first1= Douglas A. |last1=Mata |first2=Marco A. |last2=Ramos |first3=Narinder |last3=Bansal |first4=Rida |last4=Khan |first5=Constance |last5=Guille |first6=Emanuele Di |last6=Angelantonio |first7=Srijan |last7=Sen | title = Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]] | volume = 314 | issue = 22 | pages = 2373–2383 | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2015.15845 | pmid = 26647259 | pmc=4866499 |bibcode=2015JAMA..314.2373M }}] A UK survey conducted of cancer-related specialties in 1994 and 2002 found higher job satisfaction in the specialties with more patient contact. Rates of burnout also varied by specialty.[{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67178-4|pmid=16125591|title=Changes in mental health of UK hospital consultants since the mid-1990s|journal=The Lancet|volume=366|issue=9487|pages=742–744|year=2005|last1=Taylor|first1=Cath|last2=Graham|first2=Jill|last3=Potts|first3=Henry WW|last4=Richards|first4=Michael A.|last5=Ramirez|first5=Amanda J.|s2cid=11391979}}]
==See also==
*[[Medicine#Branches|Branches of medicine]]
*[[Interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine]], including
**[[Occupational medicine]] – branch of clinical medicine that provides health advice to organizations and individuals concerning work-related health and safety issues and standards. ''See [[occupational safety and health]]''.
**[[Disaster medicine]] – branch of [[medicine]] that provides healthcare services to disaster survivors; guides medically related [[disaster preparation]], [[disaster planning]], [[disaster response]] and [[Emergency management#Recovery|disaster recovery]] throughout the disaster life cycle and serves as a liaison between and partner to the [[medical contingency planner]], the emergency management professional, the [[incident command system]], government and policy makers.
**[[Preventive medicine]] – part of [[medicine]] engaged with preventing [[disease]] rather than curing it. It can be contrasted not only with curative medicine, but also with [[public health]] methods (which work at the level of population health rather than individual health).
**[[Medical genetics]] – the application of [[genetics]] to [[medicine]]. Medical genetics is a broad and varied field. It encompasses many different individual fields, including [[clinical genetics]], [[biochemical genetics]], [[cytogenetics]], [[molecular genetics]], the genetics of common diseases (such as [[neural tube defects]]), and [[genetic counseling]].
* [[Specialty Registrar (StR)|Specialty Registrar]]
* [[Federation of National Specialty Societies of Canada]]
* [[Society of General Internal Medicine]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{sister project links|d=Q930752|c=Category:Medical specialties|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=Specialty (medicine)|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
{{Medicine}}
{{Portal bar|Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Specialty (Medicine)}}
[[Category:Medical specialties| ]]
[[Category:Lists of salaries|Medical specialties]]