{{Short description|Princely state in northwest India (1028–1949)}} {{About|the kingdom|the natural and historical region|Dhundhar}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Amber
{{small|{{nobold|(1028–1727)}}}}
Kingdom of Jaipur
{{small|{{nobold|(1727–1949)}}}} | common_name = Jaipur | nation = | subdivision = | era = | government_type = [[Monarchy]]
(1028–1818; 1947–1949)
[[Princely state]]
(1818–1947) | status = * [[Tributary state]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans]] (1071–1200) *[[Vassal state]] of the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] (1433–1527),{{Cite book |last=Somani|first=R.V |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rztuAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha and his times. |date=1995 |pages=38|quote=Maharana Kumbha extended the boundaries of his state by capturing Abu, Eastern Sirohi, Ajmer, Uparmal, Bundi, Amer, Chatasu, Narena, Sambhar, Nagaur, Mandor, Didawana, Ranthambor, Dungarpur, Jawar, Gagron and many other towns. Some of these permanently remained in Mewar. Several chiefs named the Hadas of Bundi, the Kachhwahas of Amber, the Mohils of Chhapar Dronpur, the Sankhlas of Roon and Jangalu, the devadas of Sirohi, the Sindhals of Jetaran, the Panwars of Shri Nagar and other regularly served the state.}}{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ|title=Maharana Sanga, the Hindupat|date=1918 |publisher=Scottish MissionIndustries|pages=7 |quote= Rana Rai Mai issued from the fort and attacked the Sultan, who, being utterly defeated, fled to Mandu. He felt the disgrace of the defeat deeply and began to prepare a large army to avenge the disaster. When his preparations were complete, he sent his generalissimo, Zafar Khan, to plunder the eastern part of Mewar. The Rao of Begoon, Hada Chachikdeva, sent intelligence to the Maharana of the capture by Zafar Khan of Kotah, Bhainsror and Sheopur. The Maharana, collecting a large army and accompanied by the Rajas and governors of Aser, Raisen, Chanderi, Narwar, Boondi, Amber, Sambhar, Ajmer, Chatsoo, Lalsot, Marot, Toda and other places, started for Mandalgarh}}{{Cite book |last=Majumdar|first=R.C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of Indian people volume 6. |date=1960 |publisher=BHARATIYA VIDYA BHAVAN|pages=344 |quote=Sahga’s success against Ibrahim Lodi was the crowning achieve¬ ment of his career. It was the culmination of a series of successes against his neighbours, as a consequence of which the boundaries of Mewar were considerably extended. On the north they were pushed up as far as the Bayana river. In the east, Raisen, Kalpi and Chanderl were included within her territories. In the south, Dungarpur and Banswara were held by a vassal, and her frontiers ran far into the heart of Malwa. To the south-west, Sirohi was ruled by the Rana’s son-in-law. Even the chiefs of Mar war and Ambar, according to Tod, acknowledged his allegianc. This jagirdar family was granted with Singh title by Akbar.}} * [[Vassal state]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1562–1710) * [[Princely state]] of the [[British East India Company]] (1818–1858) and [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] (1858–1947) | event_start = | date_start = | year_start = 1028 | event_end = Acceded to India | date_end = | year_end = 1949 | event1 = | date_event1 = | event_post = | date_post = | p1 = Khoh | flag_p1 = | s1 = Dominion of India | flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg | image_flag = Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg | flag_border = no | flag_type = Flag ({{circa|1699–1818}}) | image_coat = Jaipur State CoA - colourised.svg | image_map = Map of Amber-Jaipur.jpg | image_map_caption = Jaipur State within [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]], in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] (1909) | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Dausa]]
(966–1028) * [[Khoh]]
(1028–1146) * [[Amber, India|Amber]]
(1146–1727) * [[Jaipur, Rajasthan|Jaipur]]
(1727–1949)}} | common_languages = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]],
[[Hindi]] | currency = [[Indian Rupee]] | leader1 = [[Dulha Rai]] ''(first)'' | leader2 = [[Sawai Man Singh II|Man Singh II]] ''(last)'' | year_leader1 = 1028–1033 | year_leader2 = 1922–1949 | title_leader = [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] | stat_area1 = 43900 | stat_year1 = 1931 | stat_pop1 = 26,31,775 | today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] }} The '''Kingdom of Amber''', later the '''Kingdom of Jaipur''', was located in the historic north-eastern [[Dhundhar]] region of [[Rajputana]] and was ruled by the [[Kachhwaha|Kachwaha Rajput]] clan. It was established by Rao [[Dulha Rai]], possibly the last ruler of the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] of Gwalior, who later migrated from Narwar to [[Dausa]] and established his kingdom there with the support of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] with coalition of [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur dynasty]] of [[Sheopur district|Sheopur]] in the 11th century. Primarily through the period spanning between the 11th and 15th centuries, the kingdom faced stagnation, and resources were scarce. Under Raja [[Bharmal]], the kingdom became a vassal of the [[Mughal Empire]] under [[Akbar]]. His son and grandson, Raja [[Bhagwant Das]] and [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh I]] respectively, were leading generals in Akbar's army and helped him in expanding the empire. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], popularly identified by the misnomer Jodha Bai, was Akbar's chief consort, and gave birth to Akbar's successor [[Jahangir]]. [[Jai Singh I|Mirza Raja Jai Singh I]] served under [[Shah Jahan]] and became a distinguished general. He fell out of [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] favour when he was suspected of helping [[Shivaji]] escape from Mughal captivity in 1664. [[Sawai Jai Singh|Sawai Jai Singh II]] became the ruler as the [[Mughal Empire]] waned. He successfully rebelled against the Mughals in 1708 to wrest back control over the kingdom. After Jai Singh's death, the kingdom was drained of its resources during the civil war amongst his sons [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] and [[Madho Singh I]] and the [[Marathas]]. It became a [[princely state]] under the [[Company rule in India|English East India Company]] after signing a treaty in 1818 that led to a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the latter, following the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. It [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to an independent India in 1947 and was [[political integration of India|integrated into the Union]] by 1949.{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=The princes of India in the endgame of empire, 1917–1947 |series=Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society |date=16 May 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=1 |isbn=9780521894364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC |quote=Between 1947 and 1949 all 600-odd ruling princes in India were pensioned off and their ancestral domains—the so-called 'princely states'—were submerged in the bodypolitic of the Indian union. Nowadays the few former rulers still alive are just ordinary citizens, while the ex-states survive—if at all—only in attenuated shape as components of larger administrative units. As a practical system of governance monarchy in India has been consigned to the dustbin of history. |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140443/https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC |url-status=live}} Upon integration, the ruler was granted a pension ([[Privy Purse in India|privy purse]]), certain privileges, and the use of the title "''Maharaja of Jaipur"'' by the [[Government of India]]. However, the pension, privileges, and the use of the title were stripped in 1971 by the [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment to the Constitution of India]].{{citation |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971 |title=The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971 |publisher=Government of India |work=indiacode.nic.in |year=1971 |access-date=9 November 2011 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323133909/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-twenty-sixth-amendment-act-1971 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Karl J. |title=An atlas and survey of South Asian history |url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm |url-access=registration |year=1995 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-334-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/78 78] |quote=Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan, the real death of princely India came when the Twenty-sixth Amendment Act (1971) abolished the princes' titles, privileges, and privy purses.}} ==History== === Origins === The [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] claim descent from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], son of the legendary [[Rama]]. Their ancestors allegedly migrated from Rama's kingdom of [[Kosala]] and established a new dynasty at [[Gwalior]].{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Rajiva Nain |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121 |title=Raja Man Singh of Amber |year=1966 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35121/page/n17 1]}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=388}} After 33 generations, they migrated to [[Rajputana]] in 1028 AD.{{cite book |first=Anand |last=Chakravarti |year=1975 |title=Contradiction and Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fD4HAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=21 |isbn=978-0-19-560523-5 |quote=The Kachwaha dynasty in Rajputana (present Rajasthan) may be said to date from about 1028, with Dausa as its first capital. |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330044302/https://books.google.com/books?id=fD4HAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} Some historians associate ''Dulha Rao'', the founder of the Jaipur Kachhwaha lineage, with the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]] that ruled over a part of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in 10th century. It is possible that Dulha Rao descended from the Narwar branch of this dynasty.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=389}} V. S. Bhargava associates Dulha with the successor of the last ruler of the Narwar branch, ''Tejaskaran''. According to [[Jadunath Sarkar]], Dulha's grandfather Ishwar Singh, the ruler of Narwar, renounced his throne and divided his estate among his younger brother and his nephew and travelled North of [[Chambal River|Chambal]] to live a life of religious recluse. After his death, his son Sodo crowned himself king again but soon died and was succeeded by his son Dulha who built support for his cause and soon received the fort of [[Dausa]] in dowry from the Chauhans of Lalsot.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=392}} M. L. Sharma suggests that Dulha was placed in Dausa particularly to help fight the [[Bargujar]] chief who partly controlled the city.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=393}} Dulha Rao soon defeated the [[Meenas]] of [[Khoh]] and Manchi and later completed the conquest of Dhundhar by defeating the [[Bargurjar]] after which he was granted the captured land by the Chauhans.{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 |access-date=24 September 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412111151/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|loc="Following the matrimonial alliance, the Chauhans encouraged the young Kachchwaha to subdue the Badgujars...Ralhan-Si handed over the newly acquired portion of Dausa and its surrounding territory to Dulha Rai, thereby helping to establish Kachchwaha dominion in that area 111 . Dausa now became the capital of Dulha Rai Kachchwaha"}} Dulha chose Khoh as his capital after Dausa.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=395}} === Early rulers === {{Rajputana 1525 CE|right|Location of Amber within [[Rajputana]] circa 1525, with neighbouring polities, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=live}}}}Dulha's successor, ''[[Kakil]]'' captured Amber from the Meenas and laid foundation of the future capital.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=396}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Khoh |title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber |year=1990 |publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990 |page=18 |isbn=9788185176482 |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203083721/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Khoh |url-status=live}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=khoh |title=Jaipur: Gem of India |date=7 July 2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016 |page=24 |isbn=9781942322054 |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203083722/https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=khoh |url-status=live}} But some sources attribute the change of capital from Khoh to Ambar to Rajdeo who was the third in succession after [[Pajawan]].{{cite journal |first1=Amita |last1=Sinha |first2=Neha |last2=Rajora |year=2014 |title=Gaze and the picturesque landscape of Amber, India |journal=Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=309–322 |doi=10.1080/14601176.2013.874305 |s2cid=162012046 |quote=When his great grandson Rajdev shifted the capital from Khoh to Amber, the settlement began to grow.}}{{cite book |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Jaipur |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrobAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=26, 27 |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203084951/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrobAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}{{cite book |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xi5D6gXWhWMC&q=Khoh |pages=26, 27 |last1=(India) |first1=Rajasthan |year=1962 |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203083424/https://books.google.com/books?id=xi5D6gXWhWMC&q=Khoh |url-status=live}} The early rulers of Dhundar may have been feudatories of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] as its ruler ''Pajjun'' is referred as such in the ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''. Pajjun's successor ''Malesi'' consolidated power in Dhundar by marrying into neighboring regions and also may have defeated the ruler of Mandu in the battle of Rutroli.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=396}} Udaikaran ascended to the throne in 1367. He defeated the Khyam-Khanis to secure Dhundar as a Kachhwaha territory.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=397}} Under Rai Chandrasen in the 15th century, Kachhwahas were defeated by [[Kumbha of Mewar]] and he extracted tribute from Dhundar.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=397}} Chandrasen was succeeded by Prithviraj Singh in 1503. Rima Hooja explains that the relation between Prithviraj and Sanga was not exactly a feudal-chief relation in modern understanding but closer to a junior ally. Prithviraj joined the Rajput Confederacy of 1527 led by [[Rana Sanga]] against [[Babur]] and fought in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in which they were defeated.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|loc="Prithviraj was a contemporary of Rana Sanga of Mewar, alongside whom he fought at the Battle of Khanua (1527), as part of the ‘Rajput confederacy’ organised by Sanga against Babur. As such, he is sometimes described by later chroniclers as a feudatory of Sanga."}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=481}} He, along with [[Maldeo Rathore]], rescued Rana Sanga from the battlefield of Khanwa in 1527.{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Refaqat Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U9uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kachhwahas under Akbar and Jahangir |publisher=Kitab Publishers |year=1976 |page=2}} Rana Sanga was poisoned by his nobles two months after the battle for insisting to continue fighting a lost war and Prithviraj died in November of the same year. V. S. Bhatnagar suggests that the death of Prithviraj may have been similar to Sanga's as his multiple nobles readily joined the Mughals soon after his death.{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=V.S |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119126/page/n14/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688–1743 |date=1974 |publisher=Impex India |page=6 |language=en |quote=The latter is believed to have been poisoned by a section of his nobles who were opposed to his resolve to face Babar again. The possibility of Prithviraj having met an unnatural death like Sanga, and for the same very reason, cannot be ruled out, especially when we note that his successors, instead of maintaining the struggle against the foreign foe, readily paid allegiance to him.}} He was succeeded by his preferred son [[Puranmal]], son of his favorite wife.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|loc="Prithviraj had nominated his second son, Puranmal (r. 1527- 1534),...There are even suggestions that Humayun helped Puranmal’s accession"}} Eventually, [[Humayun]] assisted Puranmal achieve stability. Puranmal could only rule for 7 years. According to conflicting sources, he either died fighting for or against Humayu's brother [[Hindal Mirza]] or was overthrown by his brother [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]]. Bhim Singh was quickly succeeded by his son Ratan Singh in 1537. During his reign, [[Sher Shah Suri]] invaded Rajputana and established control over Mewar and Marwar. [[Ratan Singh of Amber|Ratan Singh]] also accepted Suri suzerainty. During his reign, his uncle and son of Prithviraj, Sanga captured a part of territory and called it [[Sanganer]] where he was succeeded by his brother [[Bharmal]]. Ratan Singh was incompetent and was not able to control the actions of his uncles. Ratan Singh was poisoned by his half-brother [[Askaran]] but he was quickly deposed by the nobles who placed Bharmal on the throne.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=482}} === As a Mughal ally under Bharmal and Bhagwant Das === Bharmal had to initially deal with Sur general Haji Khan Pathan but was able to make peace with him. Soon, governor of Mewat, Mirza Muhammad Sharif-ud-din Hussain, who supported the cause of the son of Puranmal, Suja attacked Amber in 1558. Bharmal surrendered to Sharif-ud-din and also had to give up his son and nephews as hostages.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=483}} Feeling insecure after Sharif-ud-din's treaty, Bharmal, through his brother ''Rupsi'', arranged a meeting with Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] at Sanganer where they met in 1562. Here, Bharmal offered his daughter [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai's]] hand in marriage. The marriage took place in the same year in [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]]. Bharmal's sons Bhagwant Das and Jagannath along with his grandson Man Singh were inducted into the Imperial court.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=483}}{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=35–36}} The Kachhwaha princes in the Mughal court proved very vital because of their administrative and military skills and the Kachhwahas rose in prominence.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=484}} Jodha Bai, now named ''Mariam-uz-Zamani'' also gained prestige in the Mughal court both during the reign of her husband and that of her son as Empress and Queen mother respectively.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=38–40}} Bharmal died in 1574 and was succeeded by his son [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwant Das]], a trusted ally of Akbar.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=484}} Bhagwant Das was an exceptional military general and he accompanied Akbar throughout his expansion of the Mughal Empire across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Kashmir and the Punjab. In order to strengthen the ties with Mughals, he married his daughter [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Manbhavati Bai]] to Akbar's son [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]].{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=484}}{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Jaipur|volume=15|pages=128–129}} Bhagwant Das headed the Kashmir expedition of Akbar where in 1586, he defeated [[Yousuf Shah Chak]] and captured Kashmir.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=69}} Das was appointed the subedar of Punjab in 1583 where he died in 1589.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=485}}[[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Akbar]], a long-time ally of the Kachhwahas of Amber|317x317px]] [[File:Raja Man Singh.jpg|thumb|283x283px|[[Raja Man Singh]] (1550–1614) was a trusted general of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]], who included him among the [[Navaratnas]], or the nine gems of the royal court of Akbar.|left]] === Raja Man Singh === ==== Initial campaigns under Akbar ==== Bhagwant was succeeded by his son [[Man Singh I]] who was an instrumental part of the Mughal Army and diplomacy. He took part in Akbar's conquest of Chittor in 1568 and Ranthambhore in 1569.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=485}} He was the part of negotiations with [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] which failed, resulting in the [[Battle of Haldighati]].{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=46–47}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=486}} Man Singh was also given the command of the Mughal forces in Haldighati where he fought against Pratap Singh on 18 June 1576.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=48–49}} In the ensuing battle, Man Singh was able to force Pratap to retreat and killed several of his commanders. Pratap had to retreat back to the hills of Gogunda and the battle was won by the Mughals.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=51–54}} ==== Campaigns in Kabul, Bihar, Orissa and Bengal ==== In 1580, the Islamic orthodoxy of the Mughal empire, upset with Akbar's liberal policies, declared Akbar's step brother [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]] as the emperor instead. Man Singh was deputed in the North-Western section of the Mughal Empire under his father. Man Singh defeated Shadman Khan at Neelab in December 1580.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=64}} Soon, Hakim himself marched to Punjab and laid siege to Lahore but later retreated. Man Singh followed and defeated him in 1581. Eventually, Hakim swore allegiance to Akbar once again and he was reappointed the Governor of Kabul. Hakim held this position till 1585 when he died.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=65–67}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=487}} Soon after Hakim's death, the Yusufzai tribe of Afghanistan rebelled against the Mughals and launched attacks against Mughals stationed in the region. One of the attacks ended up killing [[Birbal|Raja Birbal]] with 8000 Mughal troops. Man Singh along with Raja [[Todar Mal]] were sent to defeat the Yusufzai's in 1586.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=67–68}} By 1587, Man Singh's service in Kabul was over and he was deployed in the Subah of Bihar.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=489}} In Bihar, Man Singh first defeated several rebellious rulers like Puranmal followed by the Raja of Khadagpur and the Raja of Gaya and Sabhupuri in 1590.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=490}}{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=77}} Next, Man Singh was sent to capture Orissa which was under the control of Afghan chief Qutlu Khan and his son Nasir Khan. After Qutlu Khan's death, Nasir Khan who decided to make peace with Man Singh and accepted Mughal supremacy. Man Singh acquired the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple at Puri]]. In 1591, after the death of Isa Khan, the Afghan chiefs rebelled again and Man Singh invaded again and beat them conclusively.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=490}}{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=77–78}} Man Singh was soon transferred to Bengal in 1594 where he first shifted his capital to [[Rajmahal]] from ''Tandah''. He subdued ruler of Dacca and Cooch Bihar. While in Bengal, Man Singh's eldest son, Jagat Singh died due to excessive drinking, after which he returned to Amber temporarily but soon had to return to deal with a rebellious Usman Khan whom he defeated in 1601 in Sherpur followed by defeating Kedar Rai in Dacca.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=83–5}}{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=491-492}} By 1604, Bengal was again completely under Mughal control. ==== After Akbar's death ==== Towards the end of 1604, Akbar fell ill. Man Singh planned on placing his grandson ''Prince Khusrau'' on throne instead of his rebellious son Salim. He made several attempts like transferring Salim to Bengal, lobbying in the court, and trying to muster support but nothing worked. Eventually, disappointed, he left for Bengal and Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded by Salim as [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir]]. Jahangir treated Man Singh well and also included him in the Deccan frontier. But after 1605, Man Singh could not lead any glorious ventures and died in [[Ellichpur District|Elichpur]] in 1614 and was succeeded by his only surviving son [[Bhau Singh]] overlooking a grandson Maha Singh.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|pp=493-497}} Man Singh was a great builder and built several forts and temples across India. He built the [[Govind Dev Ji Temple]] in Brindavan and renovated the [[Manikarnika Ghat|Sarovar Ghat]] in Varanasi and built several temples there. Bhau Singh was sent on a campaign against [[Malik Ambar]] but failed because Ambar's army was much more efficient. He died in 1621 and had no heirs, so he was succeeded by Maha Singh's son [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=572}} [[File:Jai Singh I.png|left|thumb|[[Jai Singh I]], the most decorated military general of the Mughal army in the 17th century who commanded the army under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.|397x397px]] [[File:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Jai Singh fell out of Aurangzeb's favor when the imprisoned [[Shivaji]] escaped from Agra.]] === Mirza Raja Jai Singh === After ascending to the throne of Amber at the age of 11, his first task was to defend against the rebellious [[Shah Jahan|Prince Khurram]]. Khurram looted Amber in 1623 but was defeated by Jai in 1624. After Jahangir's death in 1627, instead of joining Noor Jahan's son [[Shahryar Mirza|Shahryar]], Jai supported Khurram who went on to become [[Shah Jahan]]. Soon, Jai Singh would become one of the most decorated generals of the Mughal Imperial army and received many decorations from Shah Jahan. ==== Facilitation under Shah Jahan ==== Jai was first deputed to suppress a rebellion in [[Mahaban]] and then sent to fight Nazr Muhammad in Kabul. Jai was also tasked with dealing with the rebellious Khan-i-Jahan in Ghatpur.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=573}} In 1631, he was part of the campaign against [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]. He commanded his forces and distinguished himself during the Siege of ''Parenda'' and ''Daulatabad'' in 1635. After the command of the army was handed to Prince Aurangzeb in 1636, Jai Singh also won the fort of [[Nagpur]] and Devgarh in 1637.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=574}} In 1639, because of his display of immense valor, he was bestowed upon, the unique title of ''Mirza Raja'' by Shah Jahan. In 1654, he was sent to Chittor to confront [[Raj Singh I|Maharana Raj Singh]] for violating the 1616 treaty by carrying out repairs to the [[Chittorgarh]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=574}} ==== The war of succession of Shah Jahan ==== When the war of succession of 1657 broke out, Jai Singh was deputed to convince Prince Shuja to end his rebellion but failed. He later defeated Shuja in Bahadurpur in 1658. Later, Shuja surrendered to [[Dara Shikoh]] and was given the charge of Bengal. [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Raja Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] was defeated by Prince Aurangzeb and Murad in 1658 and they marched towards Agra. Jai Singh could not reach Agra in time and Dara Shikoh was defeated in the [[Battle of Samugarh]]. Soon, Jai Singh presented himself in front of the new emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and was tasked with capturing Dara Shikoh. He defeated Shikoh in the Battle of Deorai in 1659. Dara sought refuge under Malik Jeevan but he was betrayed and turned in with Jai Singh who brought him back to Agra.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=575-576}} ==== Struggle with Aurangzeb over Shivaji ==== In 1664, Jai Singh was sent to command the campaign against [[Shivaji]]. In 1665, Jai Singh laid siege to Purandar fort and was able to get Shivaji to sign the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] according to which Shivaji would surrender 23 forts, send his son [[Sambhaji]] to Mughal court and enter Mughal service. Jai wanted to utilize Shivaji's forces against [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and wanted Shivaji to make peace with Aurangzeb. Jai Singh was able to convince Aurangzeb to meet Shivaji and vice-versa, after which he took Shivaji to Agra to meet the Mughal emperor. When Shivaji reached the Mughal court, he felt insulted and walked out of the hall without meeting Aurangzeb.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=575-576}} While Jai tried to convince Aurangzeb to utilize Shivaji against Bijapur, several influential Mughal nobles wanted him killed. In a dilemma, Shivaji was housed with a Mughal noble. On 18 August 1665 Shivaji made a dramatic escape from Agra and both Jai Singh and his son Ram Singh fell out of Aurangzeb's favor. Jai Singh made several bad attempts at battle in the next one month and spent a lot of his personal resources trying to make his dream Bijapur invasion happen but failed. He was recalled to Agra and he died in 1667 in Burhanpur.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=578}} His successor [[Ram Singh I|Ram Singh]] was pardoned and was sent to fight Ahom force.{{cite book |author=S.K. Bhuyan |title=Lachit Borphukan and his times |date=1957 |publisher=Government of Assam in the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies |pages=34}} Ram Singh was eventually defeated in the [[Battle of Saraighat]]. Ram Singh grew sick of war and finally, in 1676 he was allowed to leave and return to his province. He was later posted in [[Kohat]] where he died in 1688.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|pp=146–147}} His grandson [[Bishan Singh]] was tasked with controlling the Jat revolt at Mathura in which he succeeded. Around this time, Aurangzeb grew hostile towards Bishan and ordered him to fight in the Deccan, which Bishan declined and was instead transferred to Afghanistan and his son Jai was ordered to fight instead. Bishan Singh died in 1700 and was succeeded by his son [[Sawai Jai Singh]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=579}}[[File:1 Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II ca 1725 Jaipur. British museum.jpg|thumb|324x324px|[[Jai Singh II]] (1688–1743) founded the fortified city of [[Jaipur]] and made it his capital.|left]] === Sawai Jai Singh II === [[Bishan Singh]] was succeeded by his son [[Jai Singh II]] also known as Sawai Jai Singh. During his rule, the new capital city of [[Jaipur]] was founded in 1727. As the new ruler of Dhundar, he was sent to the Deccan with [[Bidar Bakht|Prince Bidar Bakht]]. Jai's forces demonstrated talent by defeating the Marathas at Khelna, Khandesh, Malwa and Burhanpur. Through these victories, Jai Singh II rebuilt the lost trust of Aurangzeb for the Kachhwaha family. He was conferred with the title '''Sawai''' by Aurangzeb. In 1705, he was appointed the ''Naib Subedar'' of Malwa which helped increase his power. ==== The war of succession of Aurangzeb ==== In 1707, [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] died and a war of succession began. Initially, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] was able to capture the throne. Jai Singh supported Azam Shah and his son Bidar Bakht but then Azam Shah was eventually defeated and killed at the [[Battle of Jajau]] in the same year. ''Prince Muazzam'' crowned himself as [[Bahadur Shah I]] and he was hostile against Jai Singh. This hostility resulted in Bahadur Shah replacing Jai Singh with Bijai Singh, his younger brother, loyal to the Mughal emperor.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=580}} ==== The Rajput rebellion of 1708 ==== In 1708, Bahadur Shah invaded Marwar and captured the entire state. This encouraged the major Rajput kingdoms, the [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]] and Dhundar to form an alliance to fight against Bahadur Shah. [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar]], [[Amar Singh II|Rana Amar Singh II of Mewar]] and Jai Singh II together left the Mughal camp in rebellion. To establish Matrimonial alliance, Jai married Chandra Kanwar, the daughter of Amar Singh II and Suraj Kanwar, the daughter of Ajit Singh. The three rulers marched together towards Jodhpur and took its control and by October 1708, Amber had also been taken over and Jai Singh restored as the Raja.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=666}} The same year, the alliance marched against the Mughals at [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]] and captured it which was then jointly ruled. Eventually, in 1710, Bahadur Shah decided to make peace with the Rajputs and accepted Ajit and Jai Singh as the rulers of their lands.Ram Vallabha Somani 1976 page 319-320 Bijai Singh was executed in 1729 for conspiring to overthrow Jai Singh.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=666}} ==== Return to influence ==== After Bahadur Shah's death in 1712 and Jahandar Shah's overthrowing in 1713 and subsequent crowning of [[Farrukhsiyar|Emperor Farukhsiyar]], Jai Singh regained his stature in the Mughal court and became an influential entity but he could never become as paramount as the [[Sayyid Brothers]] in the Mughal court. Jai Singh was appointed as the ''Subedar'' of Malwa in 1713 just in time to face and repel Maratha incursions in 1715. He was trusted with the task of dealing with the Jat chief [[Churaman]] who was besieged at Thun. He used his influence over the Sayyid brothers to negotiate a peace deal.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=666-667}} In 1719, Farrukhsiyar was murdered by Sayyid brothers and Ajit Singh and was replaced by Rafi-ud-Darjat and Rafi-ud-Daulah in quick successions and eventually settled for ''Roshan Akhtar'' who became [[Muhammad Shah|Emperor Muhammad Shah]]. Till 1720, Muhammad Shah got rid of the Sayyid brothers and Ajit Singh fell out of this favor, making Jai Singh even more powerful.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=668}} In 1722, Jai Singh was recalled to deal with Churaman. Jai Singh again laid siege to the fort of Thun and by 1722, Churaman committed suicide, his nephew Badan Singh accepted Mughal dominance and his son Mokham sought refuge in Mewar. By this time, Sawai Jai Singh II had become a very influential person in India and he was looked upon by all major leaders including the Peshwa, Nizam and other fellow Rajputs.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=668-669}} It is also believed that Jai Singh had enough influence on Ajit Singh's son Abhay Singh that in 1724, he instigated him to murder and take over as the Raja of Marwar which he did with the help of his brother Bakht Singh.{{sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|loc="Abhay Singh became more and more influenced by his friendship with his brother-in-law (and later father-in-law), Sawai Jai Singh II....It is held that Sawai Jai Singh was among those who advised and instigated Abhay Singh to rid Marwar of his father....Bakhat Singh entered his father’s palace and murdered him."}} Jai Singh was again stationed at Malwa in 1729 to repel Maratha raids but this time, the Maratha force under [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and [[Ranoji Scindia]] was much more powerful and Jai Singh II was defeated at the [[Battle of Mandsaur]] in 1732 after which he had to pay ''Chauth'' from 28 ''parganas''.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=669}} In 1734, Jai Singh tried to put forward a pact at Hurda for mutual cooperation against the Marathas but nothing came out of it and it was never enforced. Marathas raided Rajputana, this time striking close to Jaipur, eventually obtaining even larger amounts of tribute in the form of chauth. In 1736, Jai Singh met [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] at Bhambhola where he tried to convince him to sustain Muhammad Shah rule as a nominal head and take over the administration which appealed to the Peshwa but this was made unrealistic after [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|Nader Shah's sack of Delhi]] in 1740.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=669-670}} In 1740, Jai Singh ousted Rao Budh Singh from Bundi and crowned Dalel Singh and placed Zorawar Singh in Bikaner and made Abhay Singh make peace with Bikaner.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=671}} In 1741, Jai Singh fought [[Bakht Singh of Marwar]] in the [[Battle of Gangwana]] and suffered immense losses in the war. He never recovered from this battle and died 2 years later.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=209}}[[File:Jaipur 03-2016 19 City Palace complex.jpg|thumb|The [[City Palace, Jaipur]].|290x290px|left]] [[File:Jaipur, India, Jantar Mantar.jpg|thumb|311x311px|Jaipur [[Jantar Mantar, Jaipur|Jantar Mantar]], an astronomical observatory constructed by Sawai Jai Singh for personal observations.]] ==== Astronomy, Science and Mathematics ==== Sawai Jai Singh II was a great patron of Science, Mathematics, Scholarship, Art, Architecture and Literature. Well acquainted with Indian and Greek mathematics, Jai Singh was aware of contemporary developments in Europe in the field of mathematics. He also made contacts with the Portuguese king Emmanuel in 1727 comparing Portuguese astronomical observations with Indian and pointing out that Indian versions were better. He made several instruments to make astronomical observations including small brass instruments to 24-meter stone structures and observatories called ''Jantar Mantar''. Two Jatar-Mantars still exist in usable state, one in Delhi, one in Jaipur.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=671-672}} In 1727, He planned and founded a new capital city called [[Jaipur]]. He examined Indian traditions of architecture under the supervision of a Bengali Brahmin called Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. The city had streets and lanes that intersect each other at right angles and havelis, temples, gardens, civic buildings were built at pre-planned places. Much of this was completed by 1733.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=672-678}} Sawai Jai Singh II died on 21 September 1743. === Civil War between Ishwari and Madho Singh === [[File:Jaipur. temp. Isvari Singh AR Rupee (21mm, 11.32 g, 10h) In the name of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Sawau Jaipur mint. Dually dated AH 1157 and RY 27 of Muhammad Shah (AD 1744-5).jpg|thumb|Coinage of Jaipur from the time of [[Ishvari Singh]], in the name of the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]. Sawau Jaipur mint, dated 1744-5 CE.]] His eldest son [[Ishvari Singh]] ascended to the throne due to the right of primogeniture and was supported by the Mughals and the Marathas. His position was disputed by his younger brother [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] who claimed that his grandfather [[Amar Singh II|Rana Amar Singh II]] was promised in 1708 that the son through his daughter ''Chandra Kanwar'' would inherit the throne regardless of primogeniture rules. Madho Singh's cousin [[Jagat Singh II|Rana Jagat Singh II]] immediately presented his support for Madho. The Maharana invited Kota’s Rao Durjansal and Umaid Singh of Bundi against Ishwari Singh. Both sides were about to face each other in battle but the war was prevented by Madho accepting Toda and Tonk along with some other parganas in grant.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=672-678}} The Maharana tried to lay siege to Jaipur but Ishwari Singh was able to get the Marathas to repel them. Eventually the Maharana was able to win the support of [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and the forces met at [[Battle of Rajmahal]] in 1747 in which Madho Singh and his commanders had to retreat and were forced to pay tribute. Madho Singh tried again at the [[Battle of Bagru]] and was able to defeat Ishwari Singh but Ishwari remained on throne. Malhar Rao again laid siege to Jaipur in 1750, and Ishwari did not have enough force to defend so he consumed poison and killed himself leaving his throne for his brother Madho Singh.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=672-678}} === Decline at hands of the Marathas === [[File:Portrait of Mahadaji Scindia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahadji Scindia]], the Maratha chief who raided the Rajputana throughout the late 18th century weakening Rajput states]] After the civil war, Sawai Madho Singh was unable to repay the Marathas who frequently raided Jaipur from 1751 to 1759 and extracted ransom money, hurting the financial situation of Dhundhar. [[Raghunath Rao]], [[Jankoji Rao Scindia]] and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] invaded Jaipur several times, extracting lakhs of rupees in ''Chauth.'' Madho tried to invade Kota in 1761 but was defeated at the battle of Bhatwara. He tried to invade Bharatpur in 1767 but died in 1768 succeeded by his 5 year-old son [[Prithvi Singh II|Sawai Prithvi Singh]] who died because of falling from a horse in 1778 and was succeeded by his 13 year-old brother [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Sawai Pratap Singh]]. During this time, a senior noble of the Kachhwaha court, ''Pratap Singh Naruka'' supported the rival claim of Prithvi Singh's son Man Singh and also invited [[Mahadaji Shinde]] to attack Jaipur. Marwar and Dhundar joined hands to face Mahadji at the Battle of Tunga in 1784 in which they had a win with small margins. In 1787, Mahadji Scindia and his force led by [[Benoît de Boigne|General Benoît de Boigne]] invaded Jaipur but had to retreat after failure at the [[Battle of Lalsot]].{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511650/page/382/mode/1up |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, vol.3,1771-1788 |date=15 February 2024}}{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=680-682}} He again invaded and defeated Jaipur army at the Battle of Patan in 1790.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=289}} Throughout the 1790s, the Marathas extracted a lot of tribute from Dhundar worsening its financial situation.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=680-682}} In 1799, Maratha commander Vaman Rao and an Irish Commander [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] who faced Pratap Singh at the [[Battle of Fatehpur (1799)|Battle of Fatehpur]] in 1799. The Rao-Thomas alliance faced difficulty and were advised by the commander of [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]], [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron|General Pierre Perron]] to retreat. Next year, Daulat Rao and General Perron defeated Pratap Singh at the Battle of Malpura.{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1994|p=315}} Sawai Pratap Singh died in 1803 leaving the throne to his son [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Sawai Jagat Singh]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=683}} Jagat Singh had been chosen as the fiancé of [[Krishna Kumari (princess)|Krishna Kumari]], the princess of Mewar after [[Bhim Singh of Marwar]] died in 1803 but Bhim's successor [[Man Singh of Marwar]] insisted that he must be the husband of Krishna Kumari. Soon, Jagat Singh, with the support of [[Pindari]] chief [[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Amir Khan]] faced Man Singh at the battle of Gingoli. Marwar was defeated and [[Mehrangarh]] was besieged. Shortly afterwards, Amir Khan changed sides and allied with Man Singh. Krishna Kumari was eventually poisoned to put an end to the conflict. From 1807 to 1813, Amir Khan, backed by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] raided Jaipur and extracted lakhs of rupees in chauth.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=863}} Towards the end of the 18th century, the [[Jats]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] and the [[Kachwaha]] chief of [[Alwar]] declared themselves independent from Jaipur and each annexed the eastern portion of Jaipur's territory. Nevertheless, enough wealth remained in Jaipur for the patronage of fine temples/palaces, continuity of its courtly traditions and the well-being of its citizens and merchant communities. The Jaipur rulers also made large scale ''punya-udik'' (charitable) [[Grant (money)|grants]] to many [[Charan]]s, [[Brahmin|Brahmans]], [[Bhāts|Bhats]] (bards) and various [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] institutions.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqLrAAAAMAAJ |title=Social Science Probings |date=2004 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406014454/https://books.google.com/books?id=tqLrAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}} === Under the British Empire === {{Princely states topics}} ==== Initial treaty ==== A treaty was initially made by Maharaja Sawai Jagat Singh and the [[British India|British]] under [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]] Marquis Wellesley in 1803, however the treaty was dissolved shortly afterwards by Wellesley's successor, Lord [[Cornwallis]]. In this event, Jaipur's Ambassador to [[Lord Lake]] observed that "This was the first time, since the English government was established in India, that it had been known to make its faith subservient to its convenience".[[Giles Tillotson]], ''Jaipur Nama: Tales from the Pink City.'' In 1818, after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] Jagat Singh decided to enter the [[subsidiary alliance]] with the British under which it was decided that * Jaipur state agreed to give rupees eight lakhs as khiraj annually to the East India Company. * It would receive British protection and support.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=865}} Sawai Jagat Singh died 9 months after the signing of this treaty and left no heir. A faction of nobles in the court tried to place Mohan Singh, the son of the chief of Narwar on the throne but the widow of Jagat Singh declared that she was pregnant with the heir which was later confirmed. [[Jai Singh III|Sawai Jai Singh III]] was born in 1819 and was recognized as the Raja.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=866}} ==== Instability ==== The Financial condition of Jaipur worsened after Prime Minister ''Nazir Mohan Ram'' was ousted by the queen mother and eventually the troops of Jaipur started demanding pay and British had to militarily intervene. Most of Jai Singh III's reign was spent in court rivalries and instability of the state and in 1833, Queen-mother died and in 1835 Jai III also died.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=866-867}} Soon rumors spread that Prime Minister ''Jhutaram'' had poisoned Jai Singh III to ensure more power for themselves. The British had to intervene again. An Infant Sawai [[Ram Singh II]] succeeded Jai III.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=867}}''Rajasthan Through the Ages'' By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, pg.287 Another misunderstanding started a rumor that the British Political agent had assassinated the Infant Raja which led to an uprising. Later, after a judicial review, several Jaipur ministers were hanged.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=868}} ==== Reforms under the British and Ram Singh II ==== [[File:Ram Singh II of Jaipur.jpg|thumb|left|Ram Singh II]] Upon the regent’s death in 1838, the kingdom came under direct supervision of successive British political agents. Various laws were framed in this duration. In 1839, regular revenue-related civil courts, or ''Adalat Diwani'', as well as criminal courts, or ''Adalat Faujdari'', were established for Jaipur state. In 1840, the state was divided into fresh administrative zones, districts, and parganas. Other administrative, judicial and social reforms were introduced. Infanticide was outlawed, and slavery abolished. In addition, certain other administrative institutions were streamlined. It was also during the minority of Sawai Ram Singh II that the state of Jaipur banned the practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] by law in 1846.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=868-870}} When Sawai Ran Singh II turned major, he introduced more reforms. During the 1854-55 period, four new departments of police, medical, education, and survey & settlement were set up, each under a separate administrator. The state’s administrative units were re-organised into five districts or sub-areas, each placed under a ''nazim''.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=870}} [[File:Jaipur. Ram Singh (1835-1880) Dump type. In the name of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India. Sawai Jaipur mint.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Jaipur under [[Ram Singh II]]. In the name of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India. Sawai Jaipur mint.]] Ram Singh placed due importance on education too. Maharaja’s College was established in 1844. By 1867 its first batch had taken the matriculation examination from Calcutta University, by 1873 it had been raised to the ‘Intermediate’ level, and by 1875 its original forty students had grown to eight hundred. The Maharaja established a Sanskrit College too, and in 1861 a school for Rajput boys. In 1866-67 an art and craft centre, ‘Maharaja’s School of Art and Crafts’ and established at Jaipur city in 1857.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=870-871}} The state later became well-governed and prosperous. During the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], when the British invoked the treaty to request assistance in the suppression of rebellious [[sepoys]], the Maharaja opted to preserve his treaty, and thus sent in troops to help to subdue the uprisings in the area around [[Gurgaon]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} In 1869, Ram Singh II signed a treaty with the British Government to lease the [[Sambhar Lake]] for 2.75 Lakh rupees annually. This treaty was further expanded in 1879 according to which any indigenous production of salt in Jaipur would be suppressed in exchange for tax free import and export of salt.{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=871-873}} Sawai Ram Singh II died in 1881 without an heir and was succeeded by the Thakur of Isarda, Qayam Singh who ascended to the throne as [[Sawai Madho Singh II]].{{Sfn|Rima Hooja|2006|p=873}} Jaipur state had a revenue of Rs.65,00,000 in 1901, making it the wealthiest [[princely state]] in [[Rajputana]].{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_401.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 13, page 395 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129025446/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_401.gif |url-status=live}} Jaipur's last princely ruler signed the accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 7 April 1949.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} [[File:Man Singh II and Gayatri Devi.jpg|thumb|[[Gayatri Devi]], Maharani of Jaipur, born as Princess Gayatri of [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], with her husband [[Man Singh II]], the last ruling Maharaja of Jaipur State.]] [[Padmanabh Singh]] is the current head of the erstwhile royal family that once ruled Jaipur. Estimates of the royal family's wealth vary, but Singh is estimated to control a fortune of between $697 million and $2.8 billion.{{cite news |last=Warren |first=Katie |title=Meet the 21-year-old 'king' of Jaipur, India, a polo star who spends his multimillion-dollar fortune traveling the world and studying in NYC and Rome |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/life-of-king-of-jaipur-india-worth-millions-photos-2018-12 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118072940/https://www.businessinsider.com/life-of-king-of-jaipur-india-worth-millions-photos-2018-12 |url-status=live}}[[File:Interview1878max.jpg|thumb|"First interview with the Maharajah of Jeypore," from 'India and its Native Princes' by Louis Rousselet, 1878|223x223px]] ==List of rulers == === Rulers of Ambers and Jaipur === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ |- ! rowspan="2" |Ruler ! colspan="2" |Reign ! rowspan="2" |Lifespan ! rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days}} |- !Start !End |- |Raja Sodh Dev |27 December 966 |15 December 1006 |(d. 1006) |{{age in years and days|966|12|27|1006|12|15}} |- |Raja '[[Dulha Rai]]' |15 December 1006 |28 November 1036 |(d. 1036) |{{age in years and days|1006|12|15|1036|11|28}} |- |Raja [[Kakil]] Dev |28 November 1036 |20 April 1039 |(d. 1039) |{{age in years and days|1036|11|28|1039|4|20}} |- |Raja Hanu Dev |21 April 1039 |28 October 1053 |(d. 1053) |{{age in years and days|1039|4|21|1053|10|28}} |- |Raja Janhad Dev |28 October 1053 |21 March 1070 |(d. 1070) |{{age in years and days|1053|10|28|1070|3|21}} |- |Raja [[Pajawan]] Dev |22 March 1070 |20 May 1094 |(d. 1094) |{{age in years and days|1070|3|22|1094|5|20}} |- |Raja Malesi Dev |20 May 1094 |15 February 1146 |(d. 1146) |{{age in years and days|1094|5|20|1146|2|15}} |- |Raja Vijal Dev |15 February 1146 |25 July 1179 |(d. 1179) |{{age in years and days|1146|2|15|1179|7|25}} |- |Raja Raj Dev |25 July 1179 |16 December 1216 |(d. 1216) |{{age in years and days|1179|7|25|1216|12|16}} |- |Raja Kilhan Dev |16 December 1216 |18 October 1276 |(d. 1276) |{{age in years and days|1216|12|16|1276|10|18}}{{Efn|Longest serving monarch of the kingdom of Amber|group=lower-greek}} |- |Raja Kuntal Dev |18 October 1276 |23 January 1317 |(d. 1317) |{{age in years and days|1276|10|18|1317|1|23}} |- |Raja Johnsi Dev |23 January 1317 |6 November 1366 |(d. 1366) |{{age in years and days|1317|1|23|1366|11|6}} |- |Raja Udaikaran |6 November 1366 |11 February 1388 |(d. 1388) |{{age in years and days|1366|11|6|1388|2|11}} |- |Raja Narsingh |11 February 1388 |16 August 1428 |(d. 1428) |{{age in years and days|1388|2|11|1428|8|16}} |- |Raja Banbir |16 August 1428 |20 September 1439 |(d. 1439) |{{age in years and days|1428|8|16|1439|9|20}} |- |Raja Udharan |20 September 1439 |10 December 1467 |(d. 1467) |{{age in years and days|1439|9|20|1467|12|10}} |- |Raja Chandra Sen |10 December 1467 |17 January 1503 |(d. 1503) |{{age in years and days|1467|12|10|1503|1|17}} |- |Raja [[Prithviraj Singh I]] |17 January 1503 |4 November 1527 |(d. 1527) |{{age in years and days|1503|1|17|1527|11|4}} |- |Raja [[Puranmal]] |4 November 1527 |19 January 1534 |(d. 1534) |{{age in years and days|1527|11|4|1534|1|19}} |- |Raja [[Bhim Singh of Amber|Bhim Singh]] |19 January 1534 |22 July 1537 |(d. 1537) |{{age in years and days|1534|1|19|1537|7|22}} |- |Raja [[Ratan Singh of Amber|Ratan Singh]] |22 July 1537 |15 May 1548 |(d. 1548) |{{age in years and days|1537|7|22|1548|5|15}} |- |Raja [[Askaran]] |15 May 1548 |1 June 1548 |(d. 1599) |{{age in years and days|1548|5|15|1548|6|1}} |- |Raja [[Bharmal]] |1 June 1548 |27 January 1574 |(b. 1499 - d. 1574) |{{age in years and days|1548|6|1|1574|1|27}} |- |Raja [[Bhagwant Das]] |27 January 1574 |4 December 1589 |(b. 1527 – d. 1589) |{{age in years and days|1574|1|27|1589|12|4}} |- |Mirza Raja [[Man Singh I]] |4 December 1589 |6 July 1614 |(b. 1550 – d. 1614) |{{age in years and days|1589|12|4|1614|7|6}} |- |Mirza Raja [[Bhau Singh]] |6 July 1614 |13 December 1621 |(b. 1576 - d. 1621) |{{age in years and days|1614|7|6|1621|12|13}} |- |Mirza Raja [[Jai Singh I]] |13 December 1621 |28 August 1667 |(b. 1611 – d. 1667) |{{age in years and days|1621|12|13|1667|8|28}} |- |Mirza Raja [[Ram Singh I]] |10 September 1667 |30 April 1688 |(b. 1629 – d. 1688) |{{age in years and days|1667|9|10|1688|4|30}} |- |Raja [[Bishan Singh]] |30 April 1688 |19 December 1699 |(b. 1672 – d. 1699) |{{age in years and days|1688|4|30|1699|12|19}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh II]] |19 December 1699 |21 September 1743 |(b. 1688 – d. 1743) |{{age in years and days|1699|12|19|1743|9|21}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Ishvari Singh|Ishwari Singh]] |21 September 1743 |12 December 1750 |(b. 1721 – d. 1750) |{{age in years and days|1743|9|21|1750|12|12}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Madho Singh I]] |12 December 1750 |5 March 1768 |(b. 1728 – d. 1768) |{{age in years and days|1750|12|12|1768|3|5}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Prithvi Singh II]] |5 March 1768 |13 April 1778 |(b. 1762 – d. 1778) |{{age in years and days|1768|3|5|1778|4|13}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Pratap Singh of Jaipur|Pratap Singh]] |1778 |1803 |(b. 1764 – d. 1803) |{{age in years and days|1778|1|1|1803|12|31}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Jagat Singh of Amber|Jagat Singh II]] |1803 |21 November 1818 |(b. 1784 – d. 1818) |{{age in years and days|1803|1|1|1818|11|21}} |- |''[[Mohan Singh of Narwar|Mohan Singh]] (regent)'' |''22 December 1818'' |''25 April 1819'' | |{{age in years and days|1818|12|22|1819|4|25}} |- |Maharaja Sawai [[Jai Singh III]] |25 April 1819 |6 February 1835 |(b. 1819 – d. 1835) |{{age in years and days|1819|4|25|1835|2|6}} |- |HH Maharaja Sawai Sir [[Ram Singh II]] |6 February 1835 |18 September 1880 |(b. 1833 – d. 1880) |{{age in years and days|1835|2|6|1880|9|18}} |- |HH Maharaja Sawai Sir [[Madho Singh II]] |18 September 1880 |7 September 1922 |(b. 1862 – d. 1922) |{{age in years and days|1880|9|18|1922|9|7}} |- |HH Maharaja Sir [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] |7 September 1922 |7 April 1949 |(b. 1911 – d. 1970) |{{age in years and days|1922|9|7|1949|4|7}} |} ''Sawai Man Singh II'' ''merged Jaipur State in [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in the year 1949 .'' === Titular rulers of Jaipur === The titular{{Refn|group=note|name=first|In 1948, after India's independence and the state's accession to the [[Dominion of India]] under terms agreed to during the [[Political integration of India]], [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] was granted a [[privy purse]], certain privileges, and the use of the title ''Maharaja of Jaipur'' by the [[Government of India]].{{cite book |last=Ramusack |first=Barbara N. |author-link=Barbara Ramusack |title=The Indian princes and their states |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA273 |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26727-4 |page=273 |quote=The crucial document was the Instrument of Accession by which rulers ceded to the legislatures of India or Pakistan control over defence, external affairs, and communications. In return for these concessions, the princes were to be guaranteed a privy purse in perpetuity and certain financial and symbolic privileges such as exemption from customs duties, the use of their titles, the right to fly their state flags on their cars, and to have police protection. ... By December 1947 Patel began to pressure the princes into signing Merger Agreements that integrated their states into adjacent British Indian provinces, soon to be called states or new units of erstwhile princely states, most notably Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, and Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karaulli).}}}} rulers of the Jaipur State includes: * 7 April 1949 – 24 June 1970: Maharaja [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] * 24 June 1970 – 28 December 1971: Maharaja [[Bhawani Singh|Sawai Bhawani Singh]] === Other family members === * [[Diya Kumari]] * [[Bhawani Singh]] * [[Padmanabh Singh]] ==Jaipur Residency== {{See also|Rajputana Agency#Subdivisions}} The Jaipur Residency was established in the year 1821. It included the states of [[Jaipur]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] and an estate of [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa]]. The latter had belonged to the Haroti-Tonk Agency until 1867.{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_162.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 16, p. 156. |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605125918/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_162.gif |url-status=live}} ==See also== * [[History of Jaipur]] * [[Jaipur]] * [[Jaipur State Railway]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Footnotes=== {{reflist|group=lower-greek}} {{Commons category|Jaipur State}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |author=Rima Hooja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053 |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}} {{refend}} {{Jaipur}} {{Princely states of India}} {{coord|26.985|N|75.850|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Amber, Kingdom of}} [[Category:History of Jaipur]] [[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]] [[Category:Rajput history]] [[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]] [[Category:1128 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]] [[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]