{{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022|cs1-dates=y}} {{Lead too short|date=February 2024}} This article is about the history of [[Science and technology in Japan|science and technology in modern Japan]]. ==Science== {{Further|List of Japanese Nobel laureates}} {{Expand section|date=May 2017}} In the [[natural science]]s, the number of Japanese winners of the Nobel Prize has been second only to the United States in the 21st century, for contributions made in the 20th century. On the [[list of countries by research and development spending]], Japan is third on the list, behind the United States and China. ===Chemistry=== ====Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory==== In 1952, [[Kenichi Fukui]] published a paper in the ''Journal of Chemical Physics'' titled "A molecular theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons."{{cite journal |doi=10.1063/1.1700523 |title=A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons |year=1952 |last1=Fukui |first1=Kenichi |last2=Yonezawa |first2=Teijiro |last3=Shingu |first3=Haruo |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=722 |bibcode=1952JChPh..20..722F |doi-access=free}} He later received the 1981 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his investigations into the mechanisms of [[chemical reaction]]s, with his prize-winning work focused on the role of [[Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory|frontier orbitals]] in chemical reactions, specifically that [[molecule]]s share loosely bonded [[electron]]s which occupy the frontier orbitals, that is the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital ([[HOMO]]) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital ([[LUMO]]).{{cite journal |first1=K. |last1=Fukui |date=November 1982 |title=Role of Frontier Orbitals in Chemical Reactions |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=218 |issue=4574 |pages=747–754 |pmid=17771019 |doi=10.1126/science.218.4574.747 |bibcode=1982Sci...218..747F |s2cid=268306}}{{Cite journal |last1=Fukui |first1=K. |last2=Yonezawa |first2=T. |last3=Shingu |first3=H. |doi=10.1063/1.1700523 |title=A Molecular Orbital Theory of Reactivity in Aromatic Hydrocarbons |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=722 |year=1952 |bibcode=1952JChPh..20..722F |doi-access=free}}{{cite magazine |title=The new face of Japanese science |last1=Bell |first1=J. |last2=Johnstone |first2=B. |last3=Nakaki |first3=S. |name-list-style=amp |date=21 March 1985 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |page=31}}{{cite book |editor-last=Olson |editor-first=Richard |last=Sri Kantha |first=S. |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=1998 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists |chapter=Kenichi Fukui |location=New York |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |pages=456–458 |isbn=978-0-76147-064-9}}{{Cite magazine |last=Hargittai |first=István |date=April 1995 |title=Fukui and Hoffman: Two Conversations — [Fukui conversation] |magazine=The Chemical Intelligencer |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] New York, Inc. |pages=14–18 |volume=1 |issue=2 |issn=0947-0662}}{{cite web |url=http://www.jce.divched.org/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/document.php?chemid=7 |title=Biographical Snapshots: Kenichi Fukui |website=[[Journal of Chemical Education|JCE Online]] |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-date=2012-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035310/http://www.jce.divched.org/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/document.php?chemid=7 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1981/fukui/biographical/ |title=Kenichi Fukui – Biographical |website=[[Nobel Foundation]] |access-date=2015-11-09}} ====Chirally catalyzed hydrogenation==== [[Ryōji Noyori]] was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his "work on [[Asymmetric hydrogenation|chirally catalyzed hydrogenation]] reactions"{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} in 1968.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/noyori-facts.html |title=Ryoji Noyori: Facts |website=Nobel Foundation}} ====Proteins and enzymes==== In the 1960s and 1970s, [[green fluorescent protein]]s (GFP), along with the separate luminescent protein [[aequorin]] (an [[enzyme]] that catalyzes the breakdown of [[luciferin]], releasing light), was first purified from ''Aequorea victoria'' and its properties studied by [[Osamu Shimomura]].{{cite journal |last1=Shimomura |first1=O. |last2=Johnson |first2=F.H. |last3=Saiga |first3=Y. |name-list-style=amp |title=Extraction, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea |journal=Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=223–239 |date=June 1962 |pmid=13911999 |doi=10.1002/jcp.1030590302}} He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP".{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=24 August 2015}} [[Koichi Tanaka]] was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of [[soft laser desorption]], "methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules" and for "soft desorption [[ionisation]] methods for [[Mass spectrometry|mass spectrometric]] analyses of [[biological macromolecule]]s".{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} In 1987, he demonstrated that [[laser pulse]]s could blast apart large [[protein]] molecules so that [[ion]]s in gaseous form are produced.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/tanaka-facts.html |title=Koichi Tanaka: Facts |website=Nobel Foundation}} ====Conductive polymers==== [[Hideki Shirakawa]] was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the discovery and development of [[conductive polymer]]s".{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} ===Mathematics=== In the 1930s, while studying [[switching circuit]]s, [[NEC]] engineer Akira Nakashima independently discovered [[Boolean algebra]], which he was unaware of until 1938. In a series of papers published from 1934 to 1936, he formulated a [[Two-element Boolean algebra|two-valued Boolean algebra]] as a way to analyze and design circuits by [[algebra]]ic means in terms of [[logic gate]]s.{{cite web |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.1248 |title=Some Historical Remarks on Switching Theory |last1=Stanković |first1=Radomir S. |last2=Astola |first2=Jaakko T. |last3=Karpovsky |first3=Mark G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2007 |website=CiteSeerX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411221544/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.66.1248 |archive-date=2017-04-11}}{{cite book |url=http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf |title=Reprints from the Early Days of Information Sciences: TICSP Series on the Contributions of Akira Nakashima to Switching Theory |editor-first1=Radomir S. |editor-last1=Stanković |editor-first2=Jaakko Tapio |editor-last2=Astola |editor-link2=:fi:Jaakko Tapio Astola |date=2008 |isbn=978-952-15-1980-2 |issn=1456-2774 |volume=40 |issue=2 |series=Tampere International Center for Signal Processing (TICSP) Series |location=[[Tampere University of Technology]], Tampere, Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002559/http://ticsp.cs.tut.fi/reports/reprint-nakashima-rr.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-08}} (3+207+1 pages) [https://web.archive.org/web/20221026175726/http://ciitlab.elfak.ni.ac.rs/predavanja/09_Nakashima.mp4 10:00 min] ===Medicine=== In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, [[Susumu Tonegawa]] showed that [[genetics|genetic]] material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available [[antibodies]].{{cite journal |title=Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions |last1=Hozumi |first1=N. |last2=Tonegawa |first2=S. |name-list-style=amp |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=3628–3632 |year=1976 |pmid=824647 |pmc=431171 |doi=10.1073/pnas.73.10.3628 |bibcode=1976PNAS...73.3628H |doi-access=free}} He later received the 1987 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of [[antibody]] diversity."{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} ===Physics=== ====Particle physics==== [[Hideki Yukawa]] predicted the existence of [[meson]]s in 1934, for which he later received the 1949 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/press.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 – Presentation Speech |website=Nobel Foundation}} [[Yoichiro Nambu]] was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his 1960 discovery of the mechanism of [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|spontaneous broken symmetry]] in [[subatomic]] physics, related at first to the [[strong interaction]]'s [[chiral symmetry]] ([[chiral symmetry breaking]]) and later to the [[electroweak interaction]] and [[Higgs mechanism]].{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/nambu-bio.html |date=2008 |title=Yoichiro Nambu - Biographical |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 July 2015 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011220229/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/nambu-bio.html}} The [[bottom quark]] is a product in almost all [[top quark]] decays, and is a frequent decay product for the [[Higgs boson]]. The bottom [[quark]] was theorized in 1973 by physicists [[Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)|Makoto Kobayashi]] and [[Toshihide Maskawa]] to explain [[CP violation]].{{cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=M. |last2=Maskawa |first2=T. |name-list-style=amp |title=CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction |journal=[[Progress of Theoretical Physics]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=652–657 |year=1973 |doi=10.1143/PTP.49.652 |bibcode=1973PThPh..49..652K |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/66179 |hdl-access=free}} Toshihide Maskawa and Makoto Kobayashi's 1973 article, "CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction", is the fourth most cited [[high energy physics]] paper of all time as of 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/topcites/2010/alltime.shtml |title=Top Cited Articles of All Time (2010 edition) |year=2009 |website=[[Stanford Linear Accelerator Center]] |access-date=2014-06-21}} They discovered the origin of the [[Explicit symmetry breaking|explicit breaking]] of [[CP symmetry]] in the [[weak interaction]]s. The [[Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix]], which defines the [[Cabbibo angle|mixing parameters]] between [[quark]]s, was the result of this work. Kobayashi and Maskawa were awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the origin of the [[Spontaneous symmetry breaking|broken symmetry]] which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=2009-10-17}} ====Quantum physics==== [[Leo Esaki]] was awarded the 1 Nobel Prize in Physics{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/esaki-lecture.html |title=Nobel Lecture: Long Journey into Tunneling |last=Esaki |first=Leo |date=12 December 1973 |website=Nobel Foundation}} for the discovery of [[electron tunneling]] ([[quantum tunnelling]]) in the 1950s.{{Cite journal |first1=Leo |last1=Esaki |title=New Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p-n Junctions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-review_1958-01-15_109_2/page/602 |journal=Physical Review |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=603–604 |date=15 January 1958 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.109.603 |bibcode=1958PhRv..109..603E}} The [[tunnel diode]] ([[Esaki diode]]) was invented in August 1957 by Leo Esaki, Yuriko Kurose and Takashi Suzuki when they were working at Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, now [[Sony]].{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3033714A/en |title=U.S. patent 3,033,714: Diode type semiconductor device |website=Google Patents}}{{cite journal |last1=Esaki |first1=L. |last2=Kurose |first2=Y. |last3=Suzuki |first3=T. |year=1957 |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002243535/en/ |title=Ge P–N Junction のInternal Field Emission |journal=日本物理学会年会講演予稿集 (Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of the Physical Society of Japan) |volume=12 |issue=5 |page=85}}{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/SonyHistory/1-09.html |chapter=Chapter 9: The Model 2T7 Transistor |title=Genryu: Sony 50th Anniversary |date=1996 |publisher=Sony Corporation}} [[Shin'ichirō Tomonaga]] was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "fundamental work in [[quantum electrodynamics]], with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of [[elementary particle]]s".{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} ====Astrophysics==== [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to [[astrophysics]], in particular for the detection of [[Neutrino#Cosmic neutrinos|cosmic neutrinos]]"{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=19 December 2009}} in the 1980s. He conducted pioneering work on [[solar neutrino]] detection, and Koshiba's work also resulted in the first real-time observation of [[neutrino]]s from the [[SN 1987A]] [[supernova]]. These efforts marked the beginning of [[neutrino astronomy]].{{cite journal |title=Improved analysis of SN1987A antineutrino events |journal=Astroparticle Physics |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=163–176 |last1=Pagliaroli |first1=G. |last2=Vissani |first2=F. |last3=Costantini |first3=M. L. |last4=Ianni |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |bibcode=2009APh....31..163P |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.12.010 |arxiv=0810.0466 |s2cid=119089069}} ===Psychology=== The [[Rashomon effect]] is where the same event is given contradictory interpretations by different individuals involved. The concept originates from [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1950 film ''[[Rashomon]]'', where a murder is described in four mutually contradictory ways by its four witnesses.{{cite book |last=Davenport |first=Christian |title=Media Bias, Perspective, and State Repression: The Black Panther Party |year=2010 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-75970-0 |pages=52–73, esp. 55 |chapter=Rashomon Effect, Observation, and Data Generation}} ==Technology in the Empire of Japan (1868–1945)== For the first twenty years in the [[Meiji (era)|Meiji era]], patents and inventions failed to attract much public attention. From the time of the [[Russo-Japanese War]], largely through the action of the body known as the Imperial Invention Association, invention has been encouraged by the Government. With the outbreak of the [[First World War]], imported manufactured goods were cut off, as was the inflow of foreign technology, and, as a consequence, a number of new industries, especially in the heavy and chemical sectors, were set up. Existing firms also took advantage of the opportunity for technical development and the penetration of new markets. Several such companies were able to overcome the difficulties posed by economic depression and severe international competition. In 1935, at a time Japan experienced state of the art modernization entitled [[Shōwa Modan]], the country ranked only behind the [[United States]] and [[Germany]] in the number of patents granted.{{cite journal |title=Japanese Patents and Inventions |journal=Nature |date=February 1935 |volume=135 |issue=3406 |page=218 |doi=10.1038/135218b0 |bibcode=1935Natur.135R.218. |s2cid=4105301 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite book |last=Kudo |first=Akira |title=Japanese-German Business Relations Co-operation and Rivalry in the Interwar Period |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-01851-4 |oclc=7385499096}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ===Agriculture=== ;Vertical rice polishing machine The [[Rice polisher|rice polishing machines]] used today are based on the vertical power-driven [[Milling (machining)|the milling machine]], which was invented by Riichi Satake (the founder of [[Satake Corporation]] {{Lang|ja|株式会社サタケ}}) in 1930. The condition of the rice after milling, the extent of the milling, and damage to the rice grains during the process affects every link in the production chain. Rice could now be polished more efficiently. The abrasive action of the vertical polishing machine reduced the number of broken grains and made polishing more even, making it possible to produce highly polished rice. Unlike the previous horizontal polishing machines, which are used for table rice, the vertical design used gravity to drop the rice through the center chamber, which was outfitted with a center grindstone coated with carborundum. Horizontal polishing machines have the rice grains rub each other, but the vertical Satake type polished the grain with the abrasive center roller to achieve a 40 percent polishing ration, removing 50 percent of the rice grain, revolutionizing the rice milling system and became the standard, resulting in more uniform, finely polished grains that did not chip or crack.{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Anthony |title=Sake and the wines of Japan |date=2018 |publisher=Infinite Ideas |isbn=978-1-906821-62-3 |location=Oxford |oclc=1130842600}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}}{{Cite book |last=Ashcraft |first=Brian |title=The Japanese Sake Bible: Everything You Need to Know About Great Sake With Tasting Notes & Scores for 100 Top Brands |date=2020 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |oclc=1191809938}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ===Batteries=== ;Dry cell The world's first [[Dry cell|dry-battery]] was invented during the [[Meiji (era)|Meiji Era]]. The inventor was {{ill|Yai Sakizou|ja|屋井先蔵}}. The company Yai founded no longer exists.{{Cite web |url=http://www.baj.or.jp/e/knowledge/history01.html |title=The history of the battery: 1) The Yai dry-battery |date=2015 |website=Battery Association of Japan |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-date=2017-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901212021/http://www.baj.or.jp/e/knowledge/history01.html }} An award was granted for a dry cell battery by Yai at the 1903 [[Fifth National Industrial Exhibition]] ({{Lang|ja|第5回内国勧業博覧会}}) in [[Osaka]], Japan. It seems that his award was given in recognition of the fact that his battery was already being exported to foreign countries.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/s3/index3.html |title=(3) Company Growth and the End of National Industrial Exhibitions |website=[[National Diet Library]] |access-date=2020-12-30}} ;Reactive lead oxides production method In 1920 [[Genzo Shimadzu]] invents a "reactive lead oxides production method". Genzo's invention of the reactive lead powder manufacturing method in 1920 revolutionized the quality and cost of lead powder used in storage batteries. The manufactured lead powder was also used in anti-rust paints, which was even used on the Tokyo Skytree tower completed in 2012. For that invention, Genzo Jr. was selected as one of Japan's ten greatest inventors. He directed the company's efforts toward the development, independently, of a lead-powder production method, which was subsequently named the 'Production Method for Positive Response Lead Powder.' This was a simple and inexpensive method of industrial production, whereby a lump of lead was placed in a revolving iron drum while air was blown in. The ensuing oxidation of the lump of lead, and its breakdown into lead particles by the friction of the revolving drum, produced the positively charged lead powder. In addition to patenting various processes in Japan, Shimadzu registered patents in the major foreign countries. There were enquiries also concerning the implementation of patents for the Shimadzu production method in the US, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, Canada, Australia and France, attesting to the strong international interest in this technology. At this point, however, Shimadzu became entangled in a patent dispute in the US. In June 1932, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] pronounced its final verdict and established the patent rights for the Shimadzu technology. Following this victory, implementation of patent rights were finalized in the US, Britain, and France; that is, contracts were concluded successively in these countries. A contract for the acquisition by Ost Lurgi of the Shimadzu technology option was signed in Frankfurt am Main on 1 June 1926. Fritz Haber was also present at this meeting. The company, Ost Lurgi located in Berlin, was established in March 1926 as a joint venture of [[Mitsubishi]], [[Metallgesellschaft]] and {{ill|Degussa AG|de|Evonika Degussa}}. The initiator of the establishing Ost Lurgi was [[Fritz Haber]], inventor of the [[Haber process|Haber Bosch process]], who visited Japan in 1924, he thought highly of the standard of Japanese technology and originated a number of proposals for technico-industrial cooperation between Germany and Japan. One of his idealistic proposals gave rise to the establishment contract of Ost Lurgi. The purpose of Ost Lurgi was to transfer Japanese technology to Germany, but negotiations were drawn out, since the parties could not agree on conditions.{{Cite web |url=https://www.shimadzu.com/visionary/history/history-03/ |title=History 1917 to 1944: Transformation to a Modern Company |website=Shimadzu Corporation |access-date=2020-12-30}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.shimadzu.com/visionary/history/1894.html |title=History 1894 (Meiji 27) onwards |website=Shimadzu Corporation |access-date=2020-12-30 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416033506/https://www.shimadzu.com/visionary/history/1894.html }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.shimadzu.com/visionary/moment/vol-03/index.html |title=The Moment: The dream of "Made in Japan" |website=Shimadzu Corporation |access-date=2020-12-30}} ===Telecommunications=== ;Cathode ray tube (CRT) In 1924, [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]] began a research program on [[electronic television]]. In 1925, he demonstrated a [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) television with thermal electron emission.{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Development_of_Electronic_Television,_1924-1941 |title=Milestones:Development of Electronic Television, 1924–1941 |website=Engineering and Technology History Wiki |access-date=11 December 2015}} In 1926, he demonstrated a CRT television with 40-line [[Display resolution |resolution]],{{cite web |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ |title=Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television |date=2002 |website=NHK |access-date=2009-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101180643/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p05/ |archive-date=2016-01-01}} the first working example of a fully [[History of television#Electronic television |electronic television]] receiver. In 1927, he increased the television resolution to 100 lines, which was unrivaled until 1931.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQhlFaxDwrsC&pg=PA220 |editor-last=Forrester |editor-first=Chris |date=2011 |title=High Above: The untold story of Astra, Europe's leading satellite company |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |page=220|isbn=978-3-642-12009-1 }} In 1928, he was the first to transmit human faces in [[half-tone]]s on television, influencing the later work of [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]].{{cite book |last=Abramson |first=Albert |date=1995 |title=Zworykin, Pioneer of Television |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=231 |isbn=0-252-02104-5}} ;TYK Wireless Telephone In the era when there was only a [[Morse code]] wireless telegraph, the world's first practical "wireless telephone" to send voices wirelessly was invented in 1912, and successfully completed the first telephone call test in Japan. This device was called the "TYK-type wireless telephone" and was the first wireless telephone to be put into practical use in the world, and in 1913 it was installed in [[Toba, Mie|Toba]] and [[Kami-shima|Kamishima]], etc. (A remote island about 14 km from Toba) in [[Mie Prefecture]]. After a successful call experiment, a public communication service using wireless telephones started in 1916, with more than 15,000 practical calls. Later, the TYK wireless telephone won a foreign patent and contributed to the introduction of Japanese technology overseas.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieice.org/eng_r/assets/pdf/publication/milestone/b60-62.pdf |title=TYK Wireless Telephone |website=[[Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers]] |access-date=25 February 2024}} The commendation system of the Imperial Invention Association took effect through various expositions, exhibitions, prize contests and patent conventions. The first recipients were Uichi Torigata, Eitaro Yokoyama, and Sejiro Kitamura for the TYK wireless telephone.{{cite journal |last1=Quan |first1=Guan |title=Technological Innovations and the Patent System in Prewar Japan |journal=Hitotsubashi Journal of Commerce and Management |date=2001 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=19–36 |jstor=43294983}} on 16 December 1914, the world's first public telephone service via a voice based wireless communications system got underway.{{Cite magazine |url=https://dl.cdn-anritsu.com/en-en/about-anritsu/corporate-information/track/footprint120.pdf |magazine=Tracing 120 Years of Anritsu History |title=Toba, Mie Prefecture |pages=8–9 |publisher=Anritsu Corporation}} ;Meteor burst communications The first observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported by [[Hantaro Nagaoka]] in 1929.{{cite journal |last1=Nagaoka |first1=Hantaro |title=Possibility of the Radio Transmission being disturbed by Meteoric Showers |journal=Proceedings of the Imperial Academy |date=1929 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=233–236 |doi=10.2183/pjab1912.5.233 |doi-access=free}} ;Yagi antenna The [[Yagi–Uda antenna|Yagi-Uda antenna]] was invented in 1926 by [[Shintaro Uda]] of [[Tohoku University|Tohoku Imperial University]], [[Sendai]], Japan, with the collaboration of [[Hidetsugu Yagi]], also of Tohoku Imperial University. Yagi published the first English-language reference on the antenna in a 1928 survey article on short wave research in Japan and it came to be associated with his name. However, Yagi always acknowledged Uda's principal contribution to the design, and the proper name for the antenna is, as above, the Yagi-Uda antenna (or array).{{Cite web |url=https://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/travelling/yagi.php |title=The Yagi-Uda Antenna – Yagi Antennas |website=Antenna-Theory.com |access-date=2020-12-30}} ;NE-style phototelegraphy Phototelegraphic equipment invented by [[Yasujiro Niwa]] that became the foundation of [[mechanical television]]s and [[Fax|FAX machines]] in Japan. In November 1928, when [[Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]]'s Imperial Accession Ceremony was held, newspaper companies that had mulled over ways to deliver papers with photos (The first photo-telegraph to be sent using a leased line) of the ceremony throughout the nation as quickly as possible employed this phototelegraphic equipment with great success. In general use, the NEC-style photo-telegraph was used to send information such as pictures and handwriting.{{Cite web |url=https://park.org/Japan/NTT/DM-/html_ht/HT930010_e.html |title=Photo-telegraph service introduced (NE-type) |website=[[Internet 1996 World Exposition]] |access-date=2020-12-30}} ;Non-loaded Cable The vital technology in Japan's effort to build a strategic communications link between the home islands and Manchukuo. The importance of this technological invention was not limited to [[Manchuria]], it was the technological equivalent in Japan's new empire-building endeavor to the [[Gutta Percha Company|gutta-percha submarine cable]] in the creation of the [[British Empire]]. In the meantime, NLC would be heralded as a quintessential "Japanese-style technology" and a milestone in modern Japan's quest for technological autonomy. Even decades later, many in Japan were still convinced that "consistently in every step from invention to application, it was literally a domestically produced technology, worthy of international pride" and the development of NLC was "clearly the starting point of the leap forward of our telecommunications technology to the world's top level". In 1936, the Japanese government adopted non-loaded cable for the new Japan–Manchukuo cable network as well as for the long-distance communications networks in Japan, thus establishing the supremacy of the new technology in Japan. In the same year, [[Shigeyoshi Matsumae]] (松前重義 1901–1991) was awarded the Asano Prize by Japan's Association of Electrical Engineering for his ground-breaking contribution to the development of telecommunications technology. Named after one of Japan's first electrical engineers, who oversaw the laying of the submarine cable to [[Taiwan]], the prize of 1,000 yen further consolidated the reputation of NLC as well as that of its chief inventor. Later that year, Matsumae received his doctoral degree from Tōhoku Imperial University. the NLC technology was "the greatest invention in Japan's telecommunications industry". Now recognized as Japan's unique contribution to the field of [[telephone]] transmission.{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Daqing |title=Technology of Empire: Telecommunications and Japanese expansion in Asia, 1883-1945 |date=2010 |volume=219 |location=Cambridge, Mass |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center (Distributed by Harvard University Press) |isbn=978-1-68417-379-2 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1tg5mft |jstor=j.ctt1tg5mft |oclc=1001536884}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ===Electronics=== ;Digital circuits From 1934 to 1936, [[NEC]] engineer Akira Nakashima introduced [[switching circuit theory]] in a series of papers showing that [[Two-element Boolean algebra|two-valued]] [[Boolean algebra]], which he discovered independently, can describe the operation of switching circuits. Nakashima's switching circuit theory used [[digital electronics]] for Boolean algebraic operations.{{cite journal |last1=Yamada |first1=Akihiko |title=History of Research on Switching Theory in Japan |journal=IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials |date=2004 |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=720–726 |doi=10.1541/ieejfms.124.720 |bibcode=2004IJTFM.124..720Y |doi-access=free}}{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0002.html |title=Switching Theory/Relay Circuit Network Theory/Theory of Logical Mathematics |website=[[Information Processing Society of Japan]] Computer Museum}} Nakashima's work was later cited and elaborated on in [[Claude Shannon]]'s seminal 1938 paper "[[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]]". Nakashima laid the foundations for [[digital system]] design with his switching circuit theory, using a form of Boolean algebra as a way to analyze and design circuits by [[algebra]]ic means in terms of [[logic gate]]s. His switching circuit theory provided the mathematical foundations and tools for digital system design in almost all areas of modern technology, and was the basis for digital electronics and [[Computer science|computer theory]]. Nakashima's work on switching circuit theory was further advanced by [[Claude Shannon]] in the United States during the late 1930s to 1940s, and by Goto Mochinori in Japan during the 1940s. ;Screen grid valve The first true screen-grid valve, with a screen grid designed for this purpose, was patented by Hiroshi Ando in 1919.{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Laurence Beddome |title=Wireless: A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of High-Frequency Electric Signalling |year=2013 |orig-date=1931 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-63618-7 |oclc=907253099}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ===Lighting=== ;Double-coil bulb In 1921, [[Junichi Miura]] created the first double-coil bulb using a coiled coil tungsten filament while working for [[Hakunetsusha]] (a predecessor of [[Toshiba]]). At the time, machinery to mass-produce coiled coil filaments did not exist, however Hakunetsusha developed a method to mass-produce coiled coil filaments by 1936.{{Cite web |url=https://toshiba-mirai-kagakukan.jp/en/learn/history/ichigoki/1921lamp/index.htm |title=Products: Trial Production of the World's First Double-Coil Bulb |website=Toshiba Science Museum |access-date=2020-12-30}} ===Metallurgy/Materials=== ;KS steel Magnetic resistant steel that is three times more resistant than tungsten steel, invented by [[Kotaro Honda]].{{Cite book |last=Honda |first=Kōtarō |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1702617 |title=Magnetic properties of matter |date=1928 |location=Tokyo, Japan |publisher=Syokwabo & Company |edition=1st}} Honda's discovery formed an important basis for Japan's world-leading position in this field. Always been interested in [[magnetism]], and after returning from studying at [[University of Göttingen|Göttingen University]] in [[Germany]], he became a professor of [[Tohoku University]] in 1911. It was at Tohoku University that he invented cobalt steel. Later, he recalled the way he created this world-class material: {{Blockquote|text=The structure of the alloy (cobalt steel) was basically created in my brain. It was not created merely by chance or by accident. Japanese researchers would do well to learn from my example.}} The [[High-speed steel|cobalt steel]] was named 'KS steel' in Japan, since these were the initials of Sumitomo Kichizaemon, the family head of the [[Sumitomo Group|Sumitomo]] zaibatsu, who had donated generous funds for this research. In 1918, Sumitomo Steel Casting succeeded in producing KS steel commercially. This steel, although very expensive, was extremely advanced, and was widely exported to Europe and the United States. In the same year, the Institute of Iron and Steel Research (later known as the Institute of Metal Research), the first public research institute for metals, was founded at Tohoku University, and it became the centre for metal research in Japan.{{Cite book |last=Yonekura |first=Seiichirō |title=The Japanese iron and steel industry, 1850-1990 continuity and discontinuity |date=2002 |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-61131-9 |oclc=1073544154}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;MKM steel MKM steel, an alloy containing nickel and aluminum, was developed in 1931 by the Japanese metallurgist [[Tokuhichi Mishima|Tokushichi Mishima]].{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/21/archives/tokushichi-mishima-dies-invented-a-magnetic-steel.html |title=Tokushichi Mishima Dies; Invented a Magnetic Steel |date=21 November 1975 |work=The New York Times}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/2027997.pdf |title=United States Patent No. 2,027,997: Permanent magnet containing copper |website=Freepatentsonline.com |access-date=2020-12-30}} ;BaTiO3 [[Barium titanate]] (BaTiO3) was discovered by T. Ogawa in 1943.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DEEAQAAIAAJ |editor-last=Nishizawa |editor-first=Jun-ichi |date=1981 |title=Semiconductor Technologies: 1982 |series=Japan Annual Reviews in Electronics, Computers & Telecommunications |location=Tokyo |publisher=Ohmsha |page=ii}} ;Hematite reduction process The Anshan Iron Works of the [[South Manchuria Railway|South Manchurian Railway company]], having an abundant supply of precisely this sort of low-ferrous, non-magnetic, and high-silica iron ore deposits, was looking for a technical breakthrough to exploit these deposits. Umene Tsunesaburo (later the Chief Engineer and Director), a young engineer of the Anshan Works, graduated from the Department of Metallurgy at [[Kyoto University]] in 1911 and went to the Yawata Works. In 1916, when the Anshan Works was established as a large integrated mill, Umene made his way into Manchuria. The operation of the first [[blast furnace]] (67 000 ton per year) began in 1919. When the post-First World War depression hit the works, however, South Manchuria Railroad Company (SMRC) decided to postpone the opening of Anshan's second blast furnace, and proposed construction of [[steel mill]]s instead. In order to survive in the competitive and unstable iron market previously described, the Anshan Works hoped to reduce production costs by exploiting the abundant low ferrous iron ore deposits around the works. Umene was appointed as a researcher for this special project. In addition, in 1921 the works invited six American scholars and engineers, led by Dr W. R. Appleby, the Head of the Department of Metallurgy at [[University of Minnesota|Minnesota University]], to research the feasibility of such a project in Manchuria. The team concluded that exploitation of the low quality deposits would not be commercial. Umene, however, did not give up on the calcinated magnetising method, which could achieve reduction and magnetising at the same time. He started his own research, using a theoretical scientific method. According to the chemical reaction formula, it was known that a non-magnetic iron ore chemically reacts and becomes magnetic if hermetically sealed and heated to over 1300 °C. This amount of energy consumption was not feasible, but Umene found that by putting a reducing agent in the ore, he could get the same chemical result at temperatures under 500 to 700 °C. He had only to decide the temperature and the amount of the reducing agent. Through careful experiments, he finally perfected the calcinating magnetisation method, and in June 1922, he took out a patent on the process. Because of this innovation, 90 per cent of even non-magnetic iron ore could be separated. Even more important, this innovation caused Japanese blast furnace engineers to recognise the importance of the preparation of iron ore. [[Kawasaki Steel Corporation|Kawasaki Steel]]'s Chiba Works, established in 1950 as the first large integrated greenfield works after the Second World War, and a model of efficient works, was the most important example. Asawa Saburo, who had been instructed by Umene at the Anshan Works, became Factory Manager of Kawasaki's Chiba Works and refined the preparatory techniques. About this technological continuity and development, he wrote: {{Blockquote|text=We thoroughly developed the preparatory process of raw materials at the Chiba Works after the Second World War. In order to process the powder ore, we introduced the pelletizing method, which contributes to high performance ironmaking here. There can be no doubt that I owe the installment of this series of new equipment largely to Dr Umene .... Great technological achievement is never confined within itself, nor does it become just a thing of the past. I learned here that such great innovations (as Umene's) will be continuously succeeded by various applications.|source=From ''The Japanese Iron and Steel Industry, 1850–1990''.{{Cite book |title=The Japanese iron and steel industry, 1850-1990: continuity and discontinuity |last=Yonekura |first=Seiichirō |date=1994 |location=New York |publisher=St Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-10673-4 |oclc=28797848}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}}}} ;Kuroda coke oven This furnace recovered by-products through a regenerative burning apparatus, invented by Kuroda Taizo (黒田泰造 1883–1961) in 1918, engineer at the [[Yahata Steel Works|Yahata Works]], it was a revolutionary energy-saving oven based on an energy-recycling system. The oven also improved by-product processing and increased coke processing yields. By 1933, the energy efficiency of the eighth coke oven at the Yahata Works was almost equal to that of the most advanced coke oven in Germany. The improvement in the quality of coke was directly reflected in the energy efficiency of iron and steelmaking. In addition, energy recycling techniques such as reuse of the gas generated in the coke oven and blast furnaces were exploited by the system. These efforts helped reduce the energy consumption of the works. The coal consumption per ton of steel production sharply dropped to 1.58 kg in 1933 from 3.7 kg in 1924. Eventually, Kuroda's idea of energy saving and recycling became fundamental for Japanese steel engineers. In 1962, this technological heritage would produce one of the most important innovations, the Basic Oxygen Furnace Waste Gas Cooling and Clearing System, invented at Yawata Steel (a successor of the Yahata Works).{{Cite web |url=http://kigs.jp/db/history.php?nid=2514&PHPSESSID=8ab6d96e143c47cdec3a2f9f7 |title=北九州イノベーションギャラリー｜ |trans-title=Kitakyushu Innovation Gallery & Studio |website=kigs.jp |access-date=2020-12-31}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ===Military=== ;Aircraft Carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2|up=yes}} was the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be completed. She was commissioned in 1922 for the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN). ''Hōshō'' and her aircraft group participated in the [[January 28 Incident]] in 1932 and in the opening stages of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in late 1937.{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/hosho-cvl.htm |title=IJN Hosho Light Aircraft Carrier |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=2020-12-30}} ;Landing craft carrier {{ship|Japanese amphibious assault ship|Shinshū Maru||2|up=yes}} was the world's first [[landing craft carrier]] ship to be designed as such, to carry and launch landing craft making it a pioneer of modern-day [[amphibious assault ship]]s. These concepts pioneered by Shinshū Maru persist to the current day, in the U.S. Navy's [[landing helicopter assault]] and [[landing helicopter dock]] amphibious assault ships.{{Cite book |title=Japanese Warships of World War II |last=Watts |first=Anthony John |date=1967 |oclc=251618693}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}}{{Cite book |title=Military Innovation in the Interwar Period |last1=Murray |first1=Williamson |last2=Millet |first2=Alan R. |date=1998 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-26688-9 |edition=1st paperback |oclc=852896224}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;Dock landing ship The predecessor of all modern [[dock landing ship]]s is {{ship|Japanese amphibious assault ship|Shinshū Maru||2|up=yes}} of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]], which could launch her infantry landing craft using an internal rail system and a stern ramp. She entered service in 1935 and saw combat in [[China]] and during the initial phase of Japanese offenses during 1942.{{Cite book |title=Nelson to Vanguard: warship development, 1923–1945 |last=Brown |first=D. K |date=2006 |location=London |publisher=Chatham |isbn=978-1-59114-602-5 |oclc=173973193}}{{page needed |date=October 2021}} ;Diesel-powered tank Japan was in the forefront of tank technology in the early 1930s when the land warfare found itself with state funding, introducing a number of innovations such as diesel tank engines. The world's first diesel-powered tank, this distinction goes to [[Type 89 I-Go|Japanese Type 89B I-Go Otsu]], produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards.{{Cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steve |last2=Bull |first2=Peter |title=Japanese Tanks: 1939–45 |date=2007 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84603-091-8 |oclc=132312488}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;Naval telegraphy The [[Battle of Tsushima]] was the first naval battle in which [[wireless telegraphy]] (radio) played a critically important role.{{Cite book |last1=Brown |first1=David |title=Warship Losses of World War Two |date=1990 |location=London |publisher=Arms and Armour |isbn=0-85368-802-8 |oclc=23052489}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} Wireless telegraphy played an important role from the start. At 04:55, Captain Narukawa of the ''Shinano Maru'' sent a message to Admiral Tōgō in [[Masampo]] that the "Enemy is in square 203". By 05:00, intercepted radio signals informed the Russians that they had been discovered and that Japanese scouting cruisers were shadowing them. Admiral Tōgō received his message at 05:05, and immediately began to prepare his battle fleet for a sortie.{{cite book |title=[[Saka no Ue no Kumo|Clouds Above The Hill]] |editor1-first=Phyllis |editor1-last=Birnbaum |last1=Ryōtarō |first1=Shiba |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-203-06872-4 |doi=10.4324/9780203068724}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} Lieutenant [[Akiyama Saneyuki]] had been sent to the United States as a [[naval attaché]] in 1897. He witnessed firsthand the capabilities of radio telegraphy and sent a memo to the [[Ministry of the Navy of Japan|Navy Ministry]] urging that they push ahead as rapidly as possible to acquire the new technology.{{Cite book |last1=Evans |first1=David C. |last2=Peattie |first2=Mark R. |title=Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941 |date=15 January 2015 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md. |isbn=978-1-61251-425-3 |oclc=897464699}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} The ministry became heavily interested in the technology; however it found the cost of the [[Marconi wireless]] system, which was then operating with the Royal Navy, to be exceedingly expensive. The Japanese therefore decided to create their own radio sets by setting up a radio research committee under Professor Shunkichi Kimura, which eventually produced an acceptable system. In 1901, having attained radio transmissions of up to 70 miles (110 km), the navy formally adopted radio telegraphy. Two years later, a laboratory and factory were set up at Yokosuka to produce the Type 36 (1903) radios, and these were quickly installed on every major warship in the [[Combined Fleet]] by the time the war started. [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] of the Naval Warfare Institute had built and demonstrated a wireless telegraphy set in 1900, and equipment from the firm [[Telefunken]] in Germany was adopted by the Imperial Russian Navy. Although both sides had early wireless telegraphy, the Russians were using German sets and had difficulties in their use and maintenance, while the Japanese had the advantage of using their own equipment.{{Cite book |last=Brook |first=Peter |title=Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships, 1867–1927 |date=1999 |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-89-4 |location=Gravesend, Kent |oclc=43148897}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;Torpedo boat destroyer [[Japanese warship Kotaka|''Kotaka'']] (''Falcon''), built in 1885. Designed to Japanese specifications and ordered from the Isle of Dogs, London [[Yarrow shipyards|Yarrow shipyard]] in 1885, she was transported in parts to Japan, where she was assembled and launched in 1887. The 165-foot (50 m) long vessel was armed with four 1-pounder (37 mm) quick-firing guns and six [[torpedo]] tubes, reached 19 knots (35 km/h), and at 203 tons, was the largest torpedo boat built to date. In her trials in 1889, ''Kotaka'' demonstrated that she could exceed the role of coastal defense, and was capable of accompanying larger [[warship]]s on the high seas. The Yarrow shipyards, builder of the parts for ''Kotaka'', "considered Japan to have effectively invented the destroyer".{{Cite book |last=Howe |first=Christopher |title=The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-35485-7 |location=Chicago |oclc=31971500}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;Compressed oxygen torpedo The Japanese began experimenting with oxygen-driven torpedoes about 1924, but gave up after numerous explosions and failures. Then, in 1927, an eight-man Japanese naval delegation went to the [[Whitehead Torpedo Works]] at [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]] to study and buy a regular version of the Whitehead torpedo. While there, they believed that they had stumbled onto evidence that the [[Royal Navy]] was secretly experimenting with oxygen torpedoes. Although they were mistaken, the Japanese delegation was so impressed with the information they had gathered that they sent an extensive report back to [[Tokyo]] in 1928. By the end of that year, intensive research and experimentation had begun at the [[Kure Naval Arsenal]] on a workable oxygen torpedo. Starting in 1 932, this effort was led by Captain Kishimoto Kaneharu. Step by step, Captain Kishimoto and his colleagues began to attack the problems inherent in the design of such a weapon. [[Explosion]]s were minimized by using natural air at the start of the engine's ignition, and [[oxygen]] was let in gradually to replace it. The men also took certain precautions to avoid contact between the oxygen and [[lubricant]]s used in the torpedo's machinery. Particular care was given to the fuel lines. They were cleaned with a potassium compound to eliminate oil and grease and were redesigned to round out all sharp angles, and their linings were finely ground to eliminate all tiny pits where any residual oxygen, oil, or grease could accumulate. The first test firings of the system, incorporating an engine of standard Whitehead design but using oxygen in place of air, were successfully carried out in 1933. That year, the navy formally designated the weapon as the [[Type 93 torpedo]], which has become known in the West as the "long-lance" torpedo, generally recognized as the best torpedo of [[World War II|World War II]].{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=David C. |title=Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941 |date=2012 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-84832-159-5 |oclc=939027390}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ;Ijuin fuse This Japanese invention by [[Ijuin Gorō]] caused the [[Torpedo|shells]] to explode on impact rather than, like the Russian [[Naval armour|armour]], simply penetrating the steel plating of enemy vessels and exploding below deck. It was not just the effect of the explosive charge that caused panic, When the shells hit they immediately threw out a wall of fire over everything in range. The Japanese shelling was terrifying and to the watching eyes of the Russians what was hurtling towards them seemed to be carton after carton of liquid fire.{{Cite book |url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=904420 |last=Pleshakov |first=Konstantin |title=The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Journey to the Battle of Tsushima |date=2008 |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-2549-6 |oclc=818855512}} ;Shimose powder A [[picric acid]] explosive that the Japanese had developed a new type of shell for. The shell was thin-skinned, allowing more space for the [[Shimose powder]] explosive 10 percent of the total weight of the shell instead of the normal 2–3 percent. These shells bore the name of furoshiki. Shimose Powder, with its compound treated as top secret, was adopted by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1893, not only for naval artillery but also for [[naval mine]]s, [[depth charge]]s and [[torpedo]] warheads. It played an important role in the Japanese victory in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904 to 1905.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/109.html?c=9 |title=Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures: Shimose Masachika |website=National Diet Library |access-date=2020-12-31}} ;Forerunner of the modern flamethrower [[Richard Fiedler]] refined his flamethrower designs, aided by engineer and soldier Bernhard Reddemann. The Japanese are credited with the first use of [[compressed gas]] to project a flammable liquid. As early as the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese army discovered that [[infantry]]men were prone to suffer huge losses in front of well-guarded fortresses. They used animal organ oil and the [[kerosene]] was mixed and ignited, and the harmful gas produced was poured into the Russian defense building to force it to abandon the defense. Reddemann's interest in flame weapons had originally been sparked by reports from the battlefields of the 190450 [[Russo-Japanese War]]. During the [[siege of Port Arthur]], Japanese combat engineers had used hand pumps to spray kerosene into Russian trenches. Once the Russians were covered with the [[flammable liquid]], the Japanese would throw bundles of burning rags at them.{{Cite book |last1=McNab |first1=Chris |last2=Noon |first2=Steve |last3=Gilliland |first3=Alan |title=The Flamethrower |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-4728-0902-5 |oclc=929030814}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}} ===Textile=== ;Automatic power loom with a non-stop shuttle-change motion [[Sakichi Toyoda]] invented numerous weaving devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of [[Autonomation|Jidoka]] (autonomation or autonomous automation). It was the 1924 Toyoda Automatic Loom, Type G, a completely automatic high-speed loom featuring the ability to change shuttles without stopping and dozens of other innovations. At the time it was the world's most advanced loom, delivering a dramatic improvement in quality and a twenty-fold increase in productivity.This loom automatically stopped when it detected a problem such as thread breakage. This loom delivered the world's top performance in terms of productivity and textile quality. An engineer from Platt Brothers & Co., Ltd. of England, one of the world's leading manufacturers of textile machinery at the time, admiringly referred to this loom as "the magic loom".{{Cite web |url=https://www.toyota-industries.com/company/history/toyoda_sakichi/ |title=The Story of Sakichi Toyoda |website=Toyota Industries Corporation |access-date=2020-12-29}} ;Garabo spinning {{ill|Garabo|ja|ガラ紡}} (ガラ紡) indigenous technology as a transitional innovation between pre-modern [[Cotton-spinning machinery|cotton-spinning]] and [[Industrial Revolution|industrial]] British-style [[Spinning jenny|spinning]]. The technical breakthrough for the design was attributed to the engineering genius of a single inventor and buddhist monk, {{ill|Tokimune Gaun|ja|臥雲辰致}} (臥雲辰致 1842–1900). The subsequent innovations of the Garabo were concentrated on the power supply system or the increase (and arrangement) of the spindles. Despite the latter increasing the complexity in frame structure, the core spinning mechanism was not altered. The Garabo technology was conceived as an affordable, accessible, and familiar technology to enhance productivity of peasant house-hold spinning, a common rural by-employment. Exhibited at the first [[National Industrial Exhibition]] ([[:ja:内国勧業博覧会|第1回内国勧業博覧会]]) in 1877, the machine was highly regarded by {{ill|Gottfried Wagener|de|Gottfried Wagener}} (1831–1892) as the best invention displayed at the event. However, since the machine featured a simple mechanism, many imitations were manufactured. Despite its technically groundbreaking mechanism for resource and labour saving, in the absence of managerial transformation, it was unable to compete with the emergent British-style sector and its modern entrepreneurship.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/s1/column-2.html |title=Patent System in the Meiji Period |website=National Diet Library |access-date=2020-12-31}}{{cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Eugene K. |title=Another Spinning Innovation: The Case of the Rattling Spindle, Garabō, in the Development of the Japanese Spinning Industry |journal=Australian Economic History Review |date=2011 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=22–45 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2011.00323.x |oclc=6896286227}} ;Vinylon The second man-made fiber to be invented, after [[nylon]]. It was first developed by Ichiro Sakurada, H. Kawakami, and Korean scientist [[Ri Sung-gi]] at the Takatsuki chemical research center in 1939 in Japan.{{cite journal |last1=Sakurada |first1=Ichiro |title=Synthetic Fiber |journal=Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan |date=1951 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=163–167 |doi=10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.9.9_163 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=K.C. |title=James E. Hoare. "Historical Dictionary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Lanham, MD, and Plymouth: Scarecrow Press 2012. lxi+490 pp., {{text|ISBN}}: 978-0-8108-6151-0 (print); 978-0-8108-7987-4 (e-book) £75; $119 Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania and the Middle East |journal=Reference Reviews |date=22 March 2013 |volume=27 |issue=3 |page=58 |doi=10.1108/09504121311308903}} ==Technology in postwar Japan (1945–present)== Since the mid-20th century, Japan has played an important role in diverse fields of [[Research and development in Japan|research and development]]. In terms of the number of Triadic patents granted annually in the 21st century, Japan has the highest number in the world, ahead of the United States. Although several different patent families exist, the triadic patent family is widely recognized as the gold standard and highest quality level. Triadic patents are filed jointly in the largest global technology markets: the [[Japan Patent Office|Japan Patent Office (JPO)]], the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)]], and the [[European Patent Office|European Patent Office (EPO)]].{{Cite web |url=http://chinapower.csis.org/patents/ |title=Are Patents Indicative of Chinese Innovation? |date=2016-02-15 |website=ChinaPower Project |access-date=2021-04-16}} ===Audio=== ;Digital audio Commercial [[Digital audio|digital recording]] was pioneered by [[NHK]] and [[Nippon Columbia]], also known as [[Denon]], in the 1960s. The first commercial digital recordings were released in 1971.{{cite journal |url=http://www.aes.org/aeshc/pdf/fine_dawn-of-digital.pdf |title=The Dawn of Commercial Digital Recording |editor-last=Ashpole |editor-first=Barry R. |first=Thomas |last=Fine |year=2008 |journal=ARSC Journal |access-date=2010-05-02}} In 1967, the first PCM ([[pulse-code modulation]]) recorder was developed by [[NHK]]'s research facilities in Japan. In 1969, NHK expanded PCM's capabilities to 2-channel stereo and 32 kHz 13-bit resolution. In January 1971, using NHK'S PCM recording system, engineers at [[Denon]] recorded the first commercial digital recordings, including ''Uzu: The World of Stomu Yamash'ta 2'' by [[Stomu Yamashta]]. [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] (CD-DA), also called [[Rainbow Books|Red Book]], was an audio format developed by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] in 1980,{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6950933.stm |title=How the CD was developed |date=17 August 2007 |website=BBC News |access-date=2007-08-17}} and commercially introduced with their compact disc (CD) format in 1982. ;Speech synthesis In 1968, the first [[Speech synthesis|text-to-speech synthesis]] system was developed by Noriko Umeda's team at Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory.{{cite journal |last1=Klatt |first1=D. |year=1987 |title=Review of text-to-speech conversion for English |journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=737–93 |doi=10.1121/1.395275 |pmid=2958525 |bibcode=1987ASAJ...82..737K}} ;Direct-drive turntables The [[direct-drive turntable]] was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at [[Panasonic|Matsushita]] (now [[Panasonic]]),{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT140 |title=Tracking the Next Century's Disk Spinner |last=Traiman |first=Steve |date=21 May 1977 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |page=140}} based in [[Osaka]], Japan.{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da |title=The Technics 1200 – Hammer Of The Gods |last=Coleman |first=Brian |date=January 7, 2016 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}} It eliminated the belts of older [[belt-drive turntable]]s, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515 |editor1-last=Pinch |editor1-first=Trevor |editor1-link=Trevor Pinch |editor2-last=Bijsterveld |editor2-first=Karin |editor2-link=Karin Bijsterveld |name-list-style=amp |last=Fouché |first=Rayvon |date=2012 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies |chapter=Chapter 21 - Analog Turns Digital: Hip-Hop, Technology, and the Maintenance of Racial Authenticity |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=515 |isbn=978-0-19-538894-7}} In 1969, Matsushita released it as the [[Technics (brand)|SP-10]], the first direct-drive turntable on the market,{{cite web |url=https://reverb.com/news/history-of-the-record-player-part-ii-the-rise-and-fall |title=History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall |last=Mayhew |first=Jess |date=1 October 2015 |website=[[Reverb.com]] |access-date=5 June 2016}} and the first in their [[Technics (brand)|Technics]] series of [[turntable]]s. This gave rise to [[turntablism]], with the most influential turntable being the [[Technics SL-1200]], released in 1972 and remaining the most widely used turntable in DJ culture for the next several decades.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2002/05/blackbox/ |title=Six Machines That Changed The Music World |last=Blashill |first=Pat |date=1 May 2002 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}} DJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables. Early [[belt-drive turntable]]s were unsuitable for turntablism, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LApZ8KV7bZAC&pg=PA43 |last=Souvignier |first=Todd |date=2003 |title=The World of DJs and the Turntable Culture |location=Milwaukee |publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]] |page=43 |isbn=0-634-05833-9}} In 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, which became the most popular turntable for DJs due to its high torque direct-drive design. [[Hip hop]] DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as [[scratching]] and [[beat juggling]] rather than merely mixing records. In 1975,{{Cite web |url=http://www.rane.com/dj/gwtheo.html |title=GrandWizzard Theodore |website=Rane.com |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810192126/http://www.rane.com/dj/gwtheo.html |archive-date=10 August 2009 }} hip-hop DJ [[Grand Wizard Theodore]] invented the scratching technique by accident. He developed the technique while experimenting with a Technics SL-1200 turntable, finding that its direct-drive motor would continue to spin at the correct [[Revolutions per minute|RPM]] even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter. Although Technics stopped producing the SL-1200 in 2010, they remain the most popular DJ turntable due to their high build quality and durability. The SL-1200 evolved into the SL-1200 MK2 in 1979—which, as of the early-2010s, remains an industry standard for DJing. ;Walkman The [[Walkman]] prototype was built in 1978 by audio-division engineer [[Nobutoshi Kihara]] for [[Sony]] co-founder [[Masaru Ibuka]]. Ibuka wanted to be able to listen to operas during his frequent trans-[[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] plane trips, and presented the idea to Kihara.{{cite web |url=http://lowendmac.com/2013/the-story-behind-the-sony-walkman/ |title=The Story Behind the Sony Walkman |last=Hormby |first=Thomas |date=15 September 2006 |publisher=Low End Mac |access-date=2007-03-04}} The Walkman was commercially released in 1979. ===Transportation=== {{Further|Japanese automotive industry}} ;Bullet train The world's first high volume capable (initially 12 car maximum) "[[High-speed rail|high-speed train]]" was Japan's [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]], which officially opened in October 1964, with construction commencing in April 1959.{{Cite web |url=http://www.h2.dion.ne.jp/~dajf/byunbyun/chrono.htm |title=Shinkansen Chronology |last=Fossett |first=D. A. J. |date=2008 |website=Byun Byun Shinkansen |access-date=2020-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215162834/http://www.h2.dion.ne.jp/~dajf/byunbyun/chrono.htm |archive-date=15 February 2009}} The [[0 Series Shinkansen]], built by [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries]], achieved maximum passenger service speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph) on the [[Tokyo]]–[[Nagoya]]–[[Kyoto]]–[[Osaka]] route, with earlier test runs hitting top speeds in 1963 at 256 km/h. ;Kei car [[Kei car]]s are a category of small [[automobile]]s invented in Japan, including [[car|passenger cars]], [[Microvan|vans]], and [[Kei truck|pickup trucks]]. They are designed to exploit local tax and insurance relaxations, and in more rural areas are exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate [[parking]] is available for the vehicle.{{cite journal |url=http://www.jama-english.jp/europe/news/2005/jan-feb/peternunn.html |title=Minicars: Cheap and Cheerful |last=Nunn |first=Peter |date=January–February 2005 |journal=News from JAMA |publisher=[[Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222648/http://www.jama-english.jp/europe/news/2005/jan-feb/peternunn.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sendaiedu.com/owningacar.html |title=Owning a Car in Japan |website=ALTs in Sendai |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208060752/http://www.sendaiedu.com/owningacar.html |archive-date=8 February 2012}} ===Batteries=== ;Lithium-ion battery [[Akira Yoshino]] invented the modern [[lithium-ion battery]] in 1985. In 1991, [[Sony]] and [[Asahi Kasei]] released the first commercial lithium-ion battery using Yoshino's design.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword/ |title=Keywords to understanding Sony Energy Devices |date=2016-03-04 |website=Sony Energy Devices Corporation |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224245/http://www.sonyenergy-devices.co.jp/en/keyword/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}} ===Calculators=== ;Electric calculators The world's first all-electric compact [[calculator]] was the [[Casio]] Computer Company's Model 14-A, released in 1957.{{Cite news |url=http://www.ithistory.org/db/hardware/casio-computer-co-ltd/casio-14 |title=Casio 14-A |newspaper=IT History Society |date=2015-12-15}}{{cite web |url=http://world.casio.com/corporate/history/chronology/ |title=Product History |website=[[Casio]]}}{{cite web |url=http://arch.casio.com/file/corporate/pdf/report_2014/CASIO2014_p23-p24_en.pdf |title=History of Casio |date=2014 |website=[[Casio]]}} The first [[Electronic calculator|electronic]] [[desktop calculator]] with on-board [[Computer memory|memory]] was the Casio 001, released in 1965. In 1967, Casio released the AL-1000, the world's first [[Programmable calculator|programmable desktop calculator]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/casio_al-1000.html |title=Casio AL-1000 |last=Tout |first=Nigel |date=2000 |website=Calculators Web Museum}} ;Large-scale integration (LSI) The [[Sharp QT-8D]], a desktop calculator released in 1969, was the first calculator to have its logic circuitry entirely implemented with LSI (''[[large-scale integration]]'') [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) based on MOS (''[[MOSFET|metal-oxide-semiconductor]]'') technology.{{Cite web |url=http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/sharpqt-8d.html |title=Sharp QT-8D Electronic Calculator |first=Rick |last=Bensene |date=1997 |work=The Old Calculator Web Museum |access-date=29 September 2010}}{{Cite web |url=http://sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/h_company/1969_1970/index.html |title=Sharp History – 1969–1970: From Senri to Tenri |work=SHARP World |publisher=[[Sharp Corporation]] |access-date=30 September 2010}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/sharp_qt-8d.html |title=Sharp QT-8D "micro Compet" |first=Nigel |last=Tout |work=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |access-date=29 September 2010}} Upon its introduction, it was one of the smallest [[electronic calculator]]s ever produced commercially. ;Portable calculators The first portable calculators appeared in Japan in 1970, and were soon marketed around the world. These included the [[Sanyo]] ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the [[Canon (company)|Canon]] Pocketronic, and the [[Sharp QT-8B]] "micro Compet". In January 1971, the [[Sharp EL-8]] was close to being a [[pocket calculator]], weighing about one pound, with a [[vacuum fluorescent display]] (VFD) and rechargeable [[NiCad]] batteries. The EL-8 was the first battery-powered [[Pocket calculator|handheld calculator]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/sharp_qt-8b.html |title=Sharp QT-8B "micro Compet" |first=Nigel |last=Tout |work=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |access-date=2 October 2010}} The first truly [[Pocket calculator|pocket-sized electronic calculator]] was the [[Busicom]] LE-120A "HANDY", the first single-chip calculator to be built, released in February 1971.{{cite magazine |title=The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning |date=18 February 1971 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]] |page=34}} The [[Busicom|Busicom 141-PF]] desktop calculator, released in March 1971, was the first computing machine to use a [[microprocessor]], the 4-bit [[Intel 4004]] (co-designed by Busicom's [[Masatoshi Shima]]). ;LCD calculators In 1971, Tadashi Sasaki began research on the use of [[LCD]] displays for calculators at [[Sharp Corporation]].{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Tadashi_Sasaki |title=Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki |last=Aspray |first=William |date=25 May 1994 |work=Interview No. 211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering |publisher=The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |access-date=2013-01-02}} In 1973, Sharp commercially introduced the first LCD calculators.{{cite web |url=http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/~boultwr/lcdnote.pdf |title=Note on the Liquid Crystal Display Industry |last1=Boulton |first1=William R. |last2=Furukawa |first2=Kosei |name-list-style=amp |date=1995 |website=[[Auburn University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031052032/http://web6.duc.auburn.edu/~boultwr/lcdnote.pdf |archive-date=2005-10-31}} ===Cameras=== ;Analog cameras The [[Asahiflex IIB|Asahiflex II]], released by [[Pentax|Asahi]] ([[Pentax]]) in 1954, was the world's first [[single-lens reflex camera]] (SLR camera) with an [[instant return mirror]].{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA779 |editor-last=Peres |editor-first=Michael R. |last1=Rose |first1=Bob |last2=Gustavson |first2=Todd |last3=Yano |first3=Hiroshi |name-list-style=amp |date=2013 |title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography |chapter=The History of the Twentieth Century Camera |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |page=779 |isbn=978-1-13610-614-9}} In 1967, [[Sony]] unveiled the [[Portapak]], the first self-contained [[video tape]] [[analog recording]] system that was portable.{{cite web |url=http://www.internetvideomag.com/Articles-2006/112706_historyofcamcorders.htm |title=The History of Camcorders |first=Mark |last=Shapiro |year=2006 |website=Internet Video Magazine |location=San Diego, CA |access-date=2009-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121005852/http://www.internetvideomag.com/Articles-2006/112706_historyofcamcorders.htm |archive-date=21 November 2012}} On 25 August 1981, Sony unveiled a prototype of the first [[still video camera]], the [[Sony Mavica]]. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and an SLR viewfinder. ;Digital SLR (DSLR) At [[Photokina]] in 1986, [[Nikon]] revealed a prototype digital still SLR camera, the Nikon SVC, the first [[digital SLR]]. The prototype body shared many features with the N8008.{{cite web |url=http://apphotnum.free.fr/N2BE2.html |title=Nikon digital SLR with F mount |last=Jarleton |first=Pierre |date=December 1997 |website=APPHOTNUM}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOVSzasqzQ4C&pg=PT11 |last=Busch |first=David D. |author-link=David D. Busch |date=2011 |title=Nikon D70 Digital Field Guide |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |page=11|isbn=978-1-118-08023-8 }} In 1988, Nikon released the first commercial DSLR camera, the [[Nikon QV-1000C|QV-1000C]]. The first [[full-frame DSLR]] cameras were developed in Japan from around 2000 to 2002: the [[Pentax MZ-D|MZ-D]] by [[Pentax]],{{cite web |url=https://www.dpreview.com/opinion/4721880615/the-long-difficult-road-to-pentax-full-frame |title=The long, difficult road to Pentax full-frame |last=Britton |first=Barney |date=19 February 2016 |website=[[Digital Photography Review]]}} the [[Contax N Digital|N Digital]] by [[Contax]]'s Japanese R6D team,''[[British Journal of Photography]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=uk9WAAAAMAAJ Issues 7410–7422], 2003, p. 2. and the [[Canon EOS-1Ds|EOS-1Ds]] by [[Canon Inc.|Canon]].{{cite web |url=https://www.dpreview.com/articles/7466980622/canoneos1ds |title=Canon EOS-1Ds, 11 megapixel full-frame CMOS |author= |date=23 September 2002 |website=[[Digital Photography Review]]}} ;Camcorders In 1982, [[JVC]] and [[Sony]] announced the first [[camcorder]]s, as CAMera/reCORDER combinations.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dswWzEZuMRQC&pg=PA263 |last=Dhir |first=Amit |date=2004 |title=The Digital Consumer Technology Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Devices, Standards, Future Directions, and Programmable Logic Solutions |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |page=263 |isbn=978-0-08053-041-3}} That year, Sony released the first camcorder, the [[Betacam]] system, for professional use.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KA13kssIGmEC&pg=PA9 |last1=Buckingham |first1=David |last2=Willett |first2=Rebekah |last3=Pini |first3=Maria |name-list-style=amp |date=2011 |title=Home Truths? Video Production and Domestic Life |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |page=9 |isbn=978-0-47205-137-3}} In 1983, Sony released the first consumer camcorder, the Betamovie BMC-100P, and JVC released the first [[VHS-C]] camcorder.{{cite web |url=http://www.totalrewind.org/cameras/C_SFP3.htm |title=JVC SF-P3 |website=Total Rewind |access-date=2007-09-14}} ;Camera phone In 2000, [[Sharp Corporation]] introduced the world's first [[camera phone]], the [[J-SH04]] [[J-Phone]], in Japan.{{cite web |url=http://www.hoista.net/post/18437919296/evolution-of-the-cameraphone-from-sharp-j-sh04-to |title=Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview |date=28 February 2012 |website=Hoista.net |access-date=2013-06-21}} ===Civil construction=== ;Roller-compacted concrete dam Japan is the country where the world's first roller-compacted concrete dam was constructed in 1980. Japanese engineers developed an approach defined as the "Roller-Compacted Dam method (RCD)" designed to achieve the same quality and appearance of conventional mass concrete, which resulted in the placement of RCC for the main body of [[Shimajigawa Dam]] in Japan, from 1978 to 1980. Since then, about 40 roller-compacted concrete dams have been constructed in Japan. Japanese roller-compacted concrete dams are called RCD dams and are distinguished from the other [[Roller-compacted concrete|roller-compacted concrete dams]] (RCC) because there are some differences in their design and construction philosophies. The Japanese design is widely influential.{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781351419789 |chapter=RCC Dams – Roller Compacted Concrete Dams |title=Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Roller Compacted Concrete Dams, Madrid, Spain, 17-19 November 2003 |last=Berga |first=Luis |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-41978-9 |oclc=1147834277}} ;NSP kiln The successful technological development of the new suspension preheater (NSP) kiln prompted Japanese [[cement]] companies to build up their technological development know-how. Companies successively began to develop new cement-manufacturing-related machinery. Japan came to lead the world in cement manufacturing technology. NSP technology has also been actively licensed overseas. The NSP kiln is a Japanese technology still used throughout the world today. It was developed by several Japanese cement companies, either independently or in collaboration with plant manufacturers. Several different successful systems were developed, but all of them included a separate furnace (calciner) with the preheater, thereby improving the decarbonization rate of the raw material and increasing the output of the rotary kiln.{{Cite journal |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6950134 |last=Nakane |first=T. |date=1992-09-05 |title=NSP kiln |journal=Kagaku Kogaku (Chemical Engineering) |language=ja |volume=56 |issue=9}} ===Communications=== {{Further|Communications in Japan}} ;Optical communication While working at [[Tohoku University]], [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] proposed [[fiber-optic communication]], the use of [[optical fiber]]s for [[optical communication]], in 1963.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NTpSnfhResC&pg=PA27 |editor=Bhat, K. N. |editor2=DasGupta, Amitava |title=Physics of semiconductor devices |chapter=Terahertz wave generation and light amplification using Raman effect |author1=Nishizawa, Jun-ichi |author2=Suto, Ken |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Narosa Publishing House |page=27 |isbn=978-81-7319-567-9}} Nishizawa invented other technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as the [[Graded-index fiber|graded-index optical fiber]] as a channel for transmitting light from [[semiconductor laser]]s.{{cite web |url=http://www.city.sendai.jp/soumu/kouhou/s-new-e6/page01.html |title=Optical Fiber |website=Sendai New |access-date=5 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929124200/http://www.city.sendai.jp/soumu/kouhou/s-new-e6/page01.html |archive-date=29 September 2009}}{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1003&article=tionline/legacy/inst2003/jun03/6w.nishizawa.xml& |title=New Medal Honors Japanese Microelectrics Industry Leader |last=Kowalenko |first=Kathy |date=1 June 2003 |website=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629161454/http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1003&article=tionline/legacy/inst2003/jun03/6w.nishizawa.xml& |archive-date=2011-06-29}} He patented the graded-index optical fiber in 1964. The solid-state optical fiber was invented by Nishizawa in 1964. Hardware elements providing the basis of internet technology, the three essential elements of [[optical communication]], were invented by Jun-ichi Nishizawa: the [[semiconductor laser]] (1957) being the light source, the graded-index optical fiber (1964) as the transmission line, and the [[PIN photodiode]] (1950) as the optical receiver. [[Izuo Hayashi]]'s invention of the [[continuous wave]] semiconductor laser in 1970 led directly to the light sources in fiber-optic communication, commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs, and opened up the field of optical communication, playing an important role in the [[communication network]]s of the future.{{cite book |url=http://doc.telephonecollectors.info/dm/BTL_History_Physical_Sciences_1983_op_r.pdf |editor-last=Millman |editor-first=S. |date=1983 |title=A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System |publisher=AT&T Bell Laboratories |page=10 |isbn=0-932764-03-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002823/http://doc.telephonecollectors.info/dm/BTL_History_Physical_Sciences_1983_op_r.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2017}} Their work laid the foundations for the [[Digital Revolution]] and the [[Information Age]]. ;Mobile communication The first [[emoji]] was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by [[Shigetaka Kurita]].{{cite web |url=http://ignition.co/105 |title=Why and How I Created Emoji: Interview with Shigetaka Kurita |last=Nakano |first=Mamiko |others=Translated by Mitsuyo Inaba Lee |date=2014 |website=Ignition |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610220635/http://ignition.co/105 |archive-date=10 June 2016}} ===Computing=== {{Further|Supercomputing in Japan}} ;Digital circuits The [[parametron]] was a [[Digital electronics|logic circuit]] element invented by [[Eiichi Goto]] in 1954.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0007.html |title=Early Computers: Parametron |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} It was a digital computer element. Parametrons were used in Japanese computers from 1954 to the early 1960s, such as the [[University of Tokyo]]'s [[PC-1 (computer)|PC-1]] built in 1958, due to being reliable and inexpensive, but were ultimately surpassed by [[transistor]]s due to differences in speed.{{Cite book |last1=Rojas |first1=Rául |last2=Hashagen |first2=Ulf |name-list-style=amp |title=The First Computers: History and Architectures |publisher=MIT Press |year=2002 |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |page=429 |isbn=978-0-262-68137-7}} ;Digital computers The ETL Mark I, Japan's first [[Digital computer|digital automatic computer]], began development in 1951 and was completed in 1952.{{cite journal |last1=Takahashi |first1=S. |title=Development of Japanese Digital Computers |journal=The Computer Journal |date=1 March 1959 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/2.3.122 |doi-access=free}} It was developed by the Electrotechnical Laboratory using relays, based on the [[switching circuit theory]] formulated by Akira Nakashima in the 1930s and advanced by Goto Mochinori in the 1940s.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0005.html |title=ETL Mark I Relay-Based Automatic Computer |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}}{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/history.html |title=Early Computers: Brief History |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} ;Transistor computers The ETL Mark III began development in 1954,{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6DMnS1Y12cC&pg=PA19 |last=Fransman |first=Martin |date=1993 |title=The Market and Beyond: Information Technology in Japan |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=19 |isbn=978-0-52143-525-3}} and was completed in 1956, created by Japan's Electrotechnical Laboratory.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/index.html |title=Early Computers |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} It was the first [[Stored-program computer|stored-program]] [[transistor computer]].{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0011.html |title=ETL Mark III Transistor-Based Computer |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} It used ultrasonic [[delay-line memory]]. The ETL Mark III's successor, the ETL Mark IV, began development in 1956 and was completed in 1957. It was a stored-program transistor computer with high-speed magnetic [[drum memory]].{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0014.html |title=ETL Mark IV - Transistor-Based Computer |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} A modified version of the ETL Mark IV, the ETL Mark IV A, was introduced in 1958, as a fully [[Transistor computer|transistorised computer]] with [[magnetic-core memory]] and an [[index register]].{{cite web |url=https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0026.html |title=ETL Mark IV A - Transistor-Based Computer |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} The [[MARS (ticket reservation system)|MARS-1]] system was created by Mamoru Hosaka, Yutaka Ohno and others at the [[Railway Technical Research Institute]] in the 1950s, and was produced by [[Hitachi]] in 1958.{{cite web |url=https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0030.html |title=MARS-1 |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} It was the world's first [[computer reservation system]] for trains. The MARS-1 was capable of reserving seat positions, and was controlled by a transistor computer with a [[central processing unit]] consisting of a thousand [[transistor]]s. It also had a 400,000-bit magnetic drum memory unit, and many [[Processor register|registers]], to indicate whether seats in a train were vacant or reserved, for communications with terminals, printing reservation notices, and [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] displays. The use of [[microprogramming]] in electronic transistor computers dates back to 1961, with the KT-Pilot, an early microprogram-controlled electronic computer developed by [[Kyoto University]] and [[Toshiba]] in Japan.{{cite web |url=https://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/dawn/0042.html |title=KT-Pilot |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} ;Office computers Compact office computers originated from Japan in the early 1960s. While American offices at the time ran large [[minicomputer]]s loaded with business applications, Japanese manufacturers invented highly compact office computers, with hardware, [[operating system]]s, peripheral devices and application development languages specifically developed for business applications, playing a big role in Japan's booming economy. The first office computers released in 1961: [[Casio]]'s [[Casio TUC Compuwriter|TUC Compuwriter]], [[NEC]]'s [[:ja:NEAC|NEAC-1201]] parametron computer, and Unoke Denshi Kogyo's USAC-3010.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/office/history.html |title=Office Computers: Brief History |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} In 1967, NEC introduced the [[:ja:NEAC|NEAC-1240]], the world's first small IC ([[integrated circuit]]) computer.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/office/0048.html |title=NEAC-1240 |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} ;Computer music In Japan, experiments in [[computer music]] date back to 1962, when [[Keio University]] professor Sekine and [[Toshiba]] engineer Hayashi experimented with the [[:jp:TOSBAC|TOSBAC]] computer. This resulted in a piece entitled ''TOSBAC Suite''. Later Japanese computer music compositions include a piece by Kenjiro Ezaki presented during [[Osaka Expo '70]] and "Panoramic Sonore" (1974) by music critic Akimichi Takeda. Ezaki also published an article called "Contemporary Music and Computers" in 1970. Since then, Japanese research in computer music has largely been carried out for commercial purposes in [[popular music]].{{cite journal |last=Shimazu |first=Takehito |title=The History of Electronic and Computer Music in Japan: Significant Composers and Their Works |journal=[[Leonardo Music Journal]] |year=1994 |volume=4 |pages=102–106 [104] |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/93116556/The-History-of-Electronic-and-Experimental-Music-in-Japan |access-date=9 July 2012 |doi=10.2307/1513190 |jstor=1513190 |s2cid=193084745|url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ;Computer graphics Particularly well known iconic digital [[computer graphics]] images include ''Running Cola is Africa'',{{cite web |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O155000/print-running-cola-is-africa/ |title=Running Cola is Africa |website=Victoria & Albert Museum |date=1968 |access-date=20 April 2012}} by Masao Komura and Koji Fujino, created at the Computer Technique Group, Japan, in 1967.{{cite web |url=http://www.eai.org/artistTitles.htm?id=13105 |title=CTG (Computer Technique Group) |website=Electronic Arts Intermix |access-date=20 April 2012}} ;4-bit microprocessors The concept of a single-chip [[microprocessor]] CPU ([[central processing unit]]) was conceived in a 1968 meeting in Japan between [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] engineer [[Tadashi Sasaki (engineer)|Tadashi Sasaki]] and an unnamed female software engineering researcher from [[Nara Women's University|Nara Women's College]]. He discussed the concept at a brainstorming meeting that was held in Japan. Sasaki attributes the basic invention to break the chipset of a [[calculator]] into four parts with [[read-only memory|ROM]] (4001), [[RAM]] (4002), [[shift register]]s (4003) and CPU (4004) to an unnamed woman, a software engineering researcher from Nara Women's College, who was present at the meeting. Sasaki then had his first meeting with Noyce in 1968. Sasaki discussed the microprocessor concept with [[Busicom]] and [[Intel]] in 1968, and presented the woman's four-division chipset concept to Intel and Busicom. This provided the basis for the single-chip microprocessor design of the [[Intel 4004]]. He was also involved in the development of the [[Busicom|Busicom 141-PF]] desktop calculator which led to the 4004's creation.{{cite web |url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/busicom_141-pf_and_intel_4004.html |title=The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor |last=Tout |first=Nigel |website=Vintage Calculators Web Museum |access-date=15 November 2009}} Sasaki thus played a key role in the creation of the first microprocessor. The first commercial microprocessor, the 4-bit Intel 4004, began with the "Busicom Project"{{cite journal |title=The Making of the First Microprocessor |last=Faggin |first=Federico |author-link=Federico Faggin |date=Winter 2009 |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=8–21 |doi=10.1109/MSSC.2008.930938 }} in 1968 as [[Masatoshi Shima]]'s three-chip CPU design for the Busicom 141-PF [[calculator]]. In April 1968, Shima was tasked with designing a special-purpose [[Large-scale integration|LSI]] chipset, along with his supervisor Tadashi Tanba, for use in the Busicom 141-PF [[desktop calculator]]. This later became known as the "Busicom Project". His initial design consisted of seven LSI chips, including a three-chip CPU. His design included [[Arithmetic logic unit|arithmetic units]] ([[Adder (electronics)|adders]]), multiplier units, [[Processor register|registers]], [[read-only memory]], and a [[Macro instruction|macro-instruction]] [[Instruction set|set]] to control a [[decimal computer]] system. Busicom then wanted a general-purpose LSI chipset, for not only desktop calculators, but also other equipment such as a [[Automated teller machine|teller machine]], [[cash register]] and [[Change machine|billing machine]]. Shima thus began work on a general-purpose LSI chipset in late 1968. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel, a company founded one year earlier in 1968 for the purpose of making solid state [[random-access memory]] (RAM), to finalize and manufacture their calculator engine. Intel, which was more of a memory company back then, had facilities to manufacture the high density [[silicon gate]] [[MOSFET#Metal–oxide–semiconductor structure|MOS]] chip Busicom required. Shima went to Intel in June 1969 to present his design proposal. Due to Intel lacking logic engineers to understand the logic schematics or circuit engineers to convert them, Intel asked Shima to simplify the logic. Intel wanted a single-chip CPU design, influenced by Sharp's Tadashi Sasaki who presented the concept to Busicom and Intel in 1968. The single-chip microprocessor design was then formulated by Intel's [[Marcian Hoff]] in 1969, simplifying Shima's initial design down to four chips, including a single-chip microprocessor CPU. Due to Hoff's formulation lacking key details, Shima came up with his own ideas to find solutions for its implementation. Shima was responsible for adding a 10-bit static [[shift register]] to make it useful as a printer's buffer and keyboard interface, many improvements in the [[instruction set]], making the RAM organization suitable for a calculator, the [[memory address]] information transfer, the key program in an area of performance and program capacity, the functional specification, decimal computer idea, software, desktop calculator logic, real-time [[I/O]] control, and data exchange instruction between the [[Accumulator (computing)|accumulator]] and [[general purpose register]]. Hoff and Shima eventually realized the [[4-bit computing|4-bit]] microprocessor concept together, with the help of Intel's [[Stanley Mazor]] to interpret the ideas of Shima and Hoff. Busicom's management agreed to the new proposal.{{cite web |url=http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/agreement.htm |title=Agreement between Intel & NCM (February 1970) |website=XNumber: Articles on the History of Electronic Calculators}} The architecture and specifications of the four chips were designed over a period of a few months in 1969, between an Intel team led by Hoff and a Busicom team led by Shima. After Shima went back to Japan in late 1969 and then returned to Intel in early 1970, he found that no further work had been done on the 4004 since he left, and that Hoff was no longer working on the project. The project leader had become [[Federico Faggin]], who had only joined Intel a week before Shima arrived. After explaining the project to Faggin, Shima worked with him to design the 4004 processor, with Shima responsible for the chip's logic. The chip's final design was completed in 1970 by Intel's Faggin and Busicom's Masatoshi Shima. The Intel 4004 was commercially released in 1971, first as part of the Busicom 141-PF calculator and then separately by Intel. The 4004 was also used in other Busicom machines, including an [[automated teller machine]] (ATM) and cash register.{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Shima197.pdf |title=Masatoshi Shima: An Interview for the IEEE History Center |last=Aspray |first=William |date=May 17, 1994 |website=[[IEEE]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219113410/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/oral_history/pdfs/Shima197.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008}} The microprocessor became the basis for [[microcomputer]]s, which led to the [[microcomputer revolution]]. [[NEC]] released the μPD707 and μPD708, a two-chip 4-bit microprocessor CPU, in 1971.{{cite web |url=http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/NEC751.htm |title=NEC 751 (uCOM-4) |website=The Antique Chip Collector's Page |access-date=2010-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525202756/http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/NEC751.htm |archive-date=25 May 2011 }} They were followed by NEC's first single-chip microprocessor, the μPD700, in April 1972,{{cite web |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/museum2010/exhibi748.htm |title=1970年代 マイコンの開発と発展 集積回路 |trans-title=1970s Development and evolution of microcomputers - Integrated circuits |language=ja |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan}}{{cite web |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1bf/dfd3cae56f12507a66c0338a4eedc79a70b4.pdf |title=The Defense of Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Information Order |last1=Hart |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Kim |first2=Sangbae |name-list-style=amp |date=February 2001 |website=International Studies Association Conference, Chicago |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125242/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1bf/dfd3cae56f12507a66c0338a4eedc79a70b4.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2017}} a prototype for the [[μCOM-4]] (μPD751), released in April 1973, combining the μPD707 and μPD708 into a single microprocessor. In 1973, [[Toshiba]] developed the TLCS-12,{{Cite journal |last=Ogdin |first=Jerry |title=Microprocessor scorecard |journal=Euromicro Newsletter |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=43–77 |date=January 1975 |doi=10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5}} the world's first [[12-bit computing|12-bit]] microprocessor.{{cite web |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/integredcircuits/ic70s.html |title=Integrated Circuits: 1970s |website=Semiconductor History Museum of Japan}} The project began in 1971, when Toshiba began developing a microprocessor for [[Ford Motor Company]]'s [[Electronic Engine Control]] (EEC) project, which went on to utilize Toshiba's 12-bit microprocessor. ;8-bit to 32-bit microprocessors Masatoshi Shima joined Intel in 1972.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/pioneer/shima.html |title=Japanese Computer Pioneers: Shima Masatoshi (1943-) |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} The [[Intel 8080]], released in 1974, was the first general-purpose microprocessor. The 8-bit Intel 8080 was designed by [[Federico Faggin]] and Masatoshi Shima.{{US patent reference |number=4010449 |issue-date=1 March 1977 |inventor=[[Federico Faggin]], [[Masatoshi Shima]] & Stanley Mazor |title=[https://patents.google.com/patent/US4010449/en MOS computer employing a plurality of separate chips]}} Shima was employed to implement the transistor-level logic of the 8080. In 1975, Shima joined [[Zilog]], where he designed the [[Zilog Z80]] released in 1976 and the [[Zilog Z8000]] released in 1979. After returning to Japan, Shima founded the Intel Japan Design Center in 1980 and VM Technology Corporation in 1986. At VM, he developed the 16-bit microprocessor VM860 and 32-bit microprocessor VM 8600 for the Japanese [[word processor]] market. He became a professor at the [[University of Aizu]] in 2000. In 1975, [[Panafacom]] (a conglomeration of [[Fujitsu]], [[Fuji Electric]] and [[Panasonic|Matsushita]]) developed the first commercial [[16-bit computing|16-bit]] single-chip microprocessor,{{cite web |url=https://www.pfu.ricoh.com/global/about-us/history/ |title=History |website=PFU |access-date=5 October 2010}} the MN1610.{{cite web |url=http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm |title=16-bit Microprocessors |website=CPU Museum |access-date=5 October 2010}} According to Fujitsu, it was "the world's first 16-bit [[System on a chip |microcomputer on a single chip]]". In the early 1990s, engineers at [[Hitachi]] found ways to compress [[RISC]] [[instruction set]]s so they fit in even smaller memory systems than [[Complex instruction set computing|CISC]] instruction sets. They developed a [[Compressed instructions|compressed instruction]] set for their [[SuperH]] series of microprocessors, introduced in 1992.{{Cite press release |url=http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/1997/971110B.html |title=Hitachi Releases the SH-4 SH7750 Series, Offering Industry's Highest Performance of 360 MIPS for an Embedded RISC Processor, as Top-End Series in SuperH Family |date=November 10, 1997 |publisher=Hitachi}} The SuperH instruction set was later adapted for the [[ARM architecture]]'s [[ARM Thumb|Thumb]] instruction set.{{cite web |url=http://lwn.net/Articles/647636 |title=Resurrecting the SuperH architecture |last=Willis |first=Nathan |date=10 June 2015 |website=[[LWN.net]]}} Compressed instructions appeared in the ARM architecture, after [[ARM Holdings]] licensed SuperH patents as a basis for its Thumb instruction set. ;Peripheral chips While working for [[Intel]] in the 1970s, [[Masatoshi Shima]] designed a number of Intel peripheral chips. Some of his peripheral chips were used in the [[IBM PC]], including the [[Intel 8259]] [[interrupt controller]], [[8255]] [[parallel port]] chip, [[8253]] timer chip, [[Intel 8257|8257]] [[Direct memory access|DMA]] chip, and [[8251]] [[serial communication]] [[USART]] chip. ;Microcomputers The first [[microcomputer]] was [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s SMP80/08.{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Michael |last2=Levering |first2=Robert |last3=Moskowitz |first3=Milton |name-list-style=amp |date=1985 |title=Computer Entrepreneurs |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=469 |isbn=978-0-45225-750-4}} It was developed in 1972, using the 8-bit [[Intel 8008]] microprocessor, which it was developed in tandem with.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0086.html |title=Sord SMP80/x series |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} The first personal computers based on the Intel 8080 were the Sord SMP80/x series, released in 1974. They were the first microcomputers with an [[operating system]].{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Michael |last2=Levering |first2=Robert |last3=Moskowitz |first3=Milton |name-list-style=amp |date=1985 |title=Computer Entrepreneurs |publisher=Penguin Books |page=463 |isbn=978-0-45225-750-4}} The SMP80/x series marked a major leap toward the popularization of microcomputers. In 1977, [[Panafacom]] released an early 16-bit microcomputer, the Lkit-16, based on the 16-bit Panafacom MN1610 microprocessor they developed in 1975.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/heritage/PANAFACOM_Lkit-16.html |title=PANAFACOM Lkit-16 |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} ;Home computers [[Sord Computer Corporation]]'s M200 Smart Home Computer, released in 1977, was one of the first [[home computer]]s. It was an early [[desktop computer]] that combined a [[Zilog Z80]] CPU, keyboard, CRT display, [[floppy disk drive]] and MF-DOS operating system into an integrated unit. The Sord M223 Mark VI, introduced in 1979, was an early personal computer to come standard with a built-in [[hard disk drive]].{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0087.html |title=Sord M200 Smart Home Computer Series |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} Yash Terakura's team at [[Commodore International|Commodore Japan]] was responsible for designing the color [[Commodore PET|PET]] in 1979 and the [[VIC-20]] ([[VIC-1001]]) in 1980. In 1981, the [[MAX Machine]] was developed by a team led by Yashi Terakura at Commodore Japan in 1981,{{cite web |url=http://www.floodgap.com/retrobits/ckb/secret/ultimax.html |title=The Game Machines: The Ultimax/Max Machine, 64GS, 64CGS |last=Kaiser |first=Cameron |date=21 January 2018 |website=Secret Weapons of Commodore}} and was a predecessor to the popular [[Commodore 64]]. Also in 1981, Terakura designed the Commodore 64,{{cite web |url=http://sceneworld.org/blog/2015/02/12/video-interview-with-yash-terakura/ |title=Video interview with Yash Terakura |date=February 12, 2015 |website=Scene World – The C64 NTSC/PAL Disk Magazine |access-date=2015-12-30}} along with [[Shiraz Shivji]].{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZS_gXpshd4C&pg=PT230 |date=2011 |title=Genius Guide: Classic Videogame Hardware 01 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |page=230 |isbn=978-1-90822-222-0}} In 1982, [[NEC]] introduced the [[PC-9800 series]], which went on to sell 18 million units.{{cite journal |title=PC prospects for 1999 |journal=Computing Japan |year=1999 |volume=54–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP61AAAAIAAJ |access-date=6 February 2012 |page=18 |quote=...its venerable PC 9800 series, which has sold more than 18 million units over the years, and is the reason why NEC has been the number one PC vendor in Japan for as long as anyone can remember.}} ;3D computer graphics An early example of [[3D computer graphics software]] for personal computers is ''3D Art Graphics'', a set of [[3D computer graphics]] effects, written by Kazumasa Mitazawa and released in June 1978 for the [[Apple II]] [[home computer]].{{Cite web |url=https://www.brutaldeluxe.fr/projects/cassettes/japan/ |title=Cassettes from Japan |website=Brutal Deluxe Software}}{{cite web |url=http://www.neoncluster.com/projects-apple2/apple2-jcassettes.html |title=Projects and Articles – Retrieving Japanese Apple II programs |website=Neon Cluster |access-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005101914/http://www.neoncluster.com/projects-apple2/apple2-jcassettes.html |archive-date=5 October 2016 }} The first implementation of [[Real-time computer graphics|Real-time]] 3D [[Ray tracing (graphics)|ray tracing]] was the [[Supercomputing in Japan|LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System]], built in 1982 at [[Osaka University]]'s School of Engineering, by professors Ohmura Kouichi, Shirakawa Isao and Kawata Toru with 50 students. It was a [[massively parallel|massively]] [[Parallel computing|parallel processing]] computer system with 514 [[microprocessor]]s, used for rendering realistic 3D graphics with high-speed ray tracing. According to the [[Information Processing Society of Japan]]: "By developing a new software methodology specifically for high-speed image rendering, LINKS-1 was able to rapidly render highly realistic images." It was "used to create the world's first 3D [[planetarium]]-like video of the entire [[Universe|heavens]] that was made completely with [[computer graphics]]. The video was presented at the [[Fujitsu]] pavilion at the 1985 International Exposition in [[Tsukuba]]."{{Cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/other/0013.html |title=LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System-Computer Museum |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} ;Music Macro Language (MML) In 1978, Japanese personal computers such as the [[Sharp MZ]] and [[Hitachi]] [[:ja:ベーシックマスター|Basic Master]] were capable of [[Digital synthesizer|digital synthesis]], which were [[Music sequencer|sequenced]] using [[Music Macro Language]] (MML).{{cite magazine |url=http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/pdf/1979/04/1979_04_26.pdf |title=Micro Computer Basic Master MB-6880 Music method |date=1979-04-26 |magazine=Hitachi Hyoron |language=ja}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}{{cite magazine |url=http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/digital/search_pdf/1979/ |title=Special Features: A micro-computer, the application method |last1=Kunihiko |first1=Nagai |last2=Teruhiro |first2=Takezawa |last3=Kazuma |first3=Yoshimura |last4=KaTsutoshi |first4=Tajima |date=26 April 1979 |magazine=Hitachi Hyoron |language=ja |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508163342/http://digital.hitachihyoron.com/digital/search_pdf/1979/ |archive-date=8 May 2015 }} This was used to produce [[chiptune]] [[video game music]]. ;Graphics processing unit (GPU) The [[NEC μPD7220]], also known as the 7220, was the first true [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU),{{cite web |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1022169/analysis-blurring-borders-pc |title=Today's PC is yesterday's graphics workstation |last=Novakovic |first=Nebojsa |date=15 February 2008 |website=[[The Inquirer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112437/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1022169/analysis-blurring-borders-pc |archive-date=2017-12-29}} designed as a [[microprocessor]],{{cite book |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/nec/uPD7220-uPD7220A_User_Manual_Dec85.pdf |date=December 1985 |title=uPD7220/uPD7220A User Manual |publisher=NEC Electronics |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616135419/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/nec/uPD7220-uPD7220A_User_Manual_Dec85.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012 }} with [[VLSI]],{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67ySVNwaFucC&pg=PA728 |editor-last=Einspruch |editor-first=Norman |editor-link=Norman Einspruch |last=Kline |first=Jacob |chapter=Chapter 43: Medical Applications of VLSI Circuits |date=2012 |title=VLSI Handbook |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |page=728 |isbn=978-0-32314-199-4}} the first implementation of a [[graphics processor]] as a single [[Large Scale Integration]] (LSI) [[integrated circuit]] chip. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video [[graphics card]]s, such as those from [[Number Nine Visual Technology]], and was the basis for clones such as the [[Comparison of Intel graphics processing units|Intel 82720]].{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6a8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |last=Peddie |first=Jon |date=2013 |title=The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |pages=225–226 |isbn=978-1-44714-932-3}} The 7220 project was started in 1979, and a paper was published in 1981.{{Cite book |date=February 1981 |author1=Tetsuji Oguchi |author2=Misao Higuchi |author3=Takashi Uno |author4=Michiori Kamaya |author5=Munekazu Suzuki |title=1981 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers |chapter=A single-chip graphic display controller |pages=170–171 |chapter-url=http://www.oguchi-rd.com/isscc/isscc.pdf |doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1981.1156160 |s2cid=20765458}} It debuted in Japan with [[NEC]]'s [[PC-9800 series]] of personal computers in 1982, and then released independently. The 7220 had a [[fillrate]] of 1.25 [[megapixel]]s per second and a [[rasterisation]] rate of 125 [[Polygon (computer graphics)|polygons]] (100-[[pixel]] by 100-pixel) per second, faster than [[central processing unit]]s (CPU) at the time. The 7220's [[high resolution]] color graphics led NEC to market it as a "[[Display resolution|resolution]] revolution". By 1983, it was used in NEC's [[APC III|APC]] computers, and other computers from [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] and [[Wang Laboratories]].{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_C8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=NEC's 7220 GDC chip allows high-resolution color graphics |last=Needle |first=David |date=21 March 1983 |magazine=Info World |volume=5 |number=12 |pages=31–34 |access-date=29 July 2013}} The 7220 and its clones led the early GPU market for several years, and was still the best known GPU in 1986.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j4hTAqxJ_sC&pg=PA169 |editor1=F. Robert A. Hopgood |editor2=Roger J. Hubbold |editor3=David A. Duce |title=Advances in Computer Graphics II |year=1986 |page=169 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-16910-9 |quote=Perhaps the best known one is the NEC 7220.}} It was eventually surpassed by the more powerful [[Hitachi]] HD63484 ACRTC, released in 1984.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6a8_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |last=Peddie |first=Jon |date=2013 |title=The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |page=226 |isbn=978-1-44714-932-3}}{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuXmVNll5JEC&pg=PA54 |title=19" Viking 1 Displays Tack-Sharp B&W Images |last=Hart |first=Glenn |date=October 14, 1986 |magazine=[[PC Mag]] |volume=5 |number=17 |page=54}} ;Laptops Yukio Yokozawa, an employee for [[Suwa Seikosha]], a branch of [[Seiko]] (now [[Seiko Epson]]), invented the first [[notebook computer]] in July 1980, receiving a patent for the invention.{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en |title=FR2487094A1 patent: Small portable computer system |date=8 July 1981 |website=Google Patents}} Seiko's notebook computer, known as the [[HC-20]] in Japan, was announced in 1981.{{cite web |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html |title=HC-20 |website=Information Processing Society of Japan Computer Museum}} In North America, [[Epson]] introduced it as the [[Epson HX-20]] in 1981, at the [[COMDEX]] computer show in [[Las Vegas]], where it drew significant attention for its portability.{{cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/hx-20.html |title=Epson HX-20 |website=Old Computers}} It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan and as the Epson HX-20 in North America.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306 |editor-last=Peres |editor-first=Michael R. |last=Peres |first=Michael R. |date=2013 |title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography |chapter=Profiles of Selected Photographic Film and Digital Companies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |page=306 |isbn=978-1-13610-614-9}} It was the first notebook-sized [[handheld computer]] ([[mobile device]]),{{cite web |url=http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf |title=Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure |access-date=2 November 2008 |website=Epson America, Inc. |year=1987}} the size of an [[A4 paper|A4]] [[notebook]] and weighing {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. In 1983, the [[Sharp PC-5000]]{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 |title=Sharp PC-5000 |website=Old Computers}} and [[Ampere WS-1]] laptops from Japan featured a modern [[Flip (form)|clamshell]] design.{{Cite episode |title=Japanese PCs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbh1XP4kCT4 |series=Computer Chronicles |series-link=Computer Chronicles |network=PBS |date=May 21, 1985 |series-no=1 |number=14 |time=13:13 |via=YouTube}}{{cite web |url=http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm |title=CoSy/language/cosyhard |last=Armstrong |first=Bob |date=July 1997 |website=Cosy.com}} ;FM synthesis and MIDI The [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] GS-1, the first commercial [[FM synthesis|FM]] [[digital synthesizer]], released in 1980, was programmed using a proprietary Yamaha computer, which at the time was only available at Yamaha's headquarters in Japan ([[Hamamatsu]]) and the United States ([[Buena Park]]).{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT2533 |last=Sfetcu |first=Nicolae |date=2014 |title=The Music Sound |page=2533}} It was not until the advent of [[MIDI]] in 1983 that [[general-purpose computer]]s started to play a key role in mainstream music production. In 1982, the [[NEC PC-88]] and [[PC-98]] computers introduced MIDI support. ;MSX and Yamaha modules In 1983, the [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha CX5]] MSX computer and [[Yamaha CX5M|Yamaha MSX modules]] introduced [[FM synthesis]]{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |last=Russ |first=Martin |date=2012 |title=Sound Synthesis and Sampling |edition=3rd revised |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=85 |isbn=978-1-13612-214-9}} and [[MIDI]] sequencing to the [[MSX]] personal computer, including [[Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers|MIDI software]] with capabilities such as synthesizing and sequencing sounds and rhythms.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6K5Tpl_zBoEC&pg=PA15 |last1=Casabona |first1=Helen |last2=Frederick |first2=David |name-list-style=amp |date=1988 |title=Advanced MIDI Applications |publisher=[[Alfred Music]] |page=15 |isbn=978-1-45743-893-6}} They provided synthesis, composition tools, and a 4-track MIDI [[Music sequencer|sequencer]], available on different [[ROM cartridge|cartridges]].{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/Print/2013/08/26/part_two_midi_spec_1_is_30_happy_birthday_musical_instrument_digital_interface/ |title=Happy birthday MIDI 1.0: Slave to the rhythm, Part Two: The notes in the machine |last=Dormon |first=Bob |date=26 August 2013 |website=[[The Register]]}} The Yamaha CX5M is an MSX-based personal computer, specializing in music and sound production. It was originally released as the CX5 in 1983,{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=441 |title=Yamaha CX5 |website=Old Computers}} before being upgraded to the CX5M in 1984. The CX5 was a YIS-303 MSX computer with a built-in SKW-01 [[Sound card|sound]] [[Sound module|module]], while the CX5M was a YIS-503 Diabolik MSX computer with a built-in SFG-01 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit sound module.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/yamaha-cx5m/1481 |title=Yamaha CX5M: Music Computer and Software |last=Ellis |first=David |date=October 1984 |magazine=Electronics & Music Maker}}{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/doc.asp?c=439 |title=YIS-503 / Diabolik |website=Old Computers}}{{cite web |url=https://www.msx.org/wiki/Yamaha_SFG-01 |title=Yamaha SFG-01 |website=MSX Resource Center}} The CX5M was marketed as an [[electronic musical instrument]], and was one of the most anticipated [[electronic music]] products of 1984. It expands upon the normal features expected from these systems with a built-in eight-voice [[Frequency modulation synthesis|FM synthesizer]] module, manufactured by [[Yamaha Corporation]],{{cite web |title=Yamaha CX5M Music Computer |url=http://www.sonicstate.com/synth/cx5m/ |work=SonicState.com}} along with a MIDI interface.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/CX5MFlyer |date=1984 |title=Yamaha CX5M Music Computer |publisher=[[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]]}} It came with graphical [[music software]] for [[Digital synthesizer|digital synthesis]] and a sequencing, capable of synthesizing and sequencing sounds and rhythms, with its internal FM synthesizer or external MIDI devices. It provided synthesis, composition tools, and a four-track MIDI [[Music sequencer|sequencer]], available on different [[ROM cartridge|cartridges]]. The SFG-01 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit, released in 1983,{{cite web |url=https://www.msx.org/wiki/Yamaha_SFG |title=Yamaha SFG |website=MSX Resource Center}} uses several chips, including a [[Yamaha YM2151]] FM [[sound chip]], YM3012 stereo [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]], YM2210 MIDI communications chip, YM2148 keyboard scanning chip, and YM2148 MIDI [[Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter|UART]]. It also has stereo audio outputs, an input for a purpose-built four-octave keyboard, and a pair of MIDI Input/Output ports. It had limited MIDI support on the original CX5M model, with only management of data from a [[Yamaha DX7]] [[digital synthesizer]]. The YIS-303, CX5, YIS-503 and CX5M computers could be upgraded with the SFG-01 FM Sound Synthesizer Unit II sound module, released in 1984, featuring an upgraded [[Yamaha YM2164]] sound chip and full MIDI support, which could be used for normal MIDI. The SFG-05 module came integrated with the second CX5M revision, the CX5M II. [[Music software]] were released on [[MSX#Cartridges|MSX cartridges]], including YRM-101/YRM11 [[FM synthesis|FM]] [[Music software|Music Composer]], YRM-102/YRM12 FM Voicing Program, YRM-103/YRM13 DX-7 Voicing Program, YRM-104/YRM15 Yamaha FM Music Macro, YRM-105 [[Yamaha DX Series|DX-9]] Voicing Program, YRM-301 MIDI Recorder YRM-301, YRM-302 RX Editor, YRM-303 MIDI Macro & Monitor, YRM-304 [[Yamaha TX7|TX-7]] Voicing Program, YRM-305 [[Yamaha YM2164|DX-21]] Voicing Program, YRM-501 FM Music Composer II, YRM-502 FM Voicing program, YRM-504 Yamaha FM Music Macro II, and YRM-506 [[Yamaha YM2164|FB-01]] Voicing Program. Later, Yamaha released the [[Yamaha FB-01]] MIDI module, which was effectively an SFG-05 in a standalone, portable case. FB-01 is an independent [[Z80]] microprocessor system that sends and receives data from YM2164.{{cite web |url=http://shortscale.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=793327#793327 |title=Yamaha FB-01 |author=Mages |display-authors=etal |date=May 2010 |website=Shortscale Forum |access-date=2017-06-02 |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111124453/http://shortscale.org/forum/viewtopic.php?p=793327#793327 }} The FB-01 was released in 1986.{{cite web |url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/yamaha/fb01.php |title=Yamaha FB-01 |website=Vintage Synth Explorer}} ;Sound cards and sound modules In 1983, [[Roland Corporation]]'s CMU-800 [[sound module]] introduced music synthesis and [[Music sequencer|sequencing]] to the PC, [[Apple II]],{{cite web |url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/cmu800.php |title=Roland CMU-800 |website=Vintage Synth Explorer}} and [[Commodore 64]]. The spread of MIDI on computers was facilitated by Roland Corporation's [[MPU-401]], released in 1984. It was the first MIDI-equipped PC [[sound card]], capable of MIDI sound processing and sequencing.{{cite web |url=http://www.piclist.com/techref/io/serial/midi/mpu.html |title=Programming the MPU-401 in UART mode |website=PICList}}{{cite book |url=ftp://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/drivers/Roland/MPU-401%20technical%20reference%20manual.pdf |date=1985 |title=Midi Processing Unit MPU-401 Technical Reference Manual |publisher=[[Roland Corporation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026212911/ftp://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/drivers/Roland/MPU-401%20technical%20reference%20manual.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-26}} After Roland sold MPU [[sound chip]]s to other sound card manufacturers,{{cite journal |url=http://www.textfiles.com/music/midi-em.txt |title=MIDI Interfaces For The IBM PC |last=Trubitt |first=David (Rudy) |date=September 1990 |journal=[[Electronic Musician]]}} it established a universal standard MIDI-to-PC interface.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryet1i-8OlYC |last=Manning |first=Peter |date=2013 |title=Electronic and Computer Music |edition=4th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=319 |isbn=978-0-19991-259-9}} The widespread adoption of MIDI led to computer-based [[Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers|MIDI software]] being developed. In 1987, Roland introduced [[Linear arithmetic synthesis|LA synthesis]] to the [[computer music]] market, with the [[Roland D-50]] MIDI synthesizer.{{cite book |last=Vail |first=Mark |date=2014 |title=The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument |chapter=Trend Setting All-Stars: Linear Arithmetic |publisher= Oup USA|location= |isbn=9780195394894 |pages=53–54 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFepAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |access-date=24 August 2026 }} ;USB A group of several companies began the development of [[USB]] in 1994, including Japanese company [[NEC]].{{cite web |url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/2320/universal-serial-bus-usb |title=What is a Universal Serial Bus (USB)? |last=Janssen |first=Cory |website=Techopedia |access-date=2014-02-12}} ===Displays=== {{See also|Television in Japan}} ;Aperture grille [[Aperture grille]] is one of the two major CRT [[display technologies]]. Aperture grille was introduced by [[Sony]] with their [[Trinitron]] television in 1968.{{cite web |url=http://monitorworld.com/faq_pages/q28_page.html |title=FAQ: Why does my monitor have 1/2/3 faint horizontal lines on it? |date=1998 |website=Monitor World |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030402170606/http://monitorworld.com/faq_pages/q28_page.html |archive-date=2003-04-02}} The Trinitron television was invented by Sony's Susumu Yoshida in 1968. ;Shadow mask The other major CRT display technology. ;Handheld television In 1970, [[Panasonic]] released the first [[handheld television]], small enough to fit in a large pocket, the Panasonic IC TV Model TR-001. It featured a 1.5-inch display, along with a 1.5-inch speaker.{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Two-Pound TV with a Postage-Stamp Screen |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |date=April 1970 |page=26}} ;Liquid crystal display (LCD) [[LCD]] displays incorporating [[thin film]] and [[transistor]]s were demonstrated in 1970 by J. Kishimoto from [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3794990A |title=US3794990A patent: System for driving liquid crystal display device |date=1971-11-11 |website=Google Patents}} and Katsumi Yamamura from [[Suwa Seikosha]] ([[Seiko]]),{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3781862A |title=US3781862A patent: Display device for electronic calculator |date=1971-07-27 |website=Google Patents}} and further developed by [[Sharp Corporation]] in 1976.{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5327390A/en |title=JPS5327390A patent: Liquid crystal display device |date=1976-08-25 |website=Google Patents}} In 1977, a [[TFT LCD]] ([[thin-film transistor]] LCD) display was demonstrated by a Sharp team consisting of Kohei Kishi, Hirosaku Nonomura, Keiichiro Shimizu and Tomio Wada.{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5437697A/en |title=Liquid crystal display unit of matrix type |date=1977-08-30 |website=Google Patents}} The LCD [[Color television|color display]] was invented by Sharp's Shinji Kato and Takaaki Miyazaki in May 1975,{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS51139582A |title=Liquid crystal display units |date=1975-05-28 |website=Google Patents}} and then improved by Fumiaki Funada and Masataka Matsuura in December 1975.{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/JPS5279948A |title=Liquid crystal color display device |date=1975-12-25 |website=Google Patents}} The first [[LCD television]]s were invented as color [[handheld television]]s in Japan. In 1980, [[Hattori Seiko]]'s [[R&D]] group began development on pocket LCD [[color television]]s, which led to the release of the first commercial TFT LCD displays by three of its subsidiaries.''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ImJFcBcCvUoC&pg=PA55 Jul 1985, p. 55] In 1982, [[Seiko Epson]] released the first LCD television, the [[Epson]] TV Watch, a [[wristwatch]] equipped with an [[Active-matrix liquid crystal display|active-matrix LCD]] television.{{cite web |url=http://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html |title=Milestone Products: The world's first television-watch, with an active-matrix LCD |date=2021 |website=[[Epson]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123342/https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/14_tv_watch.html |archive-date=2021-02-24}} In 1983, [[Casio]] released a handheld LCD television, the Casio TV-10.{{cite web |url=http://www.taschenfernseher.de/e-mini.htm |title=Part 1: The Stone Age - First Generation LCD (1983-1986) |last=Günthör |first=Frank |date=November 2005 |website=Frank's Handheld-TV Pages}} In 1984, [[Epson]] released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television.{{cite web |url=https://www.epson.co.uk/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/28 |title=A History of Creating Inspirational Technology |website=Epson}}{{Dead link |date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} Seiko Hattori subsidiary [[Citizen Watch]] introduced the Citizen Pocket TV, a color TFT LCD handheld television,{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=Look and Listen |last=Free |first=John |date=May 1984 |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |volume=224 |number=5 |page=150}} with a 2.7-inch display, in 1984. By 1985, two other Seiko Hattori subsidiaries had also introduced TFT LCD handheld televisions, with [[Seiko]]'s color micro-TV and the Epson ELF. ;High definition television (HDTV) As Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of [[HDTV]] technology, and as the [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding|MUSE]] format proposed by [[NHK]], a Japanese company, was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse US electronics companies. MUSE, the development of which began in the 1970s,{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13217973-400-technology-japans-future-tv-lacks-definition/ |title=Technology: Japan's future TV lacks definition |last=Fox |first=Barry |date=30 November 1991 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |number=1797}} was a hybrid system with analog and [[Digital television|digital]] features.{{cite journal |title=Digital Television in Europe and Japan |last=Hart |first=Jeffrey A. |date=1998 |journal=Prometheus |volume=16 |number=2 |pages=217–237 |doi=10.1080/08109029808629277|doi-access=free }} Until 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. ;Widescreen [[Widescreen]] televisions date back to the 1970s, when Japan's [[NHK]] introduced the [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding|MUSE]] [[high-definition television]] system, which was soon backed by [[Sony]] and other Japanese television manufacturers. ;LCD watches Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of [[Seiko]] received a US patent dated February 1971 for an electronic [[wristwatch]] incorporating a [[Twisted nematic|TN]] [[LCD]].{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3881311A |title=US3881311A patent: Driving arrangement for passive time indicating devices |date=1971-02-27 |website=Google Patents}} [[Sharp Corporation]] mass-produced TN LCDs for watches in 1975. ;Large LCD displays [[Sharp Corporation]] developed the first [[Large-screen television technology|large LCD]] in 1986, based on color TFT LCD technology. In 1988, Sharp introduced the first commercial large LCD television, a 14" TFT LCD model with [[active matrix addressing]]. The release of Sharp's large LCD TV in 1988 led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCDs, including TFT [[computer monitor]]s and [[LCD television]]s.{{cite book |title=2012 Third IEEE HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON) |last=Kawamoto |first=H. |chapter=The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry |date=2012 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487587|isbn=978-1-4673-3079-4 }} ;Plasma The world's first color [[plasma display]] was produced by [[Fujitsu]] and released in 1989.{{cite press release |url=http://pr.fujitsu.com/jp/news/1998/Aug/25-2e.html |title=Fujitsu Develops Breakthrough Technology for High-Resolution PDPs Suited for High-Definition TVs |date=25 August 1998 |publisher=[[Fujitsu]]}} ;LCD projectors [[Epson]] developed the [[3LCD]] color projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in [[LCD projector]]s in 1988.{{cite web |url=https://www.epson.co.uk/gb/en/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/11298 |title=Understanding LCD Projectors |date=2014 |website=[[Epson]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810211351/http://www.epson.co.uk/gb/en/viewcon/corporatesite/cms/index/11298/ |archive-date=2014-08-10}} The first color LCD [[video projector]]s were [[Epson]]'s [[Handheld projector|compact]] 3LCD-based VPJ-700, released in January 1989, and an LCD color video projector released by [[Sharp Corporation]] in 1989.{{cite journal |url=http://focus.ti.com/download/dlpdmd/166_History_Electronic_Proj_Tech_Hornbeck.pdf |title=From Cathode Rays to Digital Micromirrors: A History of Electronic Projection Display Technology |last=Hornbeck |first=Larry J. |author-link=Larry Hornbeck |date=1998 |journal=Texas Instruments Technical Journal |volume=15 |number=3 |pages=7–46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604201929/http://focus.ti.com/download/dlpdmd/166_History_Electronic_Proj_Tech_Hornbeck.pdf |archive-date=June 4, 2011}} Epson's 3LCD technology went on to be adopted by about 40 different projector brands worldwide. ;LED-backlit LCD The world's first [[LED-backlit LCD]] television was [[Sony]]'s [[Qualia (Sony)|Qualia 005]], released in 2004.{{cite web |url=https://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/sonyhistory-c.html |title=Product & Technology Milestones: Television |website=[[Sony]]}} ===Electronics=== {{See also|Electronics industry in Japan}} [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] invented [[ion implantation]] in 1950.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DEEAQAAIAAJ |editor-last=Nishizawa |editor-first=Jun-ichi |date=1981 |title=Semiconductor Technologies: 1982 |series=Japan Annual Reviews in Electronics, Computers & Telecommunications |location=Tokyo |publisher=Ohmsha |page=338}} [[Neodymium magnet]]s were invented independently in 1982 by [[General Motors]] (GM) and [[Sumitomo Metal Industries|Sumitomo Special Metals]].{{cite web |url=http://www.borates.eu/boron-usage/neodymium-magnets/ |title=Neodymium magnets |website=Borates |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729061903/http://www.borates.eu/boron-usage/neodymium-magnets/ |archive-date=29 July 2016 }} It is the most widely used type of [[rare-earth magnet]].{{cite web |url=http://www.adamsmagnetic.com/blogs/2012/what-is-a-strong-magnet/ |title=The Magnetic Matters Blog: What is a Strong Magnet? |date=5 October 2012 |website=Adams Magnetic Products |access-date=12 October 2012}} ;Transistors and thyristors In 1950, the [[static induction transistor]] was invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and Y. Watanabe.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qz0gSVbaesC&pg=PA82 |title=High Temperature Electronics |last1=McCluskey |first1=F. Patrick |last2=Podlesak |first2=Thomas |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Richard |date=1996-12-13 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-9623-6}} It was the first type of [[JFET]] (junction gate [[field-effect transistor]]), with a short channel length.{{cite book |title=Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning |chapter=Junction Field-Effect Devices |last1=Nishizawa |first1=Jun-Ichi |year=1982 |pages=241–272 |isbn=978-1-4684-7265-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-7263-9_11}} In 1971, Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the [[static induction thyristor]].{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e35kJYAlyCgC&pg=PA231 |title=Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its earliest beginnings to the present day |edition=4th |last=Dummer |first=G. W. A. |author-link=Geoffrey Dummer |date=1997-01-01 |page=231 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-7503-0493-1}} ;Diodes The [[PIN diode]]/[[photodiode]] was invented by [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] and his colleagues in 1950.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbYgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day |edition=3rd revised and expanded |last1=Dummer |first1=G. W. A. |date=2013-10-22 |page=137 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-4521-1}} This was the basis for the [[laser diode]]. In 1952, Nishizawa invented the [[avalanche photodiode]].{{cite web |url=http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/ |title=Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Engineer, Sophia University Special Professor (interview) |author= |date=April 2011 |website=Japan Quality Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721043727/http://jqrmag.com/en/jqr-interview-eng/jun-ichi-nishizawa-engineer-sophia-university-special-professor/ |archive-date=21 July 2018}} Nishizawa also introduced [[tunnel injection]] in 1958, and invented the [[varicap]] (variable capacitance [[diode]]) in 1959. ;Lasers In 1955, [[Jun-ichi Nishizawa]] invented the first [[Solid-state electronics|solid-state]] [[maser]]. In 1957, Nishizawa filed a patent for the first [[semiconductor laser]],{{cite web |url=http://www.soh-vehe.jp/english/background3.html |title=The Third Industrial Revolution Occurred in Sendai |date=2009 |website=Soh-VEHE International Patent Office}}{{cite journal |last1=Nishizawa |first1=Jun-ichi |title=Extension of frequencies from maser to laser |journal=Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences |date=December 2009 |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=454–465 |doi=10.2183/pjab.85.454 |pmid=20009378 |pmc=3621550 |bibcode=2009PJAB...85..454N}} and discovered [[semiconductor]] [[inductance]]. The [[continuous wave]] [[semiconductor laser]] was invented by [[Izuo Hayashi]] and [[Morton B. Panish]] in 1970. This led directly to the light sources in [[fiber-optic communication]], [[laser printer]]s, [[barcode reader]]s, and [[optical disc drive]]s, technologies that were commercialized by Japanese entrepreneurs.{{cite book |last=Johnstone |first=Bob |title=We Were Burning: Japanese Entrepreneurs and the Forging of the Electronic Age |year=2000 |publisher=BasicBooks |location=New York |page=252 |isbn=978-0-465-09118-8}} In 1992, Japanese inventor [[Shuji Nakamura]] invented the first efficient [[blue laser]] (blue [[LED]]).{{cite web |url=http://www.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |title=Shuji Nakamura |website=University of California, Santa Barbara |access-date=2008-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715103346/http://www1.engr.ucsb.edu/faculty/profile/82 |archive-date=15 July 2010 }} Nakamura invented it with [[Isamu Akasaki]] and [[Hiroshi Amano]], for which the three of them were awarded the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], stating that it "enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources", for applications such as [[LED lamp]]s.{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=2014-10-07}} ;Digital fax The first digital [[fax]] machine was the [[Dacom]] Rapidfax, first sold in the late 1960s.{{cite thesis |last=Chung |first=Edward C. |date=November 1991 |title=The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system |type=MSc |page=2 |publisher=[[Ohio University]] |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1183661772/inline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231649/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/ohiou1183661772/inline |archive-date=2016-03-03}}{{cite book |last=Costigan |first=Daniel M. |date=1971 |title=Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication |publisher=Chilton Book Company |pages=112–114, 213 & 239 |isbn=978-0-80195-641-6}} ;Automated teller machine (ATM) The idea of an [[automated teller machine]] (ATM), for out-of-hours cash distribution, developed from bankers' needs in Japan.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/a-brief-history-of-the-atm/388547/ |title=A Brief History of the ATM: How automation changed retail banking |last=Bátiz-Lazo |first=Bernardo |date=26 March 2015 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=26 April 2015}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-27/how-the-atm-revolutionized-the-banking-business.html |title=How the ATM Revolutionized the Banking Business |last=Bátiz-Lazo |first=Bernardo |date=27 March 2013 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}{{cite web |url=https://www.atmia.com/files/50th%20Anniversary/50th_ATM_Anniversary_Fact_Sheet_-_06272016.pdf |title=ATMIA 50th Anniversary Factsheet |date=October 2015 |website=ATM Industry Association |access-date=29 June 2016}} The Japanese device was called "Computer Loan Machine" and supplied cash as a three-month loan at 5% p.a. after inserting a credit card. The device was operational in 1966.{{cite news |title=Fast Machine With a Buck |date=7 July 1966 |newspaper=[[Pacific Stars and Stripes]]}}{{cite journal |title=Instant Cash with a Credit Card |date=January 1967 |journal=ABA Banking Journal}} The first [[microprocessor]]-based ATM machines were released by [[Busicom]] in the early 1970s, using the [[Intel 4004]] (co-designed by Busicom's [[Masatoshi Shima]]). ===Games=== {{Further|Video gaming in Japan}} The first [[handheld electronic game]] was Electro Tic-Tac-Toe, released by Japanese manufacturer [[Waco (toymaker)|Waco]] in 1972.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJNvZLvpCEQC&q=High+Score!+The+Illustrated+History+of+Video+games |last1=DeMaria |first1=Rusel |last2=Wilson |first2=Johnny L. |name-list-style=amp |title=High Score! The Illustrated History of Video Games |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2002 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-07-222428-3}}{{cite web |url=http://www.giga.de/extra/netzkultur/specials/die-geschichte-der-handhelds-teil-1-von-1972-1989/ |title=Die Geschichte der Handhelds, Teil 1 von 1972–1989 |trans-title=The History of Handhelds, Part 1 from 1972–1989 |last=Zier |first=Martin |date=2013-08-26 |language=de |website=GIGA |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-date=2013-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031074854/http://www.giga.de/extra/netzkultur/specials/die-geschichte-der-handhelds-teil-1-von-1972-1989/ }}{{cite web |url=http://www.handheldmuseum.com/Misc/WacoTicTacToe.htm |title=Waco Tic-Tac-Toe |website=Handheld Museum}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pq6-X1fTm2oC&q=waco&pg=PA162 |title=The Golden Age of Video Games |last1=Dillon |first1=Roberto |date=2011-04-12 |publisher=CRC Press |page=162 |isbn=978-1-4398-7323-6}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pY2SszHlFA4C&q=waco&pg=PA482 |title=Handbook of Research on Digital Media and Advertising: User Generated Content Consumption |last1=Eastin |first1=Matthew S. |date=2010-07-31 |publisher=IGI Global |page=482 |isbn=978-1-60566-793-5}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1aAAwAAQBAJ&q=waco&pg=PT546 |title=Game Preview |last1=Sfetcu |first1=Nicolae |date=2014-05-04 |page=251}} The first color video game was the 1973 [[arcade game]] ''Playtron'', developed by Japanese company Kasco (Kansei Seiki Seisakusho Co.), which only manufactured two cabinets of the game.{{cite web |url=http://shmuplations.com/kasco/ |title=Kasco and the Electro-Mechanical Golden Age (Interview) |date=2001 |website=Classic Videogame Station ODYSSEY}} The first video game to represent [[player character]]s as human [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]] images was [[Taito]]'s ''[[List of Taito games|Basketball]]'', which was licensed in February 1974 to [[Midway Games|Midway]], releasing it as ''TV Basketball'' in North America.{{cite web |url=http://allincolorforaquarter.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/video-game-firsts.html |title=Video Game Firsts?? |date=November 22, 2013 |website=The Golden Age Arcade Historian}}{{cite web |url=https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/videogames/show/3810 |title=Basketball (1974) |website=The Arcade Flyer Archive}} [[Tomohiro Nishikado]]'s arcade [[racing video game]] ''[[Speed Race]]'', released by Taito in 1974, introduced [[scrolling]] graphics, where the sprites move along a vertical scrolling [[Overhead perspective|overhead]] track.{{cite book |last1=Loguidice |first1=Bill |last2=Barton |first2=Matt |name-list-style=amp |date=2009 |title=Vintage Games: An Insider Look at the History of Grand Theft Auto, Super Mario, and the Most Influential Games of All Time |publisher=[[Focal Press]] |page=197 |isbn=978-0-240-81146-8}} The first [[tile-based video game]] was [[Namco]]'s arcade game ''[[Galaxian]]'' (1979).{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oK3D4i5ldKgC&pg=PA173 |title=Before the Crash: Early Video Game History |last=Wolf |first=Mark J. P. |date=15 June 2012 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |page=173 |isbn=978-0-8143-3722-6 |access-date=8 July 2016}} It debuted the [[Namco Galaxian]] [[arcade system board]], which used specialized [[Graphics card|graphics hardware]], supporting [[RGB color model|RGB color]] and introducing multi-colored [[sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]], [[Tile engine|tilemap]] backgrounds,{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/galaxian |title=Galaxian |website=[[GitHub]] |date=2019-01-20}} a sprite [[Framebuffer|line buffer]] system,{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.vasulka.org/archive/Writings/VideogameImpact.pdf |first=Thomas A. |last=Defanti |title=Advances in Computers Volume 23 |chapter=The Mass Impact of Videogame Technology |journal=Advances in Computers |volume=23 |date=1984 |page=117 |isbn=978-0-12012-123-6 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60463-5}} and [[scrolling]] graphics.{{Cite web |url=http://www.glitterberri.com/developer-interviews/how-the-famicom-was-born/making-the-famicom-a-reality/ |title=Making the Famicom a Reality |website=GlitterBerri's Game Translations |date=28 March 2012 |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505103737/http://www.glitterberri.com/developer-interviews/how-the-famicom-was-born/making-the-famicom-a-reality/ |archive-date=5 May 2012 }} The Namco Galaxian hardware was widely adopted by other [[arcade game]] manufacturers during the [[golden age of arcade video games]], including [[Centuri]], [[Gremlin Industries|Gremlin]], [[Irem]], [[Konami]], [[Midway Games|Midway]], [[Nichibutsu]], [[Sega]] and [[Taito Corporation|Taito]].{{Cite web |url=http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c.html |title=src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c |website=[[MAME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103070737/http://mamedev.org/source/src/mame/drivers/galdrvr.c.html |archive-date=3 January 2014}} It also inspired [[Nintendo]]'s hardware for ''[[Radar Scope]]'' and ''[[Donkey Kong]]'' as well as the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] [[home console]]. Hardware sprite graphics was introduced by Namco's ''[[Pac-Man]]'' (1980), with the [[Namco Pac-Man]] hardware.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqePfdz_x6gC&pg=PA68 |title=Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System |first1=Nick |last1=Montfort |first2=Ian |last2=Bogost |date=9 January 2009 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-26152-4 |via=Google Books}} ===Instruments=== Japanese [[electronic musical instrument]]s were important to the development of [[electronic music]] and [[electronic dance music]], such as the [[Roland TR-808]]{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtJAgAAQBAJ&q=%22mark+vail%22+808&pg=PT72 |title=Keyboard Presents the Evolution of Electronic Dance Music |last=Kirn |first=Peter |publisher=Backbeat Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61713-446-3}}[[808 (film)|''808'' (documentary film)]] and [[TR-909]] [[drum machine]]s,{{Cite web |url=http://complex.com/music/2014/09/roland-tr-909-tracks/ |title=Nine Great Tracks That Use the Roland TR-909 |last=Howard |first=Jeremy |date=September 9, 2014 |website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905064829/http://complex.com/music/2014/09/roland-tr-909-tracks/ }}{{Cite web |url=http://mixmag.net/feature/909-tracks-using-the-tr-909 |title=9 of the best 909 tracks using the TR-909 |last=Williams |first=Harrison |date=30 August 2016 |website=[[Mixmag]]}} the [[Roland TB-303]] [[bass synth]],{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/tadao-kikumoto-roland |title=Tadao Kikumoto Invents the Roland TB-303 |last=Vine |first=Richard |date=15 June 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=23 December 2011}} and the [[Technics SL-1200]] [[direct-drive turntable]]. ;Electronic organ [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] engineer Mr. Yamashita invented the [[Yamaha Magna Organ]] in 1935. It was an [[electrostatic reed organ]], a multi-timbral keyboard instrument based on electrically blown [[free reed]]s with [[Pickup (music technology)|pickup]]s.{{cite news |script-title=ja:一時代を画する新楽器完成 浜松の青年技師山下氏 |trans-title=A new musical instrument that marks a new era is completed by a young engineer from Hamamatsu, Mr. Yamashita |url=http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1 |language=ja |newspaper=[[Hochi Shimbun]] |date=8 June 1935 |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2012-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312131652/http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/das/jsp/ja/ContentViewM.jsp?METAID=00078861&TYPE=PRINT_FILE&POS=1 }}{{cite book |script-title=ja:新電氣樂器 マグナオルガンの御紹介 |trans-title=Introducing the new electric organ, the Magna Organ |url=http://blog.goo.ne.jp/1971913/e/42d486d769c1ce9c2c5a426e00f18b68 |language=ja |date=October 1935 |publisher=日本樂器製造株式會社 ([[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]]) |location=Hamamatsu |quote=特許第一〇八六六四号, 同　第一一〇〇六八号, 同　第一一一二一六号}} ;Electronic drum At the 1964 [[NAMM Show|NAMM Convention]], Japanese company [[Ace Tone]] revealed the R-1 Rhythm Ace, the first fully [[transistor]]ized [[electronic drum]] instrument. Created by [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]], who later founded [[Roland Corporation]], the R-1 was a hand-operated percussion device that played electronic drum sounds manually as the user pushed buttons, in a similar fashion to modern electronic drum pads.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RmN7w8kVpAC&pg=PA390 |last=Dean |first=Matt |date=2011 |title=The Drum: A History |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=390 |isbn=978-0-81088-171-6}}{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/09/22/the-14-drum-machines-that-shaped-modern-music/ |title=The 14 drum machines that shaped modern music |last=Wilson |first=Scott |date=2016-09-22 |magazine=[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]}} Since the 1970s, a number of Japanese companies began selling popular electronic drum kits, notably [[Roland Corporation|Roland]]'s [[Octapad]] and [[V-Drums]], and [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]]'s electronic [[Yamaha Drums]] and [[Yamaha DTX series]]. In 1997, Roland introduced its TD-10 model, a [[sound module]] for its V-Drums. ;Rhythm machines (drum machines) In 1963, Keio-Giken ([[Korg]]) released their first [[rhythm machine]], [[List of Korg products#1960s|Donca-Matic DA-20]], using vacuum tube circuits for sounds and mechanical-wheel for rhythm patterns. It was a floor-type machine with built-in speaker, and featuring a keyboard for the manual play, in addition to the multiple automatic rhythm patterns. Its price was comparable with the average annual income of Japanese at that time. Their efforts were then focused on the improvement of reliability and performance, along with the size reduction and the cost down. Unstable vacuum tube circuit was replaced with reliable [[transistor]] circuitry on Donca-Matic DC-11 in the mid-1960s, and in 1966, bulky mechanical-wheels were also replaced with compact transistor circuitry on [[List of Korg products#1960s|Donca-Matic DE-20]] and DE-11. In 1967, [[Korg Mini Pops]] MP-2 was developed as an option of the [[Yamaha Electone]] ([[electronic organ]]), and Mini Pops was established as a series of compact desktop rhythm machines. [[Nippon Columbia]] received a 1965 patent for an electronic automatic [[rhythm machine]] instrument. It described it as an "automatic rhythm player which is simple but capable of electronically producing various rhythms in the characteristic tones of a drum, a piccolo and so on."{{cite web |url=http://www.google.ms/patents/US3482027 |title=US3482027A: Automatic rhythm instrument |date=1965-04-30 |website=Google Patents}} At around the same time, [[Korg]] also introduced [[transistor]] circuitry for their [[Korg Mini Pops|Donca-Matic DC-11]] electronic [[drum machine]], some time between 1963 and 1966.{{cite web |url=http://www.korg.co.jp/SoundMakeup/Museum/Doncamatic/ |title=Donca-Matic (1963) |website=[[Korg]] Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903144901/http://www.korg.co.jp/SoundMakeup/Museum/Doncamatic/ |archive-date=3 September 2005}} The [[Korg Mini Pops]] MP-2, MP-5 and MP-7 were released in 1967. Korg's Stageman and [[Korg Mini Pops|Mini Pops]] series of drum machines, introduced in 1967, were notable for "natural metallic percussion" sounds and incorporating controls for drum "[[Break (music)|breaks]] and [[Fill (music)|fill-ins]]."{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |editor-last=Hartenberger |editor-first=Russell |last=Brett |first=Thomas |date=2016 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Percussion |chapter=Virtual Drumming: A History of Electronic Percussion |series=Cambridge Companions to Music |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=84 |isbn=978-1-10709-345-4}} The smaller MP-5 had 10 preset rhythms, while the larger MP-7 had 20 preset rhythms. Both had controls for tone, tempo, and volume, while the MP-7 also had dedicated faders for adding ouijada, [[guiro]] and [[tambourine]]. The controls allowed the user to press more than one preset to combine rhythms. One notable use of a Mini Pops drum machine was by French musician [[Jean-Michel Jarre]], in the final part of his breakthrough album, ''[[Oxygene (album)|Oxygene]]'' (1976). This rhythm was achieved by overlaying two of the presets.{{Cite web |url=http://www.hollowsun.com/donations/minipops/index.html |title=Korg Mini Pops |website=Hollow Sun |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103039/http://www.hollowsun.com/donations/minipops/index.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 }} He also used it for his 1978 album ''[[Equinoxe]]''. The Donca-Matic is also referenced in [[Gorillaz]]' "[[Doncamatic]]" (2010). As the result of their robustness and compact size, rhythm machines were gradually installed on [[electronic organ]]s as accompaniment of organists, and finally spread widely. [[Ace Tone]] drum machines found their way into [[popular music]] starting in the late 1960s, followed by [[Korg]] and [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] drum machines in the early 1970s.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |editor-last=Hartenberger |editor-first=Russell |last=Brett |first=Thomas |date=2016 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Percussion |chapter=Virtual Drumming: A History of Electronic Percussion |series=Cambridge Companions to Music |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=84–85 |isbn=978-1-10709-345-4}} The first major pop song to use a drum machine was "Saved by the Bell" by [[Robin Gibb]], which reached No. 2 in Britain in 1969. It used a "slow rock" rhythm preset on Ace Tone's FR-1 Rhythm Ace.{{cite web |url=http://www.dubsounds.co.uk/ACE-FR-1_FR-2L.htm |title=Ace Tone: Rhythm Ace – FR-1 & FR-2L Info Page |website=Dubsounds Vintage Drum Machine Archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618031738/http://www.dubsounds.co.uk/ACE-FR-1_FR-2L.htm |archive-date=2016-06-18}} The German [[krautrock]] band [[Can (band)|Can]] also used a drum machine on their song "[[Peking O]]" (1971), which combined acoustic drumming with Ace Tone's Rhythm Ace drum machine.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQA3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |last=Moody |first=Rick |date=2012 |title=On Celestial Music: And Other Adventures in Listening |publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] |page=199 |isbn=978-0-31619-188-3}} The first album on which a drum machine produced all the percussion was [[Kingdom Come (British band)|Kingdom Come]]'s ''[[Journey (Kingdom Come album)|Journey]]'', recorded in November 1972 using Ace Tone's [[Ace Tone|Bentley Rhythm Ace]].{{cite web |url=http://www.popmatters.com/feature/dream-baby-dream-suicide-a-new-york-story/P1/ |last=Needs |first=Kris |author-link=Kris Needs |date=27 January 2017 |title=Suicide – A New York Story |website=[[PopMatters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425120945/http://www.popmatters.com/feature/dream-baby-dream-suicide-a-new-york-story/P1/ |archive-date=2017-04-25}} [[Timmy Thomas]]' 1972 [[R&B]] single "[[Why Can't We Live Together]]"/"Funky Me" featured a distinctive use of a Roland drum machine{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdEABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA320 |last=Collins |first=Mike |date=2014 |title=In the Box Music Production: Advanced Tools and Techniques for Pro Tools |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=320 |isbn=978-1-13507-433-3}} and keyboard arrangement on both tracks. [[George McCrae]]'s 1974 [[disco]] hit "[[Rock Your Baby]]" used a drum machine,{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |last=Russ |first=Martin |date=2012 |title=Sound Synthesis and Sampling |edition=3rd revised |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=83 |isbn=978-1-13612-214-9}} an early Roland rhythm machine. ;Effects pedals The [[Uni-Vibe]], also known as Jax Vibra-Chorus,{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpUuXZU9-1QC&pg=PA120 |last=Heatley |first=Michael |date=2009 |title=Jimi Hendrix Gear |publisher=[[Voyageur Press]] |page=120 |isbn=978-1-61060-421-5}} is a [[Effects pedal|footpedal]]-operated [[Phaser (effect)|phaser]] or [[phase shifter]] for creating [[Chorus effect|chorus]] and [[vibrato]] simulations for [[Electronic organ|electric organ]] or guitar. Designed by audio engineer Fumio Mieda,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zu3owmYkpZ0C |editor-last=Molenda |editor-first= Mike |title=The Guitar Player Book: 40 Years of Interviews, Gear, and Lessons from the World's Most Celebrated Guitar Magazine |year=2007 |publisher=Hal Leonard |page=222 |isbn=978-0-87930-782-0}} it was introduced in the 1960s by Japanese company Shin-ei, and then released in North America by [[Univox]] in 1968. The pedals soon became favorite [[effects pedal]]s of rock guitarists [[Jimi Hendrix]] and [[Robin Trower]]. In 1976, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] subsidiary [[Boss Corporation]] released the CE-1 Chorus Ensemble, which was a stand-alone unit of the [[Chorus effect|chorus]]/[[vibrato]] circuit found in the [[Roland Jazz Chorus|Roland JC-120]] [[amplifier]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.bossarea.com/other/ce1.asp |title=Boss CE-1 Chorus Ensemble |date=2 March 2020 |website=Boss Area.com |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2015-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025064125/http://www.bossarea.com/other/ce1.asp }} The chorus circuit from the amp was put it into a [[stomp box]], making the CE-1 the first [[chorus pedal]].{{cite web |url=https://reverb.com/uk/news/tribute-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-rolands-impact-on-music |title=Tribute: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Roland's Impact on Music |last=Laughton |first=Jay |date=5 April 2017 |website=[[Reverb.com]]}} The chorus pedal went on to become a standard [[effects unit]] among guitarists. Boss [[effects unit]]s subsequently became the ''de facto'' standard of guitar effects for decades, with many guitarists relying on them for sonic experimentation. Boss Corporation's DD-2 Digital Delay, released in 1983, was the world's first digital [[Delay (audio effect)|delay]] [[effects unit]] in [[stomp box]] form. It uses a custom [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chip that was originally developed for Roland Corporation's SDE-3000 rack delay unit. It was succeeded by the DD-3 Digital Delay in 1986.{{cite web |url=https://articles.boss.info/echoes-in-time-the-history-of-boss-delay-pedals/ |title=Echoes in Time: The History of BOSS Delay Pedals |last=Bybee |first=Jim |date=November 2015 |website=[[Boss Corporation]]}} Boss Corporation's RV-2 Digital Reverb, released in 1987, was the world's first digital [[reverb]] pedal. It used a new custom [[Digital signal processor|DSP]] processor developed by Boss, originally for the RRV-10 Digital Reverb in the Micro Rack series. ;Analog synthesizers [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] developed an early multi-voice [[polyphonic synthesizer]], the [[Yamaha GX-1]], in 1973.{{cite web |url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/yamaha/gx1.php |title=Yamaha GX-1 |website=Vintage Synth Explorer}} In 1974, [[Roland Corporation]] released the EP-30, the first [[Keyboard expression|touch-sensitive]] [[electronic keyboard]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=6TVLAAAAYAAJ ''FutureMusic'', issues 131–134], 2003, p. 55. Roland released an early polyphonic [[string synthesizer]], the [[Roland RS-202]], in 1975, followed by the [[Roland RS-202]] in 1976.{{cite book |title=Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying—From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis |first=Mark |last=Jenkins |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-136-12278-1 |page=89}}{{cite magazine |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Jul02/articles/retrozone0702.asp |title=A Tale of Two String Synths |last=Reid |first=Gordon |date=July 2002 |magazine=[[Sound on Sound]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308154533/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Jul02/articles/retrozone0702.asp |archive-date=2005-03-08}} ;Digital synthesizers In 1973,{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Yamaha|2014}} |url=http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/chapter02/ |title=Chapter 2: FM Tone Generators and the Dawn of Home Music Production |website=Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary – History |year=2014 |publisher=Yamaha Corporation of America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023140056/http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/chapter02/ |archive-date=2014-10-23}} Yamaha licensed the algorithms for [[frequency modulation synthesis]] (FM synthesis) from [[John Chowning]], who had experimented with it at [[Stanford University]] since 1971. Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial [[digital synthesizer]], adding improvements such as the "key scaling" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during [[frequency modulation]].{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257 |first=Thom |last=Holmes |title=Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture |chapter=Early Computer Music |pages=257–258 |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-95781-6 |access-date=2011-06-04}} In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name "Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha", evolving Chowning's early work on FM synthesis technology.{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4018121 |title=U.S. Patent 4018121: Method of synthesizing a musical sound |date=1975-05-02 |website=Google Patents}} [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974. Released in 1979,{{cite book |last=Vail |first=Mark |date=2013 |title=The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=277}} the [[Casio VL-1]] was the first commercial digital synthesizer.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo0XAQAAIAAJ |last=Igoudin |first=Alex |date=1997 |title=Impact of MIDI on Electroacoustic Art Music |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |page=26}} selling for $69.95. The first commercial FM digital synthesizer was the Yamaha GS-1 in 1980.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-TetwzVcIC&pg=PA226 |last=Roads |first=Curtis |year=1996 |title=The computer music tutorial |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |page=226 |isbn=978-0-262-68082-0 |access-date=2011-06-05}} The mainstream breakthrough for digital synthesis came with the 1983 release of the FM-based [[Yamaha DX7]],{{cite book |last=Dean |first=R. T. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Computer Music |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533161-5 |page=1}} one of the best-selling synthesizers of all time.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257 |first=Thom |last=Holmes |title=Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture |chapter=Early Computer Music |page=257 |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-95781-6 |access-date=2011-06-04}}{{cite book |last=Shepard |first=Brian K. |title=Refining Sound: A Practical Guide to Synthesis and Synthesizers |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-937668-1 |quote=The first digital synthesizer to make it into the studios of everyone else, the Yamaha DX7, became one of the most commercially successful synthesizers of all time.}} [[Vowel–consonant synthesis]] is a type of hybrid digital-analog [[Sound synthesis|synthesis]] developed by [[Casio]] and first employed by the early [[Casiotone]] keyboards in the early 1980s.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/13/hey-whats-that-sound-casiotone |title=Hey, what's that sound: Casiotone |last=McNamee |first=David |date=13 July 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}} ;Sequencer In the early 1970s, Ralph Dyck, a Canadian composer and technologist, developed a prototype digital [[music sequencer]], based on [[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] [[digital circuit]]ry, [[Shift register|shift-register]] memory, and single-channel audio. There were no North American companies interested in his prototype, until Japanese company [[Roland Corporation]] took an interest in it. Roland founder [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]] saw the prototype, and decided to build a digital sequencer based on his prototype, making a number of major changes.{{cite web |url=http://rolandmc8.wordpress.com/2010/01/25/exclusive-interview-with-ralph-dyck-godfather-of-the-mc-8/ |title=Exclusive Interview with Ralph Dyck, Godfather of the MC-8! |last=Hicks |first=Dan |date=25 January 2010 |website=Roland MC-8 Micro-Composer}} Kakehashi decided to replace the TTL circuitry with a [[microprocessor]], replace the small shift-register memory with larger [[Random-access memory|RAM]] memory, and increase the audio channels from a single channel to eight channels. As Dyck was generally unfamiliar with how to use a microprocessor for a sequencer, Kakehashi hired Yukio Tamada to design and build a microprocessor-based sequencer. Roland switched from discrete circuitry to the then brand new [[Intel 8080]]A 8-[[bit]] microprocessor and increased the memory from 512 bytes shift-register memory to 16 KB RAM memory, allowing storage of over 5,300 notes,{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/synthmanual-roland-mc-8-owners-manual |title=MC-8 MicroComposer Instruction Manual |year=1979 |publisher=Roland Corporation}} which could be entered via the calculator keyboard (the preferred method) or recorded in real-time (not so easy). In 1977, [[Roland Corporation]] released the [[Roland MC-8 Microcomposer|MC-8 Microcomposer]], also called a [[computer music]] composer by Roland. It was the first standalone, [[microprocessor]]-based, digital [[CV/Gate]] [[music sequencer]],{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9h5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |last=Russ |first=Martin |date=2012 |title=Sound Synthesis and Sampling |edition=3rd revised |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=192 |isbn=978-1-13612-214-9 |access-date=26 April 2017}}{{cite magazine |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm |last=Reid |first=Gordon |date=November 2004 |title=The History of Roland Part 1: 1930–1978 |magazine=[[Sound on Sound]] |access-date=19 June 2011}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D2cTt5DPmEC&pg=PA346 |last=Russ |first=Martin |year=2008 |title=Sound Synthesis and Sampling |edition=2nd updated |publisher=[[Focal Press]] |page=346 |isbn=978-0-240-52105-3 |access-date=21 June 2011}} and an early [[Polyphony and monophony in instruments|polyphonic]] sequencer.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asBnYmKKz6kC&pg=PA223 |last=Théberge |first=Paul |date=1997 |title=Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology |publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]] |page=223 |isbn=978-0-81956-309-5}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjEJAQAAMAAJ |last=Deutsch |first=Herbert A. |author-link=Herbert Deutsch |date=1985 |title=Synthesis: An Introduction to the History, Theory & Practice of Electronic Music |publisher=[[Alfred Music]] |page=96 |isbn=978-0-88284-348-3}} It introduced new features, such as a [[keypad]] to enter [[Musical note|note]] information; 16 [[kilobyte]]s of [[random access memory]] which allowed a maximum sequence length of 5,200 notes, a huge step forward from the 8–16 [[step sequencer]]s at the time; the allocation of multiple pitch CVs to a single Gate channel, creating [[Polyphony|polyphonic]] parts within the overall sequence; and eight-channel polyphony, allowing the creation of [[polyrhythm]]ic sequences. The [[Swing (jazz performance style)|swingy]] [[funk]] element present throughout the Japanese [[synthpop]] album ''[[Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)|Yellow Magic Orchestra]]'' (1978) was expressed by [[Hideki Matsutake]] programming through subtle variations of the MC-8's input.{{cite web |url=http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/magazine/yellow-magic-orchestra-gear |last1=Tanaka |first1=Yuji |date=11 November 2014 |title=Yellow Magic Orchestra: The Pre-MIDI Technology Behind Their Anthems |publisher=[[Red Bull Music Academy]]}} [[Giorgio Moroder]] was another early commercial user of the MC-8, having used it from the late 1970s to the 1980s.{{cite web |url=http://www.dolphinmusic.co.uk/article/5916-giorgio-moroder-gear-guide-inc-new-novation-morodernova-.html |title=Giorgio Moroder Gear Guide |date=5 May 2015 |website=[[Dolphin Music]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225645/http://www.dolphinmusic.co.uk/article/5916-giorgio-moroder-gear-guide-inc-new-novation-morodernova-.html |archive-date=2015-09-05}} Other notable users include [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]],{{Discogs release|1156483|Ryuichi Sakamoto – Thousand Knives Of (CD)}}[[Altered Images]], [[Chris Carter (British musician)|Chris Carter]], [[Suzanne Ciani]], [[Chris & Cosey]], [[Kraftwerk]], [[Landscape (band)|Landscape]], [[The Human League]], [[Martin Rushent]], [[Pete Shelley]], [[Tangerine Dream]],{{cite journal |url=http://www.chriscarter.co.uk/content/sos/roland_mc8.html |title=Roland MC8 Microcomposer |last=Carter |first=Chris |author-link=Chris Carter (British musician) |date=March 1997 |journal=[[Sound on Sound]] |volume=12 |number=5 |via=chriscarter.co.uk}} [[Richard James Burgess]],{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nd2hAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |last=Moy |first=Ron |date=2013 |title=Kate Bush and Hounds of Love |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |page=77 |isbn=978-1-40949-370-9}} [[Vince Clarke]],{{cite magazine |url=http://www.emusician.com/artists/1333/the-30-top-instruments-and-innovations-of-rolands-ikutaro-kakehashi-1930-2017/62364 |title=The Top 30 Instruments and Innovations of Roland's Ikutaro Kakehashi (1930–2017) |last=Prève |first=Francis |date=April 3, 2017 |magazine=[[Electronic Musician]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404015332/http://www.emusician.com/artists/1333/the-30-top-instruments-and-innovations-of-rolands-ikutaro-kakehashi-1930-2017/62364 |archive-date=2017-04-04}}{{cite journal |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/jan95/tangerinedream2.html |title=Tangerine Dream: Changing Use Of Technology, Part 2: 1977–1994 |last=Prendergast |first=Mark |journal=[[Sound on Sound]] |date=January 1995 |access-date=2016-03-28}} [[Throbbing Gristle]], [[Isao Tomita]], [[Toto (band)|Toto]], [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]],{{Discogs release|453067|Yellow Magic Orchestra – Yellow Magic Orchestra}}{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj5LAAAAYAAJ |title=Sound International, Issues 33–40 |magazine=Sound International |year=1981 |access-date=2011-06-21 |page=147}} and [[Hans Zimmer]]. The MC-8 was the first in the Microcomposer family of sequencers, including the [[Roland MC-4 Microcomposer]] and [[Roland MC-202]]. The Roland MC-8 had a significant impact on [[electronic music]], with the MC-8 and its descendants having more of an impact on electronic music production in the 1970s and 1980s than any other family of sequencers. CV/Gate sequencers such as the MC-8 and MC-4 were eventually succeeded by [[MIDI]] sequencers in the 1980s. The Microcomposer series continued with [[groovebox]]es, including the Roland MC-202 (1983), [[Roland MC-303|MC-303]] (1996), [[Roland MC-505|MC-505]] (1998), [[Roland MC-09|MC-09]] (1999), [[Roland MC-307|MC-307]] (1999), [[Roland MC-909|MC-909]] (2002) and [[Roland MC-808|MC-808]] (2006). ;Programmable drum machines (step sequencers) Prior to [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]]'s founding of [[Roland Corporation]] in 1972, Kakehashi had discussed the idea of a programmable drum machine while at [[Ace Tone]], some time between 1967 and 1972.{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/30/3932574/how-the-808-found-its-cymbal-musical-tales-namm-geeky-underbelly |title=How the 808 drum machine got its cymbal, and other tales from music's geeky underbelly |last=Wolbe |first=Trent |date=30 January 2013 |website=The Verge |access-date=16 January 2017}} In 1975,{{cite magazine |url=http://sbomagazine.com/technology/2748-87percussion-technology-part-ii.html |title=Percussion Technology, Part II |date=December 2001 |magazine=SBO Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023194613/http://sbomagazine.com/technology/2748-87percussion-technology-part-ii.html |archive-date=2015-10-23}} [[Ace Tone]] released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns.{{cite web |url=http://www.estecho.com/gear/Acetone_Rhythm_Producer.php |title=Ace Tone Rhythm Producer FR-15 |date=2016-12-17 |website=ESTECHO.com}} – Sakata Shokai/Ace Tone Rhythm Producer, a successor of Rhythm Ace after the reconstruction of [[Ace Tone]] brand in 1972, provided feature to modify the pre-programmed rhythms. 1978 saw the release of the [[Roland CR-78]], the first [[microprocessor]] programmable rhythm machine,{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2WSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |editor-last=Hartenberger |editor-first=Russell |last=Brett |first=Thomas |date=2016 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Percussion |chapter=Virtual Drumming: A History of Electronic Percussion |series=Cambridge Companions to Music |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=85 |isbn=978-1-10709-345-4}} with four memory banks to store user patterns, and controls for [[Accent (music)|accents]] and [[Mute (music)|muting]]. Its combination of programmability and familiar preset rhythms made it popular from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, widely adopted by artists such as [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Ultravox]], [[Underworld (band)|Underworld]], [[Fatboy Slim]], [[BT (musician)|BT]], [[Gary Numan]], [[808 State]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Hall & Oates]], [[Jimmy Edgar]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[Überzone]], [[Bryan Ferry]], [[Men Without Hats]], [[John Foxx]] and [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark|OMD]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/cr78.php |title=Roland CR-78 |website=Vintage Synth Explorer}} The [[Roland TR-808]], released in 1980, was the first drum machine with the ability to program an entire percussion track of a song from beginning to end, complete with [[Break (music)|breaks]] and [[Drum roll|rolls]].''[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=JDpLAAAAYAAJ Volume 7, Issues 1–6], 1981. It also includes volume knobs for each voice, and has [[bass drum]] decay controls that could lengthen the sound to create uniquely low frequencies which [[Flat (music)|flatten]] over long periods,{{cite journal |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Feb02/articles/synthsecrets0202.asp |last=Reid |first=Gordon |date=February 2002 |title=Synth Secrets: Practical Bass Drum Synthesis |journal=Sound on Sound |access-date=2015-11-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215232500/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Feb02/articles/synthsecrets0202.asp |archive-date=15 February 2004}} which can be used to create [[bassline]]s{{Cite news |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/8-ways-the-808-drum-machine-changed-pop-music-w453714 |title=8 Ways the 808 Drum Machine Changed Pop Music |last=Leight |first=Elias |date=6 December 2016 |newspaper=Rolling Stone |access-date=16 January 2016}} or [[bass drop]]s.{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyfQMSWSrIcC&pg=PA24 |title=Pump the Bass |last=Owen |first=Frank |date=February 1990 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |volume=5 |number=11 |page=24}} The TR-808 became one of the most influential inventions in [[popular music]],{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/music_box/2016/12/_808_the_movie_is_a_must_watch_doc_for_music_nerds.html |title=This New Doc About the Invention That Changed Music Is a Must-Watch for Music Nerds |last1=Hamilton |first1=Jack |date=16 December 2016 |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}} used on more hit records than any other drum machine,{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stvOCfhc_igC&pg=PA18 |title=A Beginner's Guide to Digital Video |year=2004 |first=Peter |last=Wells |page=18 |publisher=AVA Books |isbn=978-2-88479-037-6 |access-date=2011-05-20}} and shaping genres such as [[Electronic dance music|dance]], [[electronic music|electronic]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and pop music. ;Bass synthesizer-sequencers The first [[bass synthesizer]] with a [[music sequencer]] was the Firstman SQ-01.{{cite magazine |url=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qAXxQUswDhI/TxxAfn21f-I/AAAAAAAABA4/AlRNB_Yj0O4/s1600/firstman_sq01_jun01_pg23_ck.jpg |title=Firstman SQ-01 Sequence Synthesizer from Multivox |format=advertisement |magazine=[[Keyboard (magazine)|Contemporary Keyboard]] |volume=7 |issue=June 1981 – November 1981 |page=23}}{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swA9AQAAIAAJ&q=Multivox+SQ-01 |title=Multivox Firstman SQ-01 Sequencer |magazine=Contemporary Keyboard |year=1981 |volume=7 |issue=October 1981 |pages=82, 88}} ("''Keyboard Report, Oct. '81''", according to the {{cite magazine |title=Vol.9 |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GUJAQAAMAAJ&q=Multivox+SQ-01 |magazine=[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]}}) It was originally released in 1980 by Hillwood/Firstman, a Japanese synthesizer company founded in 1972 by Kazuo Morioka (who later worked for [[Akai]] in the early 1980s), and was then released by [[Multivox]] for North America in 1981.{{cite web |url=http://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm |title=Firstman International |language=de |work=SYNRISE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030420170643/http://www.synrise.de/docs/types/f/firstman.htm |archive-date=20 April 2003 }}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iI77AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |last=Jenkins |first=Mark |date=2009 |title=Analog Synthesizers: Understanding, Performing, Buying—From the Legacy of Moog to Software Synthesis |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |pages=107–108 |isbn=978-1-13612-278-1}} The most influential bass synthesizer-sequencer was the [[Roland TB-303]], released in 1981, later becoming the basis of [[Acid house|acid]] [[house music]].{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/tadao-kikumoto-roland |last=Vine |first=Richard |date=15 June 2011 |title=Tadao Kikumoto invents the Roland TB-303 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=9 July 2011}} ;Digital Control Bus (DCB) and DIN sync In 1980, [[Roland Corporation]] introduced the [[Digital Control Bus]] (DCB) [[communications protocol]], using the [[DIN sync]] interface to synchronize different [[electronic musical instrument]]s. It was introduced with the [[Roland TR-808]] in 1980, considered groundbreaking at the time, followed by other Roland equipment in 1981. It was the precursor to [[MIDI]], which adopted most of its features from the DCB protocol, including the same type of connectors as the DIN sync interface.{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/DB_Magazine_1982_07#page/n29/mode/2up |title=Riding the New Waves |last=Sherman |first=Howard |date=July 1972 |journal=Db: The Sound Engineering Magazine |volume=16 |number=7 |page=32}} DCB was introduced in 1980 with the Roland TR-808, followed by other Roland equipment, including the CR-8000, [[TR-606]], [[TB-303]], EP-6060, [[Jupiter-8]], and [[Roland Juno-60|Juno-60]].{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ibelieveinmusicl00kake/ |title=I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation |last1=Kakehashi |first1=Ikutarō |last2=Olsen |first2=Robert |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-634-03783-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ibelieveinmusicl00kake/page/197 197] |url-access=registration}} It uses [[DIN sync]] connectors, and DCB functions were basically the same as [[MIDI]], which it was the basis for. DIN sync was introduced by Roland Corporation for the synchronization of [[music sequencer]]s, [[drum machine]]s, [[arpeggiator]]s and similar devices, as part of the [[Digital Control Bus]] protocol. It was introduced in 1980 with the [[Roland TR-808]], followed by other Roland equipment in 1981, including the CR-8000, TR-606, TB-303 and EP-6060. It was the basis for the [[MIDI]] interface, released in 1983, which eventually superseded it. DIN sync was also adopted by non-Roland instruments, such as [[Linn Electronics]]' [[LinnDrum]]. ;MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) In 1981, Roland founder [[Ikutaro Kakehashi]] proposed the concept of standardization to [[Oberheim Electronics]], [[Sequential Circuits]], [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]], [[Korg]] and [[Kawai Musical Instruments|Kawai]].{{cite journal |url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415 |last=Chadabe |first=Joel |author-link=Joel Chadabe |date=1 May 2000 |title=Part IV: The Seeds of the Future |journal=Electronic Musician |volume=XVI |issue=5 |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928230435/http://www.emusician.com/gear/0769/the-electronic-century-part-iv-the-seeds-of-the-future/145415 |archive-date=28 September 2012 }} A common MIDI standard was developed, working with Roland's pre-existing DCB as a basis, by Roland, Yamaha, Korg, Kawai, and Sequential Circuits.{{cite book |url= |last=Holmes |first=Thom |date=2003 |title=Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=20}} MIDI was publicly announced in 1982.{{cite book |url= |last=Manning |first=Peter |date=1994 |title=Electronic and Computer Music |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=276}} MIDI allowed communication between different instruments and [[general-purpose computer]]s to play a role in music production. Since its introduction, MIDI has remained the musical instrument industry standard interface through to the present day.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.factmag.com/2017/04/02/ikutaro-kakehashi-life/ |title=The life and times of Ikutaro Kakehashi, the Roland pioneer modern music owes everything to |last=Diduck |first=Ryan Alexander |date=2017-04-02 |magazine=[[Fact (UK magazine)|Fact]]}} Kakehashi received the 2013 [[Technical Grammy Award]] for the invention of MIDI.{{cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/news/technical-grammy-award-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith |title=Technical GRAMMY Award: Ikutaro Kakehashi and Dave Smith |date=29 January 2013 |website=The Recording Academy}}{{cite web |url=http://www.grammy.com/videos/technical-grammy-award-recipients-ikutaro-kakehashi-and-dave-smith-at-special-merit-awards |title=Ikutaro Kakehashi, Dave Smith: Technical GRAMMY Award Acceptance |date=9 February 2013 |website=The Recording Academy}} ;PCM sampler The first [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]] digital [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]] was [[Toshiba]]'s [[:ja:LMD-649|LMD-649]],{{cite journal |url=http://tokyosky.sub.jp/tokyosky_webmasters_blog/2011/02/f-19823-lmd-649-1982.html |title=LMD-649の記事 |date=March 1982 |journal=[[:nl:Rockin'f|Rockin'f]] |language=ja |pages=140–141 |via=Tokyosky Webmaster's Blog}} created in 1981 by engineer Kenji Murata for Japanese [[electronic music]] band [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]], who used it for extensive [[Sampling (music)|sampling]] and [[Music loop|looping]] in their 1981 album ''[[Technodelic]]''.{{cite web |url=http://www.electricityclub.co.uk/a-beginners-guide-to-yellow-magic-orchestra/ |title=A Beginner's Guide To Yellow Magic Orchestra |author=Chi Ming Lai |date=4 June 2015 |website=The Electricity Club}} ;MIDI instruments The first [[MIDI]] synthesizers were the [[Roland Jupiter-6]] and the Prophet 600, both released in 1982. The first MIDI sequencer was [[Roland Corporation]]'s MSQ-700, released in 1983.{{Cite web |url=https://www.roland.com/ca/company/history/ |title=Our History: 1980s |website=Roland}} [[Sequential Circuits]] CEO [[Dave Smith (engineer)|Dave Smith]] demonstrated MIDI by connecting the Prophet 600 to a Jupiter-6 during the January 1983 Winter [[NAMM Show]].{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCQEAAAAMBAJ&q=NAMM&pg=PT38 |title=Digital Instruments Dominate NAMM Show |last=Darling |first=Cary |date=5 February 1983 |magazine=Billboard |volume=95 |issue=5 |page=41}} While the [[Roland TR-808]] was fully based on [[analog synthesis]], the [[Roland TR-909]], released in 1983, combined analogue synthesis with digital [[Sampling (music)|sampling]].{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/pXsMvTSCkuY |title=How Roland Came Up With 909 Sounds |author=Roland Corp |date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Roland |access-date=20 January 2014}} It was also the first [[MIDI]] drum machine.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W9Ek2LmPNMC&pg=PA66 |title=Sound Synthesis and Sampling |last=Russ |first=Martin |year=2004 |page=66 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-240-51692-9}}{{cite book |last=Butler |first=Mark Jonathan |date=2006 |title=Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=64 |isbn=0-253-34662-2}} Much like the TR-808's importance to [[hip hop]], the TR-909 holds a similar important for [[electronic dance music]], such as [[techno]] and [[house music]]. For example, the seminal [[deep house]] track "[[Can You Feel It (Larry Heard song)|Can You Feel It]]" (1986) was produced using the [[Roland Juno-60]] [[polyphonic synthesizer]] for the [[bassline]] and the TR-909 rhythm machine for the [[drumline]].{{cite web |url=http://www.synthtopia.com/content/2013/11/04/quick-tip-the-mr-fingers-can-you-feel-it-bass-line/ |title=Quick Tip: The Mr. Fingers 'Can You Feel It' Bass Line |author=Synthhead |date=November 4, 2013 |website=Synthtopia}} USB drum [[MIDI controller]]s are often designed to resemble popular classic drum machines such as the [[Roland TR-808]] and [[Akai MPC]].{{cite web |url=https://usbmidicontrollers.com/how-to-choose-a-usb-midi-drum-pad-controller |title=The Best USB MIDI Drum Pads for Beginners – How to choose a USB MIDI Drum Pad Controller |website=USB MIDI Controllers |date=21 May 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114063130/http://www.usbmidicontrollers.com/how-to-choose-a-usb-midi-drum-pad-controller |archive-date=14 November 2017 }}. ;Groovebox The [[Roland MC-202]], released in 1983, was the first [[groovebox]]. The term "groovebox" was later coined by [[Roland Corporation]] in reference to its successor, the [[Roland MC-303]], released in 1996.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.emusician.com/gear/1332/roland-mc-202-microcomposer/32354 |title=Roland MC-202 MicroComposer |last=Colbeck |first=Julian |date=1 November 2001 |magazine=[[Electronic Musician]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316204840/http://www.emusician.com/gear/1332/roland-mc-202-microcomposer/32354 |archive-date=2015-03-16}} ;Wind synths From the mid-1980s, [[Akai]] developed a range of wind synths. Their EWI-1000 [[wind controller]] and EVI-1000 valve controller, like the Lyricon, were paired with a dedicated analog, voltage-controlled voice module, the EWV-2000. The EWV-2000 had no MIDI IN, though it did have MIDI OUT. The EWI-1000/EWV-2000 pair were actually a hybrid digital/analog system. Analog signals were derived from the various sensors (e.g., key, bite, bend, etc.) on the EWI-1000 controller unit, then converted to digital signals by a front-end microprocessor in the EWV-2000. These digital signals were then altered by the microprocessor and D/A converted to internal analog control voltages appropriate for the analog synthesizer IC's within the EWV-2000. The D/A used within the EWV-2000 used a very high resolution and conversion rate, such that the responsiveness to the player felt immediate, i.e. "analog." The subsequent EWI-3000 and EWI-3020 systems also used this A/D/A scheme within their dedicated tone modules, though these later models of the EWI would support MIDI IN and OUT. ;Linear arithmetic synthesis [[Linear arithmetic synthesis]] (LA synthesis) is a type of [[sound synthesis]] invented by [[Roland Corporation]], introduced with the [[Roland D-50]] synthesizer in 1987.{{rp|434}} LA synthesis was since used by a number of other Roland equipment, such as the [[MT-32]] [[sound module]] in 1987 and the [[Roland E-20|E-20]] synthesizer in 1988. The Roland D-50 is a [[Polyphonic synthesizer|polyphonic]] 61-key [[digital synthesizer]], produced by Roland and released in 1987. Its features include LA synthesis, on-board effects, a joystick for data manipulation, and an [[Analogue synthesizer|analogue synthesis]]-styled layout design. It was also produced in a rack-mount variant design, the D-550 (1987–1990), with almost 450 user-adjustable parameters.{{Cite web |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/roland-d50 |title=Roland D50 |last=Ward |first=Paul |date=July 1997 |website=[[Sound on Sound]]}} The D-50 saw widespread use in [[popular music]], with a distinctive sound that largely defined popular late [[1980s music]]. Today, the D-50 is still highly popular as affordable vintage synth. It has the highest score by users of all synths at VintageSynth.{{Cite web |url=http://www.vintagesynth.com/roland/d50.php |title=Roland D50 |date=May 2017 |website=Vintage Synth Explorer |quote=Score of 4.58 out of 5 by 2936 users}} The D-50 was the first affordable synthesizer to combine [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sample playback]] with digital synthesis, a process that Roland called LA synthesis. ===Memory=== ;Magnetic disks What may have been the idea of the first [[floppy disk]], or [[magnetic disk]] sheet, was invented by [[Yoshiro Nakamatsu]] at the [[Tokyo Imperial University]] in 1950.{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/electronicinvent14gwad#page/164/mode/2up |title=Electronic Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from its earliest beginnings to the present day |edition=4th revised & expanded |last=Dummer |first=G. W. A. |author-link=Geoffrey Dummer |date=1997 |page=164 |publisher=[[IOP Publishing]] |isbn=0-7503-0376-X}}{{cite book |last=Giscard d'Estaing |first=Valerie-Anne |date=1990 |title=The Book of Inventions and Discoveries |publisher=[[Queen Anne Press]] |page=124 |isbn=978-0-35618-835-5}} He received a Japanese patent in 1952,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/10/news/10iht-matscon.ttt.html |title='Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King: Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent |first=David |last=Lazarus |date=10 April 1995 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2010-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802150118/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/10/news/10iht-matscon.ttt.html |archive-date=2009-08-02}} and a 1958 American patent, for a magnetic disk record sheet.{{cite web |url=http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US3131937 |title=U.S. Patent 3,131,937: Magnetic record sheet |date=1959-03-31 |website=Google Patents}} [[Nippon Columbia]] planned to commercialized his magnetic disc sheet recorder in 1960.{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B80iAQAAMAAJ |title=[Unknown] |date=1960 |magazine=Graphic Arts Japan |volume=2 |pages=20–22}} He licensed a number of patents to [[IBM]],{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/29/nyregion/what-a-stroke-of-um-ingenuity-anyhow.html |title=What a Stroke of ... Um, Ingenuity, Anyhow |first=James |last=Barron |date=11 November 1990 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2010-05-03}}{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGuuh5SIk_8C&pg=PA49 |magazine=[[Spy (magazine)|Spy]] |date=December 1991 |page=49 |title=Put a Zokwendle in Your Tank! |first=Alex |last=Heard}} reaching licensing agreements with them in the 1970s.{{Cite journal |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dr-nakamats-the-man-with-3300-patents-to-his-name-134571403/?all |title=Dr. NakaMats, the Man With 3300 Patents to His Name |last=Lidz |first=Franz |date=December 2012 |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=15 October 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=653 |title=Dr. NakaMats: Japan's Self-Proclaimed Savior |first=Tim |last=Hornyak |website=Japan Inc |date=January 2002 |access-date=2007-10-13}} [[Sony]] introduced the [[3½-inch floppy disk]] format, called the [[micro floppy]] disk. The first commercial micro floppy [[disk drive]] was the Sony OA-D30V, released in 1981.{{cite web |url=https://www.macgeek.org/museum/sony400kdrive/ |title=SONY Micro Floppydisk Drive – Model OA-D30V |date=October 27, 2002 |website=The Mac Geek}} Sony's initial 3½-inch floppy disk format was dual-sided and held 875 KB of data storage. ;Random-access memory (RAM) The [[Toshiba]] Toscal BC-1411 [[electronic calculator]], which debuted in 1965,{{cite web |url=http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8406093/toscal-bc-1411-calculator-with-electronic-calculator |title=Toscal BC-1411 calculator |website=[[Science Museum, London]]}}{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/toshbc1411.html |title=Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 Desktop Calculator |last=Bensene |first=Rick |date=2023-02-01 |website=The Old Calculator (Web) Museum}} introduced an early form of [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM) built from discrete components. By 1986, [[NEC]] and [[AMD]] were manufacturing 32 KB [[Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)|VRAM]] (Video [[Random-access memory|RAM]]) chips, compared to [[Texas Instruments]] which were manufacturing 8 KB VRAM chips at the time.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j4hTAqxJ_sC&pg=PA172 |editor1-last=Hopgood |editor1-first=F. R. A. |editor2-last=Hubbold |editor2-first=Roger J. |editor3-last=Duce |editor3-first=David |name-list-style=amp |date=1986 |title=Advances in Computer Graphics II |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |page=172 |isbn=978-3-54016-910-9}} ;Optical discs The compact disc (CD) format was developed by [[Sony]] and [[Philips]] in 1979, and commercially released in 1982. The [[CD-ROM]] format was developed by Japanese company [[Denon]] in 1982. It was an extension of [[Compact Disc Digital Audio]], and adapted the format to hold any form of [[digital data]], with a storage capacity of 553 [[MiB]].[https://books.google.com/books?id=RTwQAQAAMAAJ ''Videodisc Update'', Volumes 1–3], p. 13, 1982. CD-ROM was then introduced by Denon and Sony at a Japanese computer show in 1984. In 1984, Sony introduced a [[LaserDisc]] format that could store any form of digital data, as a [[data storage device]] similar to CD-ROM, with a larger capacity of 3.28 [[GiB]]. The DVD format was developed by Sony, [[Panasonic]] and [[Toshiba]] in 1994. The same year, Sony and [[Tatung Company]] released the first [[DVD player]]. ;Flash memory [[Flash memory]] (both [[NOR flash|NOR]] and [[NAND Flash|NAND]] types) was invented by Dr. [[Fujio Masuoka]] while working for [[Toshiba]] around 1980.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html |title=Unsung Hero |last=Fulford |first=Benjamin |date=24 June 2002 |work=Forbes |access-date=2008-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020618122305/https://www.forbes.com/global/2002/0624/030.html |archive-date=2002-06-18}}{{patent|US|4531203|Fujio Masuoka}} ===Metallurgy=== ;Mitsubishi process Developed by the [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] and superior to the conventional process, it is a continuous copper smelting and converting process comprising three steps—smelting of raw materials by injection, separation of slag and matte, and direct converting of high-grade matte. Since commercial operation began in 1974, the hearth productivity has been doubled, and several other improvements have been made, including higher-grade matte smelting and the treatment of various secondary materials.{{cite journal |last1=Shibasaki |first1=T. |last2=Hayashi |first2=M. |title=Top-blown injection smelting and converting: The Mitsubishi process |journal=[[JOM (journal)|JOM]] |date=September 1991 |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=20–26 |doi=10.1007/BF03222230 |bibcode=1991JOM....43i..20S |s2cid=138103985}} ===Printing=== ;Electronic printer The first electronic [[Printer (computing)|printer]] was the [[EP-101]], invented by Japanese company [[Epson]] and released in 1968.{{Cite web |url=https://news.dphotographer.co.uk/news/40-years-since-epsons-first-electronic-printer%E2%80%A6/ |title=40 years since Epson's first Electronic Printer |website=Digital Photographer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203917/https://news.dphotographer.co.uk/news/40-years-since-epsons-first-electronic-printer%E2%80%A6/ |archive-date=2018-06-16}}{{Cite web |url=http://assets.epson-europe.com/eu/epson_eu/about_us.html |title=About Epson |website=[[Epson]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227084609/http://assets.epson-europe.com/eu/epson_eu/about_us.html |archive-date=2017-02-27}} ;Inkjet printer The world's first [[inkjet]] printer was [[Casio]]'s Typuter, released in 1971. ;Thermal transfer printing Invented by SATO corporation,{{cite web |url=http://www.satoworldwide.com/sites/satoworldwide_com/Uploads/Files/Company%20Profile/corporate_profile.pdf |title=Company Profile |website=Sato Worldwide |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615140134/http://www.satoworldwide.com/sites/satoworldwide_com/Uploads/Files/Company%20Profile/corporate_profile.pdf }} a Japanese company.{{cite web |url=http://www.satoworldwide.com/sato-group/corporate-profile.aspx |title=Corporate Profile |date=2016 |website=SATO Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604022358/http://www.satoworldwide.com/sato-group/corporate-profile.aspx |archive-date=2017-06-04}} They produced the world's first [[Thermal-transfer printing |thermal transfer label printer]], SATO M-2311, in 1981. ;3D printing In 1981, Hideo Kodama of [[Nagoya]] Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic models with photo-hardening [[Thermosetting polymer|thermoset polymer]], where the [[UV exposure]] area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter.{{cite journal |url=https://nanopdf.com/download/automatic-method-for-fabricating-a-threedimensional-plastic-model_pdf |title=Automatic method for fabricating a three-dimensional plastic model with photo hardening polymer |last=Kodama |first=Hideo |date=November 1981 |journal=[[Review of Scientific Instruments]]|volume=52 |number=11 |pages=1770–1773 |doi=10.1063/1.1136492 |bibcode=1981RScI...52.1770K |via=nanopdf.com |access-date=2020-12-29|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieice.org/eng/about_ieice/new_honorary_members_award_winners/2014/gyouseki_06e.html |title=Achievement Award 2014: Pioneering research on three-dimensional printing |website=[[IEICE]] |access-date=2020-12-29}} ;Hydrographics Hydrographics, also known variously as immersion printing, water transfer printing, water transfer imaging, hydro dipping, or cubic printing has an somewhat fuzzy history. Three different Japanese companies are given credit for its invention. Taica Corporation claims to have invented cubic printing in 1974. However, the earliest hydrographic patent was filed by Motoyasu Nakanishi of Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering in 1982.{{Cite web |url=http://watertransferprinting.com.au/what-is-water-transfer-printing-hydrographics/ |title=What is Water Transfer Printing – Hydrographics |date=2020-10-29 |website=Water Transfer Printing Australia |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029134602/http://watertransferprinting.com.au/what-is-water-transfer-printing-hydrographics/ |archive-date=29 October 2020}} ===Textiles=== ===Timekeeping=== ;Automatic quartz The first watch to combine self-winding with a [[crystal oscillator]] for timekeeping was unveiled by [[Seiko]] in 1986.{{Cite journal |title=珪素に依るセメンテーション |date=1935 |journal=Denki-Seiko [Electric Furnace Steel] |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=643–656 |doi=10.4262/denkiseiko.11.643 |doi-access=free}} ;Quartz wristmatch The world's first quartz [[Watch|wristwatch]] was revealed in 1967: the prototype of the [[Astron (wristwatch)|Astron]] revealed by [[Seiko]] in Japan, where it was in development since 1958. It was eventually released to the public in 1969.{{cite book |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1268397 |title=Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218) |chapter=Engineering time: Inventing the quartz wristwatch |last1=Stephens |first1=C.E. |year=2001 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1109/freq.2001.956151 |isbn=0-7803-7028-7 |s2cid=110696626}} ;Spring Drive A [[watch movement]] which was first conceived by Yoshikazu Akahane working for [[Seiko]] in 1977 and was patented in 1982. It features a true continuously sweeping second hand, rather than the traditional beats per time unit, as seen with traditional mechanical and most quartz watches.{{Cite web |url=https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/35_spring-drive.pdf |title=Seiko/ Credor Spring Drive |date=December 1999 |website=Epson |access-date=2023-12-31 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221140855/https://global.epson.com/company/corporate_history/milestone_products/pdf/35_spring-drive.pdf }} ===Video=== ;Video tape Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype [[video tape recorder]] in 1953, based on [[helical scan]] technology.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PL0eAQAAMAAJ ''SMPTE Journal: Publication of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers'', Volume 96, Issues 1–6; Volume 96], p. 256, [[Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers]]. ;Video disc In Japan, the [[:ja:TOSBAC|TOSBAC]] computer was using [[digital video]] disks to display color pictures at 256x256 [[image resolution]] in 1972.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY4mAAAAMAAJ ''First USA-Japan Computer Conference Proceedings: October 3–5, 1972, Tokyo, Japan''], p. 320, [[American Federation of Information Processing Societies]]. In 1975, [[Hitachi]] introduced a [[video disc]] system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded [[Holographic data storage|holographically]]. Each frame was recorded as a 1mm diameter hologram on a 305mm disc, while a laser beam read out the hologram from three angles.{{Cite web |url=http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/video/video_discs_2.htm |title=The Quest for Home Video: Video discs, the view from the 70s |date=10 September 2002 |website=Terra Media}} In 1978, Hitachi invented a digital video storage system, which they received a patent for.{{Cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/NL7905962A/en |title=NL7905962A: Digital video-storage system |date=1979-08-02 |website=Google Patents}} In the late 1970s to the early 1980s, several types of [[video production]] equipment that were digital in their internal workings were introduced, including [[digital video effects]] (DVE) units such as the [[NEC]] DVE. ===Other=== ;Artificial snowflake The first artificial snowflake was created by Japanese physicist [[Ukichiro Nakaya]] in 1936, three years after his first attempt.{{cite web |url=http://www.famousscientists.org/ukichiro-nakaya/ |title=Ukichiro Nakaya |website=Famous Scientists |access-date=5 July 2016}} ;Rollerball pen The first [[rollerball pen]] was invented in 1963 by the Japanese company [[Ohto]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.ohto.jpn.org/ceramic.html |title=Ceramic Ball |year=2008 |website=OHTO Japan |access-date=4 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318202440/http://www.ohto.jpn.org/ceramic.html |archive-date=18 March 2012}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Asia topic|Science and technology in}}{{History of science}} [[Category:History of science and technology in Japan|History of science and technology in Japan]]