{{Short description|Best-known work of English physician William Harvey (1578-1657) published 1628}} {{italic title}} {{refimprove|date=December 2025}} [[Image:William Harvey ( 1578-1657) Venenbild.jpg|right|300px|thumb|An experiment from Harvey's ''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus'']] '''''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus''''' ([[Modern Latin]] for 'An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings'), commonly shortened to '''''De Motu Cordis''''', is the best-known work of the physician [[William Harvey]], which was first published in 1628 and established the [[Circulatory system|circulation of blood]] throughout the body.{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Gideon |date=2022 |title=Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences |chapter=Circulation of the Blood |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_Early_Modern_Philosophy/gouFEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |pages=298-304 |isbn=9783319310695 |access-date=December 25, 2025}} It is a landmark in the history of [[physiology]], with Harvey combining observations, experiments, measurements, and hypotheses in an extraordinary fashion to arrive at his doctrine. His work is a model of its kind and had an immediate and far-reaching influence on Harvey's contemporaries; [[Thomas Hobbes]] said that Harvey was the only modern author whose doctrines were taught in his lifetime.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} In ''De Motu Cordis'', Harvey investigated the effect of [[ligature (medicine)|ligatures]] on blood flow. The book also argued that blood was pumped around the body in a "double circulation", where after being returned to the heart, it is recirculated in a closed system to the lungs and back to the heart, where it is returned to the main circulation. == Synopsis == This work is a substantial contribution to cardiac physiology, for it introduces into biology the doctrine of circulation of the blood in the seventeenth century. Papers both opposed and supporting Harvey's discovery and description can be found to the thirteenth century, when the pulmonary circulation and gas exchange was proposed by Ibn [[Al-Nafis]]. Both long since proven theories are incomplete when studied separately but together form core knowledge of present-day [[cardiology]]. In 1553, [[Michael Servetus]] said that blood flows from the heart to the lungs, and that it there mixes with air to form the arterial blood which flows back to the heart. Between 1570 and 1590, [[Cesalpino]] suggested, in a controversy with [[Galenism|Galenists]], that the movement of blood was more like a circulation than an oscillation; but this view lacks clarity.{{Vague|date=August 2025}} In 1603, [[Hieronymus Fabricius]] ab [[Acquapendente]] published a work clearly describing the [[valves]] in the [[veins]] and showing that they hinder the flow of blood away from the [[heart]]. From 1597 to 1602, Harvey studied arts and medicine at [[Padua]], and made a careful study of the heart and the movement of blood. By 1616, he was presenting in lectures his case for the [[circulation of the blood]], but it was not until 1628 that he published it in his classic work, ''De Motu Cordis''. This book is important both for the discovery of the complete circulation and for the experimental, quantitative and mechanistic methodology which Harvey introduced. He looked upon the heart, not as a mystical seat of the spirit and faculties, but as a [[pump]] analyzable along mechanical lines. He also measured the amount of blood which it sent out to the body. He observed that with each beat two ounces of blood leave the heart, so that with 72 beats per minute, the heart throws into the system 540 pounds of blood every hour. Where could all this blood come from? The answer seems to be that it is the same blood that is always returning. Moreover, the one-way valves in the heart, like those in the veins, indicate that, following the [[pulmonary circulation]], the blood goes out to all parts of the body through the [[arteries]] and returns by way of the veins. The blood thus makes a complete [[wikt:closed circuit|closed circuit]]. As Harvey expressed it, "There must be a motion, as it were, in a circle." There was, however, one stage in the circulation which Harvey was not able to see — that in which the veins and arteries lose themselves by subdivision into the tiny capillary vessels. It was in 1660, three years after Harvey's death, that [[Marcello Malpighi]] saw the blood moving in the [[capillary|capillaries]] of a [[frog]]'s lung, and thus supplied the missing link in Harvey's proof of the circulation of the blood. == In Media and Popular Culture == De Motu Cordis is mentioned by Viktor Frankenstein in Guillermo del Toro's 2025 film, [[Frankenstein (2025 film)|Frankenstein]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html English translation of the book by Robert Willis] at [[Fordham University]] *[http://www.bartleby.com/38/3/ English translation of the book by Robert Willis] as it appeared in the [[Harvard Classics]] *[http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html ''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis ''] 1628. From [[Rare Book Room]]. Scanned first edition. *{{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=William|authorlink1=William Harvey|last2=Leake|first2=Chauncey D.|authorlink2=Chauncey D. Leake|title=Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus with an English translation and annotation|url=https://archive.org/details/exercitatioanato00harv/v2|edition=First|year=1928|publisher=Springfield, Ill. : Thomas}} {{History of biology}} [[Category:1628 books]] [[Category:Anatomy books]] [[Category:1628 in science]] [[Category:17th-century books in Latin]]