{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian text}}
[[File:Ancient Egyptian medical instruments.jpg|thumb| Ancient medical instruments, [[Temple of Kom Ombo]].]]

'''Egyptian medical papyri''' are [[ancient Egypt]]ian texts written on [[papyrus]] which permit a glimpse at [[Ancient Egyptian medicine|medical procedures and practices in ancient Egypt]]. These papyri give details on disease, [[diagnosis]], and remedies of disease, which include [[Herbal medicine|herbal remedies]], surgery, and magical [[incantations]]. Many of these papyri have been lost due to [[grave robbery]]. The largest study of the medical papyri to date has been undertaken by [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] and was titled ''Medizin der alten Ägypter'' ("Medicine of ancient Egypt").<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/>

Early Egyptian medicine was based mostly on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of [[amulet]]s or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful behavior or actions. Afterwards, doctors performed various medical treatments if necessary. The instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptologyonline.com/Medicine.htm |title=medicine, health and wellbeing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=EgyptologyOnline.com |access-date=2007-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330154519/http://www.egyptologyonline.com/Medicine.htm |archive-date=March 30, 2010}}</ref>

==Discovery and study of papyri==
These ancient Egyptian texts were written long before their discovery and publication, and many are now owned either privately or preserved at universities all over the world. The first papyri to be discovered would be the [[Brugsch Papyrus|Berlin Papyrus]], discovered and subsequently published by [[Heinrich Karl Brugsch|Heinrich Brugsch]] in 1863.<ref name="Brill">{{Citation|last1=Jouanna|first1=Jacques|title=EGYPTIAN MEDICINE AND GREEK MEDICINE|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.6|work=Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen|pages=3–20|editor-last=van der Eijk|editor-first=Philip|series=Selected Papers|publisher=Brill|access-date=2021-04-06|last2=Allies|first2=Neil|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.6}}</ref><ref name="Sanchez 2012">{{Cite book|last=Sanchez|first=Gonzalo|title=The Edwin Smith Papyrus|publisher=Lockwood Press|year=2012|isbn=9781937040017}}</ref> Brugsch was the first to study this papyrus, and a translation did not become available until 1909, published by [[Walter Wreszinski]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LC Catalog - No Connections Available|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=95039770&searchType=1&permalink=y|access-date=2021-04-06|website=catalog.loc.gov}}</ref> In 1875, the [[Ebers Papyrus]], covering a broad concept of general pathology was published. Some 20 years later, the [[Kahun Papyri]] were published by F.L. Griffith in 1898, and these were the first published papyri about the practice of [[Gynaecology|gynecology]].<ref name="Brill"/> The [[Ramesseum medical papyri|Ramesseum 
Papyrus]] was discovered in the year 1898 at the bottom of a tomb-shaft, and was then left untouched until a few years later.<ref name="Leach 2006 225–240">{{Cite journal|last=Leach|first=Bridget|date=2006|title=A Conservation History of the Ramesseum Papyri|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40345906|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=92|pages=225–240|doi=10.1177/030751330609200110|jstor=40345906|s2cid=159891973|issn=0307-5133|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1900, [[Percy Newberry]] started the process of unrolling and preserving the Ramesseum Papyri so that it can be further studied and stored without threat of further wear and tear.<ref name="Leach 2006 225–240"/> In 1905, the [[Hearst Papyrus]] was published by G.A. Reisner.<ref name="Brill"/><ref name="Sanchez 2012"/> Subsequently, the publication of these papyri inspired Walter Wreszinski to attempt a production of overviews of medicine in ancient Egypt. He first published his first of three parts in 1909, ''Die Medizin der Alten Aegypter''<ref name="Brill"/>'','' and the following two publications in 1912 and 1913. These were primarily translations with some commentary overviewing the Egyptian medical processes.<ref name="Brill"/> It wasn't until 1932 that when Warren R Dawson first published an analytical breakdown of medical texts and confusing words and phrases therein that it was discovered some things had been incorrectly translated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dawson|first=Warren R.|date=1932|title=Studies in the Egyptian Medical Texts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3854976|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=18|issue=3/4|pages=150–154|doi=10.2307/3854976|jstor=3854976|issn=0307-5133|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dawson first starts to challenge the previous findings of Reisner and comes to some many conclusions about the meanings of multiple words, and discovers that some of the meanings had been wrong, and corrects them.<ref name="Sanchez 2012"/>

There is curiosity as to whether or not the medical papyri was more progressive for the world of medicine at the time because of the reliance on non-physical treatments they still relied on.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ritner|first=Robert|date=April 2000|title=Innovations and Adaptations in Ancient Egyptian Medicine|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=59|issue=2|pages=107–117|doi=10.1086/468799|pmid=16468204|s2cid=39263523}}</ref> Spells were the earliest forms of medical treatments and believed to be effective before other methods were revealed.<ref name=":1" /> With this information it seems logical that physicians and those in the medical field who practiced medicine before surgery and prescription treatments were found effective could not completely abandon the earliest forms of treatments, such as spiritual or magical, but this does not entail a regressive approach to medicine.<ref name=":1" /> Some treatments did not require the assistance of alternative methods because they were found to be treated with only physical treatments, such as surgery, which is the focus of the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]].

==Main medical papyri==
===Kahun Papyrus===
{{Main|Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus}}
Dated to circa 1800 BCE, the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus is the oldest known medical text in Egypt. It was found at [[El-Lahun]] by [[William Matthew Flinders Petrie|Flinders Petrie]] in 1889,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Worton |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Worton |last2=Wilson-Tagoe |first2=Nana |date=2004 |title=National Healths: Gender, Sexuality and Health in a Cross-Cultural Context |location=London |publisher=University College London Press/[[Cavendish Publishing]] |page=192 |lccn=2005295595 |isbn=978-1-84472-017-0}}</ref> first translated by [[Francis Llewellyn Griffith|F. Ll. Griffith]] in 1893, and published in ''The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob''. The papyrus contains 35 separate paragraphs relating to [[women's health]], such as [[gynaecology|gynaecological]] diseases, fertility, pregnancy, and contraception.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/> It does not describe surgery. Kahun papyri is efficiently divided into three different sections.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Lesley|date=Jan 2011|title=The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus: ancient Egyptian medicine|journal= Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care|volume=37|issue=1|pages=54–55|doi=10.1136/jfprhc.2010.0019|pmid=21367707|s2cid=32386033|doi-access=free}}</ref> These sections are there to provide a guideline on the interaction between patient and physician. The first being what are the symptoms, the second being how the physician should consult the patient along with diagnoses, and lastly a treatment is offered or advised.<ref name=":0" />

===Ramesseum Papyri===
{{Main|Ramesseum medical papyri}}
The Ramesseum medical papyri consist of 17 individual papyri that were found in the great temple of the [[Ramesseum]]. The Papyri was buried under a brick magazine discovered by Flinders Petrie and James Quibell in 1895.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leach|first=Bridget|date=December 1, 2006|title=A Conservation History of the Ramesseum Papyri|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751330609200110|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=92|issue=1|pages=225–240|doi=10.1177/030751330609200110|s2cid=159891973|issn=0307-5133|url-access=subscription}}</ref> They concentrate on the [[Human eyes|eyes]], [[gynecology]], [[paediatrics]], [[muscle]]s and [[tendon]]s.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/><ref name="Ramesseum Papyri">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/writing/library/mk.html |title=History of the Library: late Middle Kingdom manuscripts from a tomb under the Ramesseum |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2003<!--(Copyright date) HTTP date: November 04, 2014--> |website=Digital Egypt for Universities |publisher=[[University College London]] |access-date=2007-10-26 }}</ref>

===Edwin Smith Papyrus===
[[File:Edwin Smith Papyrus v2.jpg|thumb|Plates vi & vii of the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] (around the 17th century BC), among the earliest medical texts]]
{{Main|Edwin Smith Papyrus}}
Dated to circa 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus is the only surviving copy of part of an ancient Egyptian textbook on [[Physical trauma|trauma]] [[surgery]]. The Edwin Smith papyri is of a great deal of importance because it changed medical practices, people were now learning that they could do surgery, whereas before they relied on more religious healing practices. The papyrus takes its name from the Egyptian [[Archaeology|archaeologist]] [[Edwin Smith (Egyptologist)|Edwin Smith]], who purchased it in the 1860s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osirisweb.com/egypt/papyrus.htm |title=The Papyrus Page |last=DiPaolo |first=Anthony C. |date=November 12, 2009 |website=Anthony's Egyptology & Archaeology |publisher=Osiris Designs |access-date=2007-10-24 }}</ref> The most detailed and sophisticated of the extant medical papyri, it is also the world's oldest surgical text. Written in the [[hieratic]] script of the ancient [[Egyptian language]],<ref name=Met>{{cite press release |last=Martin |first=Andrew J. |date=2005-07-27 |title=Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html |publisher=The New York Academy of Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127161922/http://nyam.org/news//2493.html |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |access-date=2008-08-12}}</ref> it is thought to be based on material from a thousand years earlier.<ref name="wilkins">{{cite journal |last=Wilkins |first=Robert H. |date=March 1964 |title=Neurosurgical Classic-XVII (Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus) |url=http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/epapyrus.html |journal=[[Journal of Neurosurgery]] |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=240–244 |doi=10.3171/jns.1964.21.3.0240 |pmid=14127631 |access-date=2010-09-18 |archive-date=2020-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205230644/http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/epapyrus.html |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }} translation of 13 cases from Breasted, James Henry (1930) pertaining to injuries of the skull and spinal cord, with commentary.</ref> The document consists of 22 pages (17 pages on the recto, and 5 pages on the verso). 48 cases of trauma are examined, each with a description of the [[physical examination]], diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri">{{cite web |url=http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html |title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri |last=Marry |first=Austin<!--<o:Author>Austin Marry</o:Author> in http://indigo.ie/~marrya/--> |date=January 21, 2004<!--HTTP page modified date--> |website=Ancient Egypt Fan |publisher=[[Eir (telecommunications)|Eircom Limited]] |access-date=2007-10-24 }}</ref>
An important aspect of the text is that it shows that the heart, liver, [[spleen]], kidneys, [[ureter]]s, and [[urinary bladder|bladder]] were all known to the Egyptians, along with the fact that the blood vessels were connected to the heart. The entire translation is available online.

===Ebers Papyrus===
{{Main|Ebers Papyrus}}
The Ebers Papyrus was also purchased by Edwin Smith in 1862. It takes its name from [[Georg Ebers]] who purchased the papyrus in 1872. The papyrus dates to around 1550BC and covers 110 pages, making it the lengthiest of the medical papyri.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/> The papyrus covers many different topics including; [[dermatology]], [[digestion|digestive diseases]], [[physical trauma|traumatic diseases]], dentistry and [[gynecology|gynecological conditions]]. It makes many references to treating ailments with [[spell (paranormal)|spells]] or religious techniques.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} One of the most important findings of this papyrus are the references to [[migraine]]s which shows the condition dates back to this time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://migraineandheadaches.com/migraines/index.html |title=A Brief History of Migraines |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Migraine and Headaches |access-date=2007-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206085754/http://migraineandheadaches.com/migraines/index.html |archive-date=December 6, 2008}}</ref>

===Hearst Papyrus===
{{Main|Hearst papyrus}}
The Hearst Papyrus was offered in 1901 to the [[Hearst Expedition]] in Egypt. It is dated around the [[18th dynasty]] some time during the reign of [[Thutmose III]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html | title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri }}</ref> though doubts subsist about its authenticity. It concentrated on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites. It has been extensively studied since its publication in 1905.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/><ref name="Hearst Papyrus">{{Cite web
 | author1     = Hickey, Todd M. <!--http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/hickey/hickey.html-->
 | author2     = O'Connell, Elisabeth <!--http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/about.html-->
 | date        = 2003 <!--LAST "when site was updated" ARCHIVE.ORG-->
 | title       = The Hearst Medical Papyrus
 | website     = The Center for the [[Tebtunis archive|Tebtunis Papyri]])
 | publisher   = [[Bancroft Library]], [[University of California, Berkeley]]
 | url         = http://tebtunis.berkeley.edu/collection/medical
 | access-date =2007-10-25
}}</ref> Some of the context in the Hearst Papyrus has also been similarly found in the Ebers Papyrus and repeated in the Berlin Papyrus.<ref name=":2" />

===London Papyrus===
[[File:London Medical Papyrus 01.jpg|thumb|''Londonpapyrus'' EA 10059]]
{{Main|London Medical Papyrus}}
The London Medical Papyrus is located in the [[British Museum]] and dates back to [[Tutankhamun]]. Although in poor condition, study of it has found it to focus on magical spells as remedy for disease.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/> The focus of the London Medical Papyrus is holistically spiritual and relies heavily on spells that deal with the supernatural.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Mark|first=Joshua|date=February 2017|title=Ancient Egyptian Medical Texts|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1015/ancient-egyptian-medical-texts/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418001517/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1015/ancient-egyptian-medical-texts/ |archive-date=2021-04-18 }}</ref> Instructions are given on driving out demons and raising people from the dead.<ref name=":2" />  All of the ideas expressed in the London Papyrus are meant to cure people of their ailments using supernatural methods.

===Berlin Papyrus===
{{Main|Brugsch Papyrus}}
The Greater Berlin Papyrus, also known as the Brugsch Papyrus (Pap. Berl. 3038) was discovered by [[Giuseppe Passalacqua]]. It consists of 24 pages and is very similar to the Ebers Papyrus. Later sold to [[Friedrich Wilhelm IV]] of [[Prussia]] with other objects in 1827 for the [[Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Berlin Museum]], the Greater Berlin Papyrus was translated into German in 1909.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/>

===Carlsberg Papyrus===
{{Main|Papyrus Carlsberg Collection#Carlsberg Papyrus VIII}}

The Carlsberg Papyrus VIII is the property of the [[Carlsberg Foundation]]. The papyrus covers diseases of the eye and pregnancy.<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri" /> While similar to the Kahun and Berlin Papyrus, the Carlsburg papyrus goes into much more detail on pregnancy, covering methods such as determining whether or not a woman will give birth through the use of hippopotamus excrement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iversen|first=Erik|title=PAPYRUS CARLSBERG NO. VIII|url=https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/570_Iversen,%20Erik.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=Royal Academy|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216164102/https://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/Low/570_Iversen,%20Erik.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-16 }}</ref> The Carlsberg Papyrus sheds light on how women will conceive and whether or not they will conceive, using garlic. This garlic is used as an indicator once properly placed in the body of a woman.

===Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus===
{{Main|Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus}}
The Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus is named after Sir [[Alfred Chester Beatty]] who donated 19 papyri to the [[British Museum]]. The remedies in these texts are generally related to [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and focus on conditions that involve headaches and [[proctology|anorectal ailments]].<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/>

===Brooklyn Papyrus===
{{Main|Brooklyn Medical Papyrus}}
The Brooklyn Papyrus – Focusing mainly on snakebites, the Brooklyn Papyrus speaks of remedial methods for poisons obtained from snakes, scorpions, and tarantulas. The Brooklyn Papyrus currently resides in the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"/><ref name="Brooklyn museum">{{cite conference |url=http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v12/bp12-10.html |title=The History and Treatment of the Papyrus Collection at The Brooklyn Museum |last1=Owen |first1=Antoinette |last2=Danzing |first2=Rachel |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last=Espinosa |date=1993 |publisher=[[American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works]] |book-title=The Book and Paper Group Annual, Volume 12, 1993 |issn=0887-8978 |lccn=87640038}}</ref>

==Table of ancient Egyptian medical papyri==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100;"
!Papyrus Name
!Other names
!Dating
!Language
!Medical specialties
!Contents
!Scribe/Author
!Date & place of discovery
!Place of preserving
!Size
!image
|-
||[[Edwin Smith Papyrus]]|| Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus|| dates to Dynasties 16-17 of the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt, ca. 1500 BCE but believed to be a copy from Old Kingdom, 3000-2500 BCE||Hieratic|| The oldest known surgical treatise on trauma ||The vast majority of the papyrus is concerned with trauma and surgery, with short sections on gynecology and cosmetics on the verso. On the recto side, there are 48 cases of injury. The verso side consists of eight magic spells and five prescriptions. The oldest known surgical treatise on trauma ||Attributed by some to [[Imhotep]]|| Luxor, Egypt before 1862||New York Academy of Medicine||a scroll {{convert|4.68|m}} in length. The recto (front side) has 377 lines in 17 columns, while the verso (backside) has 92 lines in five columns||[[File:Edwin Smith Papyrus v2.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|-
||[[Ebers Papyrus]]|| Papyrus Ebers||c. 1550 BC but believed to be a copy from earlier texts of 3400 BC ||Hieratic ||Medicine, Obstetrics & gynecology & surgery ||The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies, chapters on contraception, diagnosis of pregnancy and other gynecological matters, intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, dentistry and the surgical treatment of abscesses and tumors, bone-setting and burns||N/A|| Assassif district of the Theban necropolis before 1862||Library of University of Leipzig, Germany|| a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long||[[File:PEbers c41-bc.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|-
||[[Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus]]|| Kahun Papyrus, Kahun Medical Papyrus, or UC 32057 ||ca. 1800 BCE ||Hieratic||Medicine, Obstetrics & gynecology, pediatrics and veterinary medicine || The text is divided into thirty-four sections that deals with women's health—gynecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception, etc. The later [[Brugsch Papyrus|Berlin Papyrus]] and the [[Ramesseum Papyrus IV]] cover much of the same ground, often giving identical prescriptions ||N/A||[[El-Lahun]] by [[Flinders Petrie]] in 1889 || [[Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology]] ||2 gynecologic papyri &1 veterinary payrus||[[File:PKahun LV2.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|-
||[[Ramesseum medical papyri]]|| Ramesseum medical papyri parts III, IV, and V ||18th century BC ||Hieroglyphic & hieratic||Medicine, gynecology, ophthalmology, rheumatology & pediatrics|| A collection of ancient Egyptian medical documents in parts III, IV, and V, and written in vertical columns that mainly dealt with ailments, diseases, the structure of the body, and supposed remedies used to heal these afflictions. Namely ophthalmologic ailments, gynecology, muscles, tendons, and diseases of children ||N/A||[[Ramesseum]] temple||[[Ashmolean Museum]]||3 papyri (parts III, IV, V)||
|-
||[[Hearst papyrus]]|| Hearst Medical Papyrus ||[[18th Dynasty of Egypt]], around time of [[Tuthmosis III]] ca. 0000 but believed to have been composed earlier, during the Middle Kingdom, around 2000 BC||Hieratic||Urology, Medicine and bites|| 260 paragraphs on 18 columns in 18 pages of medical prescriptions for problems of urinary system, blood, hair, and bites|| N/A||discovered by an Egyptian peasant of village of [[Deir el-Ballas]] before 1901||[[Bancroft Library]], University of California||18 pages||[[File:Papyrus Hearst Plate 2.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|-
||[[London Medical Papyrus]]|| BM EA 10059 || 19th dynasty 1300 BC or ca. 1629–1628 BC||Hieratic||skin complaints, eye complaints, bleeding, miscarriage and burns || 61 recipes, of which 25 are classified as medical the remainder are of magic||N/A||N/A||[[British Museum]]|| ||[[File:London Medical Papyrus 15.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|-
||[[Brugsch Papyrus]]|| Pap. Berl. 3038, the Greater Berlin Papyrus ||19th dynasty, and dated ca. 1350 - 1200 BC || Hieratic ?||Medical||discussing general medical cases and bears a great similarity to the Ebers papyrus. Some historians believe that this papyrus was used by Galen in his writings|| ||Discovered by an Egyptian in [[Saqqara]] before 1827 ||[[Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Berlin Museum]]||24 pages (21 to the front and 3 on the back)||
|-
||[[Papyrus Carlsberg Collection#Carlsberg Papyrus VIII|Carlsberg papyrus]]||Carlsberg Papyrus VIII||between the 19th and 20th dynasties, New Kingdom; its style relates it to the 12th dynasty. Some fragments date back to ca. 2000 B.C., others — the Tebtunis manuscripts — date back to ca. 1st century A.D||[[Hieratic]], [[Demotic Egyptian script|Demotic]]. [[Hieroglyphs]] and in [[Greek language|Greek]]||Obstetrics & gynecology, Medicine, Pediatrics & ophthalmology||The structure of the papyrus verso bears great resemblance to that of the Kahun and Berlin papyri. The recto is very damaged and nearly identical to the Ebers Papyrus. ||N/A||N/A||Egyptological Institute of the University of Copenhagen|| ||
|-
||[[Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus]]|| Chester Beatty Papyri, Papyrus VI of the Chester Beatty Papyri 46 (Papyrus no. 10686, British Museum), Chester Beatty V BM 10685, VI BM 10686, VII BM 10687, VIII BM 10688, XV BM 10695 ||[dated around 1200 BC : Ramesside Era]||Hieratic||Headache, and Anorectal disorders||Magic spells and medical recipes for headache & anorectal disease||started off as a private collection by the scribe Qen-her-khepeshef in the 19th Dynasty and passed on down through his family until they were placed in a tomb||[[Deir el-Medina]] (the workers village) in 1928||[[British Museum]]|| ||
|-
||[[Brooklyn Medical Papyrus|Brooklyn Papyrus]]|| 47.218.48 och 47.218.85, also known as the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus|| a collection of papyri which belong to the end of the 30th dynasty, dated to around 450 BC, or the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period. However, it is written with the Middle Kingdom style which could suggest its origin might be from the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt||Hieratic|| deals only with snakes and scorpion bites, and the formula to drive out the poison of such animals ||It speaks about remedies to drive out poison from snakes, scorpions and tarantulas. The style of these remedies relates to that of the Ebers papyrus|| ||might originate from a temple at ancient Heliopolis, discovered before 1885|| [[Brooklyn Museum]] in New York||a scroll of papyrus divided into two parts with some parts missing, its total length is estimated to {{convert|175|×|27|cm}}||
|-
||[[Erman Papyrus]]<ref name="aams.org.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.aams.org.au/contents.php?subdir=library/history/&filename=pharonic_egypt |title=Some Aspects of Medicine in Pharonic Egypt |last=Sadek |first=Ashraf Alexandre |date=January 2001<!--server returns current date--> |website=History of Medicine |publisher=Australian Academy of Medicine & Surgery |access-date=2013-07-15 |archive-date=2019-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305173434/http://www.aams.org.au/contents.php?subdir=library%2Fhistory%2F&filename=pharonic_egypt |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| given with the Westcar papyrus to Berlin museum || Middle dated from the beginning of the New Kingdom (16th century BC)|| ||Medicine, Magic & Anatomy|| holds some medical formula and a list of anatomic names (body and viscera) and about 20 magical formula||N/A||before 1886 AD||[[Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Berlin Museum]]|| ||
|-
||[[Ipuwer Papyrus|Leiden Papyrus]]<ref name="aams.org.au"/>|| Rijksmuseum, Leiden I 343 - I 345|| 18th-19th dynasty|| ||Medicine, Magic ||It mostly deals with magical texts||N/A||N/A||[[Rijks museum]], [[Leiden]]|| ||
|-
||[[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 2547]]||Oxyrhynchus 2547|| 3rd-century|| ||Hippocratic Oath Papyru ||Fragment of Hippocratic Oath||N/A||N/A||N/A||NlA||[[File:Papyrus text; fragment of Hippocratic oath. Wellcome L0034090.jpg|thumb|50px]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Ancient Egyptian medicine]]
* [[List of ancient Egyptian papyri]]
* [[Papyrology]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
*Beck, Susanne, [https://www.sidestone.com/openaccess/9789088905391.pdf Exorcism, Illness and Demons in an Ancient Near Eastern Context. The Egyptian magical Papyrus Leiden I 343 + 345], (Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities [PALMA] 18), 2018. - 217 pages  [https://web.archive.org/web/20240519102444/https://www.sidestone.com/openaccess/9789088905391.pdf PDF]
*{{cite book |last=Leake |first=Chauncey D. |author-link=Chauncey D. Leake |date=1952 |title=The Old Egyptian Medical Papyri |series=Logan Clendening Lectures on the History and Philosophy of Medicine, Second Series |location=[[Lawrence, Kansas]] |publisher=[[University of Kansas]] Press |hdl=1808/6339 |lccn=52012678}}

{{Ancient Egyptian medicine}}

[[Category:Ancient Egyptian medicine|*]] <!--STAR, SPACE IS FOR PRIMARY ARTICLE-->
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian medical works|*]]
[[Category:Papyri from ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian technology|Medical papyri]]
[[Category:Egyptian inventions|Medical papyri]]
[[Category:Medical texts]]