{{Short description|American historian (1910–1977)}} {{Infobox person | name = Carroll Quigley | image = Carroll Quigley (1970).jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1910|11|9|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1977|01|03|1910|11|09|mf=y}} | death_place = Washington, D.C., U.S | known_for = Professor at [[Georgetown University]] | notable_works = {{ubl|[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofcivil0000quig ''The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis''] (1961) |''[[Tragedy & Hope]]'' (1966)|[https://archive.org/details/carrollquigley_angloamericanestablishment ''The Anglo-American Establishment''] (1981)}} | education = [[Harvard University]] | occupation = Professor, historian, author | title = | term = | spouse = Lillian Fox Quigley | children = 2 | relatives = | signature = File:Carroll_Quigley_signature.png | awards = {{ubl|Georgetown University Faculty Award (four consecutive years, 1973–1976)|Georgetown University's 175th Anniversary Medal of Merit (1964)}} | website = [http://www.carrollquigley.net carrollquigley.net] }} '''Carroll Quigley''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|g|l|i}}; November 9, 1910 – January 3, 1977) was an American historian and theorist of the [[Sociocultural evolution|evolution of civilizations]]. He is remembered for his teaching work as a professor at the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]], and his seminal works, ''The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis,'' and ''[[Tragedy and Hope|Tragedy And Hope: A History Of The World In Our Time]],'' in which he states that an Anglo-American banking elite have worked together for centuries to spread certain values globally. == Life and career == Quigley was born in [[Boston]], and attended [[Harvard University]], where he studied history and earned B.A, M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. He taught at [[Princeton University]], and then at Harvard, and then from 1941 to 1976 at the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]].Staff writer (Jan. 6, 1977). Obituary. ''[[Washington Star]]''. p. B-4. From 1941 until 1972, he taught a two-semester course at Georgetown on the development of civilizations. According to his obituary in the ''[[Washington Star]]'', many alumni of Georgetown's [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] asserted that this was "the most influential course in their undergraduate careers". In addition to his academic work, Quigley served as a consultant to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]], the [[United States Navy]], the [[Smithsonian Institution]], and the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] [[United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology|Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration]] in the 1950s. He was also a book reviewer for the ''[[Washington Star]]'', and a contributor and editorial board member of ''[[Current History]]''.McLemee, Scott (Dec. 1996). "The Quigley Cult." [[George (magazine)|George]], vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 94, 96, 98.{{rp|94}} Quigley retired from Georgetown in June 1976 after being honored by the student body with its Faculty Award for the fourth consecutive year. He died the following year at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] following a heart attack.Staff writer (Jan. 6, 1977). {{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20210118230440/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/01/06/carroll-quigley-dies-gu-professor/304f0138-cdef-4d37-ab30-a9ad320e9b52/|title="Carroll Quigley Dies, GU Professor"}}([[obituary]]). ''[[Washington Post]]'' (Jan. 6, 1977), p. B10. Archived from [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/01/06/carroll-quigley-dies-gu-professor/304f0138-cdef-4d37-ab30-a9ad320e9b52/ the original.] ===Major conclusions=== ====Inclusive diversity==== Quigley's work emphasized "inclusive diversity" as a core value of [[Western culture|Western civilization]],{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1966|publisher= Macmillan|pages= 1227–34|isbn= 9780945001010}} contrasting it with the [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]] of [[Plato]].Quigley, Carroll (1966). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ ''Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time''.] New York: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0945001010}}. He concluded the book ''[[Tragedy and Hope]]'' with the hope that the West could "resume its development along its old patterns of Inclusive Diversity".{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1966|publisher= Macmillan|page= 1311|isbn= 9780945001010}} From his study of history, "it is clear that the West believes in diversity rather than in uniformity, in pluralism rather than in monism or dualism, in inclusion rather than exclusion, in liberty rather than in authority, in truth rather than in power, in conversion rather than in annihilation, in the individual rather than in the organization, in reconciliation rather than in triumph, in heterogeneity rather than in homogeneity, in relativisms rather than in absolutes, and in approximations rather than in final answers."{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Tragedy and hope: a history of the world in our time|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1966|publisher= Macmillan|page= 1227|isbn= 9780945001010}} Quigley asserts that any intolerance or rigidity in the religious practices of the West are aberrations from its nature of inclusivity and diversity. Quigley points to the tolerance and flexibility in [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]'s belief that theological truth is revealed over time through dialogue within the Christian community, which allows the community to adapt to a changing world.{{cite book|author= [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas, Thomas]] |title= Summa Theologiae: vol. 1, Christian Theology: 1a. 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=C5SJBda4buUC&pg=PA102|access-date= May 20, 2013|date= October 26, 2006|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0521029094|pages= 102–}}, quoted on p1230 of ''[[Tragedy and Hope]]''.Hogan, Harry J. (1979). [[iarchive:evolutionofcivil0000quig|Foreword]] to [[iarchive:evolutionofcivil0000quig|''The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis''.]] Liberty Press, p. 18. {{ISBN|978-0913966563}}. ====Institutionalization and the fall of civilizations==== Having studied the rise and fall of civilizations, "Quigley found the explanation of disintegration in the gradual transformation of social 'instruments' into 'institutions,' that is, transformation of social arrangements functioning to meet real social needs into social institutions serving their own purposes regardless of real social needs".Harry J Hogan in the foreword (p17) and Quigley in the conclusion (p416) to {{cite book|author=Carroll Quigley|title= The evolution of civilizations: an introduction to historical analysis|url= https://archive.org/details/evolutionofcivil0000quig|url-access=registration|access-date= 26 May 2013|year= 1979|publisher= Liberty Press|isbn= 978-0-913966-56-3}} ====Weapons and democracy==== From a historical study of weapons and political dynamics, Quigley concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy.Foreword, written by historian [http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml Harry J Hogan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901040610/http://paw.princeton.edu/memorials/24/79/index.xml |date=2013-09-01 }} in 1982, to Quigley's ''Weapons Systems and Political Stability''See also: [[Chester Starr|Starr, Chester G.]] (Feb. 1984). [https://archive.org/download/starr-chester-g.-review-of-weapons-systems-and-political-stability-a-history-by-/Starr%2C%20Chester%20G.%20-%20Review%20of%20Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability%20-%20A%20History%2C%20by%20Carroll%20Quigley%20%28American%20Historical%20Review%2C%20vol.%2089%2C%20no.%201%2C%20Feb.%201984%29%2C%20pp.%2098-99.pdf Review of ''Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History'', by Carroll Quigley.] ''[[American Historical Review]]'', vol. 89, no. 1. [https://archive.org/download/starr-chester-g.-review-of-weapons-systems-and-political-stability-a-history-by-/Starr%2C%20Chester%20G.%20-%20Review%20of%20Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability%20-%20A%20History%2C%20by%20Carroll%20Quigley%20%28American%20Historical%20Review%2C%20vol.%2089%2C%20no.%201%2C%20Feb.%201984%29%2C%20pp.%2098-99.pdf pp. 98-99.] {{JSTOR|1855933}}. Democracy tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to buy and use.{{cite book|author= Quigley, Carroll|title= Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1983|publisher= [[University Press of America]]|isbn= 978-0819129475|pages= 38–39}} This explains why democracy occurs so rarely in human history.{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1983|publisher= [[University Press of America]]|isbn= 978-0819129475|page= 307}} In the 1800s (peaking in the 1880s), guns were the best weapon available. In America, almost everyone could afford to buy a gun, and could learn how to use it fairly easily. Governments couldn't do any better: it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns. (Similarly, Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and of democracy). In the 1900s, expensive, specialist weapons (such as tanks and bombers) became available, and citizen soldiers became dominated by specialist soldiers.{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1983|publisher= [[University Press of America]]|isbn= 978-0819129475|page= 58}} Quigley notes that the slaughter of [[World War I]] (1914–1918) was due to the mismatch between the traditional armies (citizen soldiers) and the available weapons (machine guns used defensively).{{cite book|author= Carroll Quigley|title= Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L6e2AAAAIAAJ|access-date= 20 May 2013|year= 1983|publisher= [[University Press of America]]|isbn= 978-0819129475|page= 53}} ===Style=== Quigley's writing style is dense, influenced by a former history professor of his:
As we raced along, Goethe was covered in fifteen minutes, Schiller in ten, Fichte in five ... he covered any topic simply by slicing it up into a small number of parts and giving a name to each part. The complex character and achievement of Goethe, for example, were divided into six portions, each was given a title, and, ever after, the whole of Goethe could be evoked merely by reciting six words ... I should like to outdare even my former professor by dividing this greater complexity [Classical culture] into only five parts."Evolution of Civilizations, pp278-9
Quigley's analytical style is scientific, stemming from his earlier training in physics.foreword (by Harry J Hogan) to ''Evolution of Civilizations'', pp.13-14see also ''Evolution of Civilizations'', chapter 1: Scientific Method and the Social Sciences
In this book we are concerned with the social sciences ... and particularly with the effort to apply a scientific method of observation, formulation of hypotheses, and testing to such phenomena. The enormous size of this field has made it advisable to curtail our attention to the process of social change, especially in civilizations. ''Evolution of Civilizations'', p.47
==Influence on Bill Clinton== In his first year (1965) in the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] at Georgetown, [[Bill Clinton]] took Quigley's course, receiving a 'B' as his final grade in both semesters (an excellent grade in a course where nearly half the students received D or lower).{{rp|94, 96}} In 1991, Clinton named Quigley as an important influence on his aspirations and political philosophy, when Clinton launched his presidential campaign in a speech at Georgetown.{{rp|96}} He said he learned from Quigley that “The future can be better than the past, and that each of us has a personal, moral responsibility to make it so.” Bill Clinton told his audiences, “that is what the new choice is all about .... We are not here to save the Democratic party. We are here to save the United States of America.” It was Clinton's most effective speech, and he repeated variations time and time again as the blueprint for his campaign message in winning the Democratic nomination and the general election for President of the United States in 1992.Bill Clinton, My Life (2004) p. 366.Bill Clinton, (July 16, 1992). [http://www.4president.org/speeches/billclinton1992acceptance.htm "Acceptance Speech."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518021139/http://www.4president.org/speeches/billclinton1992acceptance.htm |date=2015-05-18 }} New York: [[Democratic National Convention]]. The same remark on American greatness was recalled by Speaker of the House [[Nancy Pelosi]], who met her husband in Quigley's class on African history.[[Nancy Pelosi|Pelosi, Nancy]] (May 18, 2002). {{Deprecated archive|url=https://archive.today/20210813100334/https://pelosi.house.gov/sites/pelosi.house.gov/files/pressarchives/releases/prGeorgetown051802.htm|title="Remarks at Georgetown University School of Foreign Service Commencement, Washington, D.C."}} Archived from [https://pelosi.house.gov/sites/pelosi.house.gov/files/pressarchives/releases/prGeorgetown051802.htm the original.] == Quigley and the Round Table group == One distinctive feature of Quigley's [[History|historical writings]] is his assertion that the [[Round Table movement]] played a significant role in recent world history. His writing on this topic has made Quigley famous among many who investigate [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].{{rp|96, 98}} === Quigley and the Milner Group === In the "Anglo American Establishment" he focused on the Round Table group founded in 1891 by [[Cecil Rhodes]] and [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Alfred Milner]]. Quigley argued that "The organization was so modified and so expanded by Milner after the eclipse of Stead in 1899, and especially after the death of Rhodes in 1902, that it took on quite a different organization and character, although it continued to pursue the same goals."''The Anglo-American Establishment'', ch.1 Quigley greatly admired the British Empire and lamented that the secret society was not very successful. Historian [[Robert Rotberg]] states: :But Quigley was not opposed to what Rhodes and Milner had purportedly tried to accomplish. Indeed, Quigley wrote more in remorse at what had failed than in antagonism to what he believed were their mutual efforts at extending the British Empire.[[Robert Rotberg|Robert I. Rotberg]] (2014). "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?. ''[[Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History]]'', vol. 42, no. 3 (2014), pp. 551-567. {{doi|10.1080/03086534.2014.934000}}. (p. 554) The society consisted of an inner circle ("The Society of the Elect") and an outer circle ("The Association of Helpers", also known as The Milner Kindergarten and the [[Round Table movement|Round Table Group]]).{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAMAAJ |title=The Anglo-American Establishment, ch.1 |page=5 |isbn=978-0-916728-50-2 |last1=Quigley |first1=Carroll |date=1981 |publisher=Books in Focus }} The society as a whole did not have a fixed name:
This society has been known at various times as [[Milner's Kindergarten]], as [[Round Table movement|the Round Table Group]], as the Rhodes crowd, as ''[[The Times]]'' crowd, as the [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]] group, and as [[Cliveden set|the Cliveden set]]. ... I have chosen to call it [[Milner group|the Milner group]]. Those persons who have used the other terms, or heard them used, have not generally been aware that all these various terms referred to the same Group ... this Group is, as I shall show, one of the most important historical facts of the twentieth century.{{cite book | author = Carroll Quigley | title = The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden | publisher = Books in Focus | location = New York | year = 1981 | isbn = 978-0916728502 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V19nAAAAMAAJ}}{{rp|ix}}
Quigley assigned this group primary or exclusive credit for several historical events: the [[Jameson Raid]], the [[Second Boer War]], the founding of the [[Union of South Africa]], the replacement of the [[British Empire]] with the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and a number of Britain's foreign policy decisions in the twentieth century.{{rp|5}} In 1966, Quigley published a one-volume history of the twentieth century, titled ''[[Tragedy and Hope]]''. At several points in this book, the history of the Milner group was discussed. Moreover, Quigley claimed that he had recently been in direct contact with this organization, whose nature he contrasted to right-wing claims of a communist conspiracy:
This [[Radical right (United States)|radical Right]] fairy tale, which is now an accepted folk myth in many groups in America, pictured the recent history of the United States, in regard to domestic reform and in foreign affairs, as a well-organized plot by extreme Left-wing elements ... This myth, like all fables, does in fact have a modicum of truth. There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an international [[Anglophile]] network which operates, to some extent, in the way the Radical right believes the [[Communist party|Communists]] act. In fact, this network, which we may identify as the [[Round Table movement|Round Table Groups]], has no aversion to cooperating with the Communists, or any other group, and frequently does so. I know of the operation of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960s, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims and have, for much of my life, been close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies ... but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I believe its role in history is significant enough to be known.{{cite book | author = Carroll Quigley | title = Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | location = New York | year = 1966 }}{{rp|949–950}}
According to Quigley, the leaders of this group were [[Cecil Rhodes]] and [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Alfred Milner]] from 1891 until Rhodes' death in 1902, Milner alone until his own death in 1925, [[Lionel George Curtis|Lionel Curtis]] from 1925 to 1955, [[Robert Brand, 1st Baron Brand|Robert H. (Baron) Brand]] from 1955 to 1963, and [[Adam D. Marris]] from 1963 until the time Quigley wrote his book. This organization also functioned through certain loosely affiliated "front groups", including the [[Chatham House|Royal Institute of International Affairs]], the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].{{rp|132, 950–952}} In addition, other secret societies are briefly discussed in ''Tragedy and Hope'', including a consortium of the leaders of the [[central bank]]s of several countries, who formed the [[Bank for International Settlements]].{{rp|323–324}} Historian Robert Rotberg reports that, "Unfortunately, ''Tragedy and Hope'' lacks the usual scholarly apparatus. It cites nothing."[[Robert Rotberg|Rotberg]], [http://www.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2014.934000 "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?"] p. 553. === Citations of Quigley in exposés of purported conspiracies === Soon after its publication, ''Tragedy and Hope'' caught the attention of authors interested in conspiracies. They proceeded to publicize Quigley's claims, disseminating them to a much larger audience than his original readership.{{rp|96, 98}} This began in 1970, when [[W. Cleon Skousen]] published ''The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope"''. The first third of this book consists of extensive excerpts from ''Tragedy and Hope'', interspersed with commentary by Skousen. Skousen quotes Quigley's description of the activities of several groups — the Milner Group, a [[cartel]] of [[International finance|international bankers]], the [[Communist party|Communist Party]], the [[Institute of Pacific Relations]], and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. According to Skousen's interpretation of Quigley's book, each of these is a facet of one large conspiracy.{{cite book | author = [[W. Cleon Skousen]] | title = The Naked Capitalist: A Review and Commentary on Dr. Carroll Quigley's Book "Tragedy and Hope" | publisher = privately published | location = Salt Lake City, UT | year = 1970 | pages = 1–6, 38–44 (communists), 6–24 (bankers), 26–38 (Rhodes and Milner), 45–48 (IPR), 50–57 (CFR) }} The following year, [[G. Edward Griffin]] released the documentary ''The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking'', crediting the Skousen book: "We wish to acknowledge that this film was inspired by Cleon Skousen's book, ''The Naked Capitalist'', which we believe is one of the most important documents of the decade."{{Cite AV media|title=The Capitalist Conspiracy: An Inside View of International Banking (credit at 1m:39s)|people=Vol. 1|medium=Documentary|oclc=5558340|date=1971|publisher=American Media|url=https://archive.org/details/the_capitalist_conspiracy1969}} Quigley responded directly to Skousen in a review stating that Skousen "has echoes of the original Nazi 25 point program."Quigley, Carroll. [https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/V06N03_roundtable.pdf "Quigleys Response."] ''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought'', Vol. 6, Nos. 3/4, Autumn/Winter 1971, p. 110. [https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/issues/V06N0304.pdf Full issue available.] In 1971, [[Gary Allen]], a spokesman for the [[John Birch Society]], published ''None Dare Call It Conspiracy'', which became a bestseller. Allen cited Quigley's ''Tragedy and Hope'' as an authoritative source on conspiracies throughout his book. Like Skousen, Allen understood the various conspiracies in Quigley's book to be branches of one large conspiracy, and also connected them to the [[Bilderberg Group|Bilderbergers]] and to [[Richard Nixon]].{{cite book | author = [[Gary Allen]] with [[Larry H. Abraham|Larry Abraham]] | title = None Dare Call It Conspiracy | publisher = Concord Press | location = Rossmoor, CA | year = 1971 }} Quigley is cited on pp. 12-13, 39, 42, 57, 59, 79-82, 85; his photo is on p. 52. As of the early 21st century the John Birch Society continued to cite Quigley as a primary source for their view of history.For example, a quotation from Quigley is displayed on the back cover of {{cite book | author = [[John F. McManus]] | title = The Insiders: Architects of the New World Order | publisher = [[John Birch Society]] | location = Appleton, WI | year = 2004 }} Quigley is also cited by several other authors who assert the existence of powerful conspiracies. [[Jim Marrs]] cites Quigley in his book ''Rule By Secrecy'', which describes a conspiracy linking the Milner Group, [[Skull and Bones]], the [[Trilateral Commission]], the [[Illuminati|Bavarian Illuminati]], the [[Knights Templar]], and [[Extraterrestrial life|aliens]] who posed as the [[Anunnaki|Sumerian gods]] thousands of years ago.{{cite book | author = [[Jim Marrs]] | title = Rule By Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | location = New York | year = 2000 }} Quigley is cited on pp. 7, 84, 86-89, 109. [[Pat Robertson]]'s book ''[[The New World Order (Robertson)|The New World Order]]'' cites Quigley as an authority on a powerful conspiracy.{{rp|98}} Conservative activist [[Phyllis Schlafly]] has asserted that Bill Clinton's political success was due to his pursuit of the "world government" agenda he learned from Quigley.{{rp|98}} G. Edward Griffin relies heavily on Quigley for information about the role Milner's secret society plays in the Federal Reserve in his book ''The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve''.[[G. Edward Griffin|Griffin, G. Edward]]. [[iarchive:isbn 9780912986166|''The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve''.]] Appleton, Wis.: American Opinion, by arrangement with American Media (Westlake Village, Calif.), 1994. {{ISBN|978-0912986395}}. Quigley was dismissive of the authors who used his writings to support theories of a world domination conspiracy. Of W. Cleon Skousen's ''The Naked Capitalist'' he stated:
Skousen's book is full of misrepresentations and factual errors. He claims that I have written of a conspiracy of the super-rich who are pro-Communist and wish to take over the world and that I'm a member of this group. But I never called it a conspiracy and don't regard it as such. I'm not an "insider" of these rich persons, although Skousen thinks so. I happen to know some of them and liked them, although I disagreed with some of the things they did before 1940.{{cite journal | author = Wes Christenson | date=Mar 1972 | title = Quigley ... making Birchers bark | journal = Georgetown Today | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 12–13 | url = http://www.carrollquigley.net/biography/Making-Birchers-Bark.htm }}
On Gary Allen's ''None Dare Call It Conspiracy'' he said:
They thought Dr. Carroll Quigley proved everything. For example, they constantly misquote me to this effect: that Lord Milner (the dominant trustee of the Cecil Rhodes Trust and a heavy in the Round Table Group) helped finance the Bolsheviks. I have been through the greater part of Milner's private papers and have found no evidence to support that. Further, ''None Dare Call It Conspiracy'' insists that international bankers were a single bloc, were all powerful and remain so today. I, on the contrary, stated in my book that they were much divided, often fought among themselves, had great influence but not control of political life and were sharply reduced in power about 1931-1940, when they became less influential than monopolized industry.{{cite news | author = Rudy Maxa | date = March 23, 1975 | title = The Professor Who Knew Too Much | newspaper = [[The Washington Post|The Washington Post Magazine]] | volume = 1 | issue = 10 | pages = 17, 22, 26–28 | url = http://www.carrollquigley.net/biography/The-Professor-Who-Knew-Too-Much.htm }}
=== Criticism === [[F. William Engdahl]], in an overview of financial imperialism entitled ''The Gods of Money'', criticized Quigley for stating that the power of international bankers declined in the 1930s, and insofar as the influence of international bankers in America was concerned, suggested that Quigley was confusing "international finance" with Morgan interests. He suggested, like [[Antony C. Sutton|Sutton]], that Quigley's papers had been vetted. Engdahl argued that it was not the case that the power of "international finance" declined, but rather, Morgan interests fell and were replaced by Rockefeller interests.[[F. William Engdahl|Engdahl, F. William]] (2009). [https://archive.org/download/F.WilliamEngdahlGodsOfMoney2009/F.%20William%20Engdahl%20-%20Gods%20of%20Money%20-%202009.pdf ''The Gods of Money: Wall Street and the Death of the American Century''.] Wiesbaden, Germany: [[F. William Engdahl|Edition.engdahl]]. [https://archive.org/download/F.WilliamEngdahlGodsOfMoney2009/F.%20William%20Engdahl%20-%20Gods%20of%20Money%20-%202009.pdf pp. 81-135.] Quigley stated that the intentions and objectives of the group he profiled, associated with [[Wall Street]] and the [[City of London]] and [[Cecil Rhodes]]' super-imperialism, were "largely commendable". Members of the group, in statements recorded by the ''New York Times'' in 1902, proclaimed that they formed their society for the purpose of "gradually absorbing the wealth of the world".Staff writer (Apr. 9, 1902). [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1902/04/09/101945773.pdf "Mr. Rhodes's Ideal of Anglo-Saxon Greatness—Statement of His Aims, Written for W.T. Stead In 1890. He Believed a Wealthy Secret Society Should Work to Secure the World's Peace and a British-American Federation."] ''[[New York Times]]''. Quigley argued that the Round Table groups were not World Government advocates but super-imperialists. He stated that they emphatically did not want the League of Nations to become a World Government. Yet [[Lionel George Curtis|Lionel Curtis]], who, according to Quigley, was one of the leaders of the Round Table movement, wished for it to be a World government with teeth, writing articles with [[H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] urging this.[[H.G. Wells|Wells, H. G.]] (Jan. 1919). [https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/19jan/leag119.htm "The Idea of a League of Nations."] ''[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic]]''. ==Bibliography== === Books written by Quigley === * {{cite book|title=The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis|edition= 1st |date= 1961|location= New York|publisher= Macmillan Publishing Company }} Hardcover. 281 pages. ** {{cite book|title=La Evolucion de las Civilizaciones|language=es|location= Mexico City|publisher= Hermes|date= 1963}} ** {{cite book|title=A Evolução das Civilizações|location= Rio de Janeiro|publisher= Editora Fundo de Cultura|date= 1963|language=pt}} ** {{cite book|title=The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis |date=August 1979 |location= Indianapolis |publisher= Liberty Fund |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/download/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionTo/CarrollQuigley-TheEvolutionOfCivilizations-AnIntroductionToHistoricalAnalysis1979.pdf}} ***{{isbn|978-0-913966-56-3}} (Hardcover) 444 pages. ***{{isbn|978-0-913966-57-0}} (Paperback) 444 pages. ** {{cite book|title=The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis |date=December 2014 |location=Mountain View, CA |publisher=Ishi Press |isbn=9784871873499}} Paperback. 442 pages. * {{cite book|title=Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time|date=1966|edition= 1st|location=New York |publisher= Macmillan Publishing Company |isbn= 978-0026001304 |title-link=Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time }} 1,348 pages. [http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/Tragedy_and_Hope.pdf Full text]. ** {{cite book|title=Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time |location=Rancho Palos Verdes, CA |publisher=GSG & Associates |date=1975 |isbn=0-913022-14-4 }} {{ISBN|0-945001-10-X}} ** {{cite book|title=The World Since 1939: A History|edition=1st|date= 1968|location= New York|publisher= Collier Books}} 676 pages. — A reprint of the second half of ''Tragedy and Hope''. * {{cite book|title=The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden|date= 1981|location= New York |publisher= Books in Focus |isbn= 0-916728-50-1 |edition= 1st | url=http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/The_Anglo-American_Establishment.pdf}} ** {{cite book|title=The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden|date= 1981|location= New York |publisher= Books in Focus |isbn= 978-0-916728-50-2 |edition= eBook}} ** {{cite book|title=The Anglo-American Establishment: From Rhodes to Cliveden |location=Rancho Palos Verdes, CA |publisher=GSG & Associates |date= 1981 |isbn= 0-945001-01-0 }} ** {{cite book|title=Histoire secrète de l'oligarchie anglo-américaine|language=fr|location= Paris |publisher= Le Retour aux sources|date= 2015}} * {{cite book|title=Weapons Systems and Political Stability: A History|date= 1983|location= Washington, DC|publisher= University Press of America|pages= 1064 pages|isbn= 978-0-8191-2947-5|url=http://www.carrollquigley.net/pdf/Weapons%20Systems%20and%20Political%20Stability.pdf}} === Collected works === * Lucchese, Adriano (ed.) (2015). [[iarchive:CarrollQuigleyLifeLecturesAndCollectedWritings|''Carroll Quigley: Life, Lectures and Collected Writings''.]] New York: Discovery Publisher. {{ISBN|978-1516922741}}. === Articles about or by Quigley === * Quigley, Carroll (October, 1968). ''[https://www.mattellison.org/quigley/major-problems-of-foreign-policy-1968.html "Major Problems of Foreign Policy"]'' Current History 55: 326 * Quigley, Carroll (October, 1968). ''[https://cooperative-individualism.org/quigley-carroll_our-ecological-crisis-1970-jul.pdf "Our Ecological Crisis"]'' Current History 59: 347 * Quigley, Carroll (October, 1968). ''[https://cooperative-individualism.org/quigley-carroll_america's-future-in-energy-1975-jul-aug.pdf "America's Future in Energy"]'' Current History 69: 407 * Staff writer (January 6, 1977). "Obituary." [[Washington Star]], p. B4. * Wilkinson, David (Aug. 25, 1995). [http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/59 "From Mesopotamia through Carroll Quigley to Bill Clinton: World Historical Systems, the Civilizationist, and the President."] ''[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]''. * Wilkinson, David (Aug. 1996). [http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/63 "World-Economic Theories and Problems: Quigley vs. Wallerstein vs. Central Civilization."] ''[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]'', vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 117–185. {{doi|10.5195/jwsr.1996.63}}. * McLemee, Scott (December 1996). "The Quigley Cult." [[George (magazine)|George]], vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 94–98. * [[Robert Rotberg|Rotberg, Robert I.]] (2014). "Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?" ''[[Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History]]'', vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 551–567. * Ellison, Matt (December 16, 2016). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180302052028/https://sfs.georgetown.edu/how-carroll-quigley-came-to-georgetown/ How Carroll Quigley Came to Georgetown.]" [[Georgetown University]] [[Walsh School of Foreign Service]]. sfs.georgetown.edu. Archived from [https://sfs.georgetown.edu/how-carroll-quigley-came-to-georgetown/ the original.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302052028/https://sfs.georgetown.edu/how-carroll-quigley-came-to-georgetown/ |date=2018-03-02 }} ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * {{wikiquote inline}} * [http://www.carrollquigley.net Official website] * [http://www.tboyle.net/Catholicism/Carroll_Quigley.html Terrence J. Boyle's site on Carroll Quigley] * [https://www.mattellison.org/quigley/ Matt Ellison's site on Carroll Quigley] * [https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?si=1&Query=au%3A%22Carroll+Quigley%22&so=rel Articles at JSTOR] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quigley, Carroll}} [[Category:1910 births]] [[Category:1977 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American historians]] [[Category:20th-century American male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:American literary critics]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Harvard University faculty]] [[Category:Historians from Massachusetts]] [[Category:Literary critics of English]] [[Category:Princeton University faculty]] [[Category:Theoretical historians]] [[Category:Theorists on Western civilization]] [[Category:Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty]] [[Category:World historians]] [[Category:Writers from Boston]]