{{short description|Country in South America}}
{{About|the country|other uses of Brazil or Brasil|Brazil (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Brazilian Republic|other uses|Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federative Republic of Brazil
| common_name = Brazil
| native_name = {{lang|pt|República Federativa do Brasil}}
| image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg
| alt_flag =
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
| alt_coat =
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of Brazil|Coat of arms]]
| coa_size = 90px
| other_symbol = {{vunblist |{{lang|pt|[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]}}
National Seal of Brazil
[[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}}
| other_symbol_type = National Seal
| national_motto =
{{lang|pt|Ordem e Progresso}}
"Order and Progress"
| national_anthem =
{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]}}
"Brazilian National Anthem"
[[File:Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg]]
| flag_anthem =
{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]}}[{{Cite web |last=Exército Brasileiro |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |language=pt}}]
"National Flag Anthem"
[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Ministry of Education).ogg]]
| image_map = File:BRA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| alt_map =
| capital = [[Brasília]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[São Paulo]]
{{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}}
| languages_type = Official language
{{nobold|and national language}}
| languages = [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]]{{efn|name=brazil|According to [https://web.archive.org/web/20251228004513/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm Article 13 of the Constitution]: ''A língua portuguesa é o idioma oficial da República Federativa do Brasil'' ("The Portuguese language is the official language of the Federative Republic of Brazil"). [[Brazilian Sign Language]] is also officially recognized and protected.[[https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Federal_do_Brasil_10436_de_2002 Lei Federal do Brasil 10436 de 2002]] 95 municipalities and 3 Brazilian states also have co-official languages, with 61 co-officialized languages.[[https://web.archive.org/web/20251201194402/http://direitolinguistico.com.br/repositorio/s/rbll/page/home Repositório Brasileiro de Legislações Linguísticas] (Brazilian Repository of Linguistic Legislation)] The list can be seen at ''[[Languages of Brazil#Language policy|Languages of Brazil]]''.}}
| languages2_type = Recognized regional languages
| languages2 = See [[Languages of Brazil#Language co-officialization|regional official languages]]
| ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}}
*45.3% [[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]]
*43.5% [[White Brazilians|White]]
*10.2% [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]]
*0.6% [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous]]
*0.4% [[Asian Brazilians|East Asian]]{{efn|The Brazilian census uses the term ''amarela'' (or ''yellow'' in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/[[Arab Brazilian|Arabs]] and South Asians.}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2022
| ethnic_groups_ref = [{{cite web |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/?localidade=BR|title=Panorama do Censo 2022 |publisher=IBGE|access-date=1 September 2026}}]
| demonym = [[Brazilians|Brazilian]]
| government_type = Federal [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Brazil|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Geraldo Alckmin]]
| leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|President of the
Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| leader_name3 = [[Hugo Motta]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)|President of the
Federal Senate]]
| leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Davi Alcolumbre]]}}
| leader_title5 = {{nowrap|[[President of the Supreme Federal Court|President of the
Supreme Federal Court]]}}
| leader_name5 = [[Edson Fachin]]
| legislature = {{nowrap|[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]}}
| upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Federal Senate]]}}
| lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]}}
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence of Brazil|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|Portugal]]
| established_event1 = [[Independence of Brazil|Declaration]]
| established_date1 = 7 September 1822
| established_event2 = [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Recognition]]
| established_date2 = 29 August 1825
| established_event3 = [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Republic]]
| established_date3 = 15 November 1889
| established_event4 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]]
| established_date4 = 5 October 1988
| area_km2 = 8510346
| area_label = Total
| area_rank = 5th
| area_sq_mi = 3285862
| percent_water = 0.65
| population_estimate = {{increase neutral}} 214,211,951[{{Cite web |date=28 August 2025 |title=População estimada do país chega a 213,4 milhões de habitantes, divulga IBGE {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://www.gov.br/secom/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2025/08/populacao-do-brasil-alcanca-marca-de-213-4-milhoes-de-habitantes-divulga-ibge#:~:text=A%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20brasileira%20era%20de,Geografia%20e%20Estat%C3%ADstica%20(IBGE). |access-date=16 April 2026 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}]
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 203,080,756[{{Cite news |last=Araujo |first=Gabriel |editor1-last=Grattan |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Rumney |editor2-first=Emma |date=28 June 2023 |title=Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628154840/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-date=28 June 2023}}]
| population_census_year = [[2022 Brazilian census|2022]]
| population_estimate_year = 2026
| population_estimate_rank = 7th
| population_census_rank = 7th
| population_density_km2 = 23.8[{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Agência de Notícias – IBGE |language=pt-BR |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705200605/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |url-status=live }}]
| population_density_sq_mi = 64
| population_density_rank = 193rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $5.230 trillion[{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=18 April 2026}}]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_rank = 8th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $24,428[{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=World Bank Open Data}}]
| HDI = 0.786
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = [{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}]
| HDI_rank = 84th
| currency = [[Brazilian real|Real]] (R$)
| currency_code = BRL
| time_zone = [[Time in Brazil|BT]]
| utc_offset = −02:00 to −05:00
| date_format = [[Date and time notation in Brazil|dd/mm/yyyy]] ([[Common Era|CE]])
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Brazil|+55]]
| iso3166code =
| cctld = [[.br]]
| religion = {{ublist
|item_style=white-space;
|{{Tree list}}
*83.6% [[Christianity in Brazil|Christianity]]
**56.7% [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholic]]
**26.9% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestant]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|9.3% [[Irreligion in Brazil|no religion]]
|1.8% [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
|1.1% [[African diaspora religions#Brazil|Afro-Brazilian religions]]
|4.2% others}}
| religion_ref = [{{Cite book |last=José María Bello |url= |title=A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-8047-0238-6 |page=[[iarchive:historyofmodernb0000bell/page/56/mode/1up|56]]}}] {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeˈpublikɐ fedeɾaˈtʃivɐ du bɾaˈziw|pron|Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg}}.}} is the largest country in [[South America]]. It is also the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|fifth-largest country by area]] and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|seventh-largest by population]], with over 214 million people. Brazil is a [[federation]] composed of 26 [[Federative units of Brazil|states]] and a [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]], which hosts the capital, [[Brasília]]. Its [[List of municipalities in Brazil by population|most populous city]] is [[São Paulo]], followed by [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Brazil has the largest [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Lusophone]] population in the world and is the only [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] country in the [[Americas]], where it is the [[Portuguese-speaking world|official language]].[{{Cite book |last=Philander |first=S. George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148 |title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition |publisher=Princeton University |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9 |edition=Second |volume=1 |location=Los Angeles |page=148 |oclc=970592418 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210536/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8VE92tDqEEC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}][{{Cite book |last=Vallance |first=Monique M. |title=Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |publisher=ABC-CLIO |others=Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-34672-9 |editor-last=Crocitti |editor-first=John J. |page=xxiii |chapter=Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil |oclc=787850982 |ref={{harvid|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}} |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210603/https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23 |url-status=live }}]
Bounded by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the east, Brazil has a [[Coastline of Brazil|coastline]] of {{convert|7491|km|mi|0|sp=us}},[{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Brazil – Land |url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date= |website=Permanent Missions |publisher=United Nations |at=Geography}}] Brazil encompasses a wide range of tropical and [[Subtropics|subtropical]] landscapes, as well as [[Pantanal|wetlands]], [[Cerrado|savannas]], [[Brazilian Highlands|plateaus]], and low mountains. It contains most of the [[Amazon basin]], including the [[Amazon River|world's largest river system]] and most extensive [[Old-growth forest|virgin]] [[Amazon rainforest|tropical forest]]. Brazil has diverse [[Wildlife of Brazil|wildlife]], a variety of [[Environment of Brazil|ecological systems]], and extensive natural resources spanning numerous [[protected areas of Brazil|protected habitats]].[{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|section=geography|access-date=4 May 2018|year=2018}}] It ranks first among 17 [[megadiverse countries]], with its natural heritage being the subject of significant global interest, as [[environmental degradation]] (through processes such as [[Deforestation in Brazil|deforestation]]) directly affect global issues such as [[Climate change in Brazil|climate change]] and [[biodiversity loss]].
Brazil was inhabited by [[Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil|various indigenous peoples]] prior to the [[Discovery of Brazil|landing]] of Portuguese explorer [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500. The territory was subsequently claimed and settled by [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]], which founded the country's first city, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], in 1532 and imported [[Slavery in Brazil|enslaved Africans]] to work on [[Brazilian sugar cycle|plantations]].[{{Cite journal |last=Andreatta |first=Margarida Davina |date=30 May 1995 |title=Engenho São Jorge dos Erasmos: prospecção arqueológica, histórica e industrial |url=http://www.revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/28435 |journal=Revista USP |volume=0 |issue=41 |pages=28 |doi=10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i41p28-47 |issn=2316-9036|language=pt-BR}}] Brazil remained a [[Colonial Brazil|colony]] until 1815, when it was elevated to a [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|united kingdom with Portugal]] after the [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|transfer of the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro]]. Prince [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro of Braganza]] declared Brazilian [[Independence of Brazil|independence]] in 1822 and, after waging a [[Brazilian War of Independence|war against Portugal]], established the [[Empire of Brazil]]. The country's [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824|first constitution in 1824]] established a [[General Assembly (Brazil)|bicameral legislature]] and enshrined principles such as freedom of religion and the press; slavery was [[Abolitionism in Brazil|gradually abolished]] until its [[Lei Áurea|final abolition in 1888]]. Brazil became a [[First Brazilian Republic|presidential republic]] following a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|military coup d'état]] in 1889. An [[Revolution of 1930|armed revolution in 1930]] ended the First Republic and brought [[Getúlio Vargas]] to power. Vargas' [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|self-coup in 1937]] ushered the authoritarian [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]], in which he oversaw [[Brazil in World War II|Brazil's involvement in World War II]]. Democracy was restored after [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|Vargas' ousting in 1945]]. An authoritarian [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]] emerged [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|in 1964]] with support from the [[United States]] and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current [[Constitution of Brazil|constitution]], enacted in 1988, defines it as a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[federal republic]].[{{Cite web |year=1988 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |language=pt}} {{cite web |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |publisher=v-brazil.com |year=2007 |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |quote=Unofficial translate |access-date=3 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html}}]
Brazil is a [[regional power|regional]] and [[middle power]],[{{Cite book |last1=M. Schaefer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together |last2=J. Poffenbarger |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38794-3 |page=32 |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}][{{Cite book |last=Sean W. Burges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-69658-2 |pages=114–15 |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183445/https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}][{{Cite journal |last=Gardini |first=Gian Luca |year=2016 |title=Brazil: What Rise of What Power? |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=35 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.1111/blar.12417 |doi-access=free |issn=0261-3050}}] and has been described as a [[emerging power|rising global power]].[{{Cite web |last=Gratius |first=Susanne |date=April 2008 |title=The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? |url=http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |website=[[FRIDE]]}}][{{Cite web |last=Peter Collecott |date=29 October 2011 |title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status |url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=The Diplomatic Courier |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite news |last=Clendenning |first=Alan |date=17 April 2008 |title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon |page=2 |work=USA Today |agency=The Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |access-date=12 December 2008 |archive-date=20 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm |url-status=live }}][{{Cite book |last1=Jorge Dominguez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98 |title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana |last2=Byung Kook Kim |publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-76983-2 |pages=98–99}}] It is an [[Emerging market|emerging]],[{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=FTSE Country Classification |url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[FTSE Group]]}}][{{Cite web |title=Country and Lending Groups |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |publisher=World Bank |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275}}] [[Developing country|upper-middle income]] economy and [[newly industrialized country]],[{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |access-date=29 September 2019 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617091704/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |archive-date=17 June 2019 }}] with one of the 10 [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|largest economies]] in the world in both nominal and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|PPP]] terms,[{{Cite web |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}] the largest economy in [[Latin America]] and the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the [[List of countries by total wealth|largest share of wealth]] in South America. With a [[Economic Complexity Index|complex]] and highly [[Economy of Brazil|diversified economy]], Brazil is one of the world's major or primary exporters of various [[Agriculture in Brazil|agricultural goods]], [[Mining in Brazil|mineral resources]], and [[Industry in Brazil|manufactured products]].[{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}] Brazil is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], the [[G20]], [[BRICS]], [[G4 nations|G4]], [[Mercosur]], [[Organization of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], and the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]]; it is also an observer state of the [[Arab League]] and a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the United States.[{{Cite web |last=Vandiver |first=John |date=9 May 2019 |title=Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013035014/https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}][{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP |url=https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526041219/https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |url-status=live}}]
== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Brazil}}
The word ''Brazil'' probably comes from the Portuguese word for [[Paubrasilia|brazilwood]], a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[{{Cite book |last=Fausto |first=Boris |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-56526-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus/page/9 9] |url-access=registration}}] In Portuguese, brazilwood is called {{lang|pt|pau-brasil}}, with the word {{lang|pt|brasil}} commonly given the etymology 'red like an [[ember]]', formed from {{lang|pt|brasa}} ('ember') and the suffix {{lang|pt|-il}} (from {{lang|la|-iculum}} or {{lang|la|-ilium}}).[{{Cite book |last=Jon S. Vincent. |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc |title=Culture and Customs of Brazil |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-30495-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/36 36] |url-access=registration}}] It has alternatively been suggested that this is a [[folk etymology]] for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant.[{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075 |title=Brazil | Etymology of the name Brazil by etymonline |access-date=24 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324183937/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075 |url-status=live }}] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.[{{Cite book |last=Richard P. Tucker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186 |title=Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World |publisher=University of Michigan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7425-5365-1 |page=186 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183601/https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by [[indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]] (mostly [[Tupi people|Tupi]]) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders in return for assorted European consumer goods.[{{Cite book |last=Wayne E. Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196 |title=Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World |publisher=NYU Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8147-6527-2 |page=196 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221303/https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}]
The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the 'Land of the Holy Cross' ({{lang|pt|Terra da Santa Cruz}}),[{{Cite magazine |last=Daly |first=Charles P. |year=1880 |title=Maps and Map-making Before Mercator |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493 |magazine=[[The Popular Science Monthly]] |publisher=Bonnier Corporation |at=473–495, see page 493 |issn=0161-7370 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221315/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the 'Land of Brazil' ({{lang|pt|Terra do Brasil}}) because of the brazilwood trade.[{{Cite book |last=Jean de Léry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242 |title=History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-91380-6 |page=242 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221327/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}] Popular usage eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the 'Land of Parrots'.[{{Cite book |last=Jayme A. Sokolow. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84 |title=The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7656-0982-3 |page=84 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221351/https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}] In the [[Guarani language]], Brazil is called {{lang|gn|Pindorama}}, meaning 'land of the palm trees'.[{{Cite book |last=Maria Herrera-Sobek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155 |title=Celebrating Latino Folklore |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-34340-7 |page=155 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221353/https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155 |url-status=live}}]
== History ==
{{Main|History of Brazil}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Brazilian history}}
=== Pre-Cabraline era ===
{{Main|Pre-Columbian history of Brazil{{!}}Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil}}
{{See also|Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Marajoara culture}}
[[File:Pinturas Rupestres - Serra da Capivara I.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art]] at [[Serra da Capivara National Park]], one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the [[Americas]][{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Simon |date=27 March 2014 |title=Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html |url-access=limited |access-date=31 May 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html |archive-date=1 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}]]]
Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, [[Luzia Woman]], were found in the area of [[Pedro Leopoldo]], [[Minas Gerais]], and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.[{{Cite book |last1=Robert M. Levine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11 |title=The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics |last2=John J. Crocitti |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0 |pages=11– |access-date=12 December 2012 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182919/https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}] The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to over 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near [[Santarém, Pará|Santarém]] and provides evidence that the region supported a complex prehistoric culture.[{{Cite journal |last1=Roosevelt |first1=Anna Curtenius |author1-link=Anna Curtenius Roosevelt |last2=Housley |first2=Rupert A. |last3=Imazio da Silveira |first3=Maura |last4=Maranca |first4=Silvia |last5=Johnson |first5=Richard Irwin |name-list-style=vanc |date=13 December 1991 |title=Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden [sic] in the Brazilian Amazon |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=254 |issue=5038 |pages=1621–1624 |doi=10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |pmid=17782213 |bibcode=1991Sci...254.1621R |s2cid=34969614 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016114734/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}] The [[Marajoara culture]] flourished on [[Marajó]] in the Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, [[social stratification]], large populations, [[mound building]], and complex social formations such as [[chiefdom]]s.[{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Charles C. |url=https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 |title=1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326 326–33] |author-link=Charles C. Mann (writer) |orig-date=2005}}]
Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of present day Brazil had an estimated Indigenous population of 7 million people,[{{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Robert M. |title=The History of Brazil |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3 |page=32}}] mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The population comprised several large Indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the Tupis, [[Guaraní people|Guaranis]], and [[Gê peoples|Gês]]. The Tupi people were subdivided into the [[Tupiniquim|Tupiniquins]] and [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambás]].{{sfnp|Levine|2003|p=31}}
Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.[{{Cite book |last=Fausto |first=Carlos |title=Os Índios antes do Brasil |year=2000 |isbn=978-85-7110-543-0 |editor-last=Zahar |editor-first=Jorge |pages=45–46, 55 |publisher=Jorge Zahar Editor |language=pt |trans-title=The Indians before Brazil}}] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with [[Human cannibalism|cannibalistic]] rituals on prisoners of war.[Gomes, Mercio P. ''The Indians and Brazil'' University Press of Florida 2000 {{ISBN|0-8130-1720-3}} pp. 28–29]{{sfnp|Fausto|2000|pp=78–80}} While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.[Boxer, p. 98.] Along [[Coastline of Brazil|the coast]], the Portuguese encountered [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil#Distribution|various Indigenous communities]], most of whom spoke languages of the [[Tupi–Guaraní|Tupi–Guarani]] family.[Boxer, p. 100.] Though the first settlement, [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]], was founded in 1532, colonization effectively began in 1534, when King [[John III of Portugal|John III of Portugal]] divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous [[Captaincies of Brazil|captaincies]].[Boxer, pp. 100–101.][Skidmore, p. 27.]
However, the decentralized and unorganized captaincy system proved unsuccessful, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the [[Governorate General of Brazil]] in the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.[Boxer, p. 101.] In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.[Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 {{ISBN|978-90-04-21083-7}} ''Chapter III''][Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}]{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012}}[Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-61069-163-5}} p. 300, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300 |date=29 November 2023}}]
[[File:L'Exécution de la Punition de Fouet by Jean-Baptiste Debret.jpg|thumb|''Execution of the Punishment of the Whip'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Debret]]. Nearly 5 million enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil during the [[Atlantic slave trade]], more than any other country.[{{Cite news |last=Terrence McCoy |date=17 January 2022 |title=More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Why have so few heard of it? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010164227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}]]]
By the mid-16th century, [[Sugar#Sugarcane|cane sugar]] had become [[Brazilian sugar cycle|Brazil's most important export]],[Skidmore, p. 36.] while slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa in the [[Slavery in Africa#Atlantic slave trade|slave market of Western Africa]][Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 {{ISBN|978-1-4443-9628-7}} Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) [https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182805/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}] (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]), had become its largest import,[Boxer, p. 110][Skidmore, p. 34.] to cope with [[Engenho|sugarcane plantations]], due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.[Boxer, p. 102.][Skidmore, pp. 32–33.] Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.[{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart A. P. |title=The Library An Illustrated History |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=978-1-60239-706-4 |location=New York |page=101}}]
By the end of the 17th century, sugar exports began to decline[Boxer, p. 164.] and the discovery of gold by [[bandeirantes]] in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a [[Brazilian Gold Rush|gold rush]][Boxer, pp. 168, 170.] which attracted thousands of new settlers to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.[Boxer, p. 169.] This increased level of immigration in turn caused [[War of the Emboabas|some conflicts]] between newcomers and old settlers.[{{Cite book |last=Kohn |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186 |title=Dictionary of Wars |publisher=Facts on File, Inc. |year=1986 |isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 |edition=1st |page=174 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}]
Portuguese expeditions known as ''bandeiras'' gradually [[Uti possidetis#The Brazilian frontier movement into Spanish-claimed lands|expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers]] in South America to its approximately current borders.[{{Cite book |last1=George Richard Potter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |last2=Henry Clifford Darby |last3=Harold Fullard |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1957 |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=498 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183451/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}][Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" [[Cambria Press]] 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-60497-529-1}} pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120801/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145 |date=2 May 2023}}] In this era, other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French [[France Antarctique|in Rio during the 1560s]], [[Equinoctial France|in Maranhão during the 1610s]], and the [[Dutch invasions of Brazil|Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco]], during the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], after the end of [[Iberian Union]].[Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70]
The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the monopoly of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of slave rebellion and resistance, such as the [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo of Palmares]],[Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 {{ISBN|0-252-06549-2}} Chapter 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183446/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023 }}] and to repress all movements for autonomy or independence, such as the {{Lang|pt-BR|[[Inconfidência Mineira]]}} (1789).[MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183443/https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}]
=== Kingdom of Brazil ===
{{Main|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}
{{See also|Invasion of Portugal (1807)|Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil}}
[[File:Aclamação do rei Dom João VI no Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|The Acclamation of [[John VI of Portugal|King João VI]] of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 6 February 1818]]
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of [[continental Portugal]], causing [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent John]], in the name of [[Maria I of Portugal|Queen Maria I]], to [[Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil|move the royal court]] from [[Lisbon]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]].[Boxer, p. 213] There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local [[stock exchange]]s[Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; ''Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil'' ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 {{ISBN|85-352-3994-4}} Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv] and its [[Banco do Brasil|National Bank]], additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the [[Portuguese conquest of French Guiana|conquest of French Guiana]].[Bueno, p. 145.]
With the end of the [[Peninsular War]] in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]], thus creating a [[pluricontinental]] transatlantic monarchic state.[{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey C. Mosher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9 |title=Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1 |page=9 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183447/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}] However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see [[Liberal Revolution of 1820]]). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of [[Porto]],[{{Cite book |last=Jeremy Adelman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334 |title=Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-691-12664-7 |pages=334– |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}] John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara]], as Regent of the [[Kingdom of Brazil]].[Lustosa, pp. 109–110]
=== Empire of Brazil ===
{{Main|Independence of Brazil|Empire of Brazil}}
[[File:Pedro Américo - Independência ou Morte - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Pedro I on [[Independence Day (Brazil)|7 September 1822]]]]
Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the [[Portuguese Cortes]], guided by the new political regime imposed by the Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.[Lustosa, pp. 117–19] The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to side with them, [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|declaring the country's independence from Portugal]] on 7 September 1822.[Lustosa, pp. 150–153] A month later, Prince Pedro was proclaimed the first [[Emperor of Brazil]], with the royal title of Dom [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]], resulting in the founding of the [[Empire of Brazil]].[Vianna, p. 418]
The [[Brazilian War of Independence]], which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the [[Cisplatina]] province.[Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;[Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80] Portugal [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|officially recognized]] Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.[Lustosa, p. 208]
On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberals and conservatives, including an attempt of [[Confederation of the Equator|republican secession]]{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|pp=82–83}} and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to [[Liberal Wars|reclaim his daughter's crown]] after [[Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil|abdicating the Brazilian throne]] in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]).[Lyra (v. 1), p. 17]
[[File:Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], [[List of monarchs of Brazil|Emperor of Brazil]] between 1831 and 1889]]
As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a [[Regency period (Empire of Brazil)|regency]] was set up by the [[General Assembly (Brazil)|General Assembly]].[Carvalho 2007, p. 21] In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the [[Cabanagem]] in [[Grão-Pará Province|Grão-Pará]], the [[Malê Revolt]] in Salvador, the [[Balaiada]] ([[Maranhão]]), the [[Sabinada]] ([[Bahia]]), and the [[Ragamuffin War]], which began in [[Rio Grande do Sul]] and was supported by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3}} This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the [[Praieira revolt]] in [[Pernambuco]], was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the [[Dom Pedro II#Early coronation|premature coronation of Pedro II]] in 1841.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}
During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The [[Atlantic slave trade to Brazil|Atlantic slave trade]] was outlawed in 1850,[[[Leslie Bethell|Bethell, Leslie]] "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" [[Cambridge University Press]] 1970, ''"Cambridge Latin American Studides"'', Chapters 9 to 12. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183843/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC |date=29 November 2023 }}] as a result of the British [[Aberdeen Act]] and the [[Eusébio de Queirós Law]], but only in May 1888, after a long process of [[Abolitionism in Brazil|internal mobilization and debate]] for an ethical and legal dismantling of [[Slavery in Brazil|slavery in the country]], was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the [[Lei Áurea|Golden Law]].[Scott, Rebecca and others, ''The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil'', Duke University Press 1988 {{ISBN|0-8223-0888-6}} [[Seymour Drescher]], Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"]
The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues pertaining Brazil's neighboring countries in the [[Southern Cone]]. Long after the [[Cisplatine War]] that resulted in the independence of [[Uruguay]],[Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62 |date=29 November 2023 }}] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the [[Platine War]], the [[Uruguayan War]] and the devastating [[Paraguayan War]], the largest war effort in Brazilian history.[Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272]{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War"}}
Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's form of government,{{sfn|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}} on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the [[Imperial Brazilian Army|Imperial Army]] officers, as well as with rural and financial elites, the monarchy was overthrown by a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|military coup]].[{{Cite book |last=Smallman |first=Shawn C. |title=Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society |publisher=[[University of North Carolina]] Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7 |pages=16–18 |chapter=The Overthrow of the Empire}}] A few days later, the [[Flag of Brazil|national flag]] was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "''Ordem e Progresso''", influenced by [[positivism]]. 15 November is now [[Republic Day]], a national holiday.[{{Cite news |date=15 November 2017 |title=Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press |language=en-US |work=The Brazilian Report |url=https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193405/https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/ |url-status=live}}]
=== Early Republic ===
{{Main|First Brazilian Republic|Vargas Era|Fourth Brazilian Republic}}
[[File:Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg|thumb|''[[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]'', 1893, oil on canvas by [[Benedito Calixto]]]]
[[File:Construção do Congresso Nacional Esplanada dos Ministérios 1959-10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Construction of the [[National Congress Palace|National Congress building]] in Brasília, 1959, during the [[Presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek|JK administration]]]]
The [[Republic of the Sword|early republican government]] was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|loc=end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule"}} Not until 1894, following an [[Encilhamento|economic crisis]] and [[Revolta da Armada|a military one]], did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.{{sfnp|Smallman|2002|pp=21–26}}[Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 {{ISBN|0-312-23399-X}}][Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12]
In this first republican period, Brazil maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,[David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" [[Columbia University]] Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125] only broken by the [[Acre War]] (1899–1902) and [[Brazil during World War I|its involvement]] in [[World War I]] (1914–1918),[Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305][M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97][{{Citation |title=Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 |pages=265–69}}] followed by a [[Presidency of Artur Bernardes#Withdrawal from the League of Nations|failed attempt to exert a prominent role]] in the [[League of Nations]];[Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145] Internally, from the crisis of ''Encilhamento''[{{Citation |last=Viscount of Taunay |title=O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892 |year=1893 |publisher=Melhoramentos}}][{{Citation |last=Nassif |first=Luís |title=Os cabeças-de-planilha |pages=69–107 |year=2007 |publisher=Ediouro |isbn=978-85-00-02094-0}}][{{Citation |last=de Carvalho |first=Ney O. Ribeiro |title=O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira |year=2004 |publisher=Bovespa |isbn=978-85-904019-1-9}}] and the [[Revolta da Armada|Navy Revolts]],[{{Citation |last=Martins |first=Hélio L |title=A Revolta da Armada |year=1997 |publisher=BibliEx}}] a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian[{{Citation |last=Moniz |first=Edmundo |title=Canudos: a luta pela terra |year=1984 |publisher=Global}}][{{Citation |last=Sevcenko |first=Nicolau |title=A Revolta da Vacina |year=2010 |publisher=Cosac Naify |isbn=978-85-7503-868-0}}][{{Citation |last=de Moura |first=Aureliano P |title=Contestado: a guerra cabocla |year=2003 |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército}}] and military.[{{Citation |last=Thompson |first=Arthur |title=Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895 |year=1934 |publisher=Ravaro}}][{{Citation |last=Roland |first=Maria Inês |title=A Revolta da Chibata |year=2000 |publisher=Saraiva |isbn=978-85-02-03095-4}}][{{Citation |last=Forjaz |first=Maria CS |title=Tenentismo e politica |year=1977 |publisher=Paz e Terra}}]
Little by little, [[Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil#1st Republican period (1889–1930)|a cycle of general instability]] sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate [[Getúlio Vargas]], supported by most of the military, successfully led the [[Revolution of 1930]].[Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. ''The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics'', Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era][[[Keen, Benjamin]] / Haynes, Kate ''A History of Latin America; Volume 2'', Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57] Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.[McCann; Frank D. ''Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937'', [[Stanford University]] Press 2004, p. 303 {{ISBN|0-8047-3222-1}}][Ibidem Williams 2001]
In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] in 1932, led by São Paulo's oligarchy. The second was a [[Brazilian communist uprising|communist uprising]] in November 1935, and the third a ''[[Integralist Uprising|putsch]]'' attempt by [[Brazilian Integralist Action|local fascists]] in May 1938.[E. Bradford Burns; ''A History of Brazil'' Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 {{ISBN|978-0-231-07955-6}}][Dulles, John W.F. ''Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935'' University of Texas Press 2012 {{ISBN|0-292-74076-X}}][Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; ''The New international year book'' Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"] The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|1937 ''coup d'état'']] resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.[Bourne, Richard ''Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954'' C. Knight 1974, p. 77]
During [[World War II]], Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered [[Submarine warfare#Atlantic ocean|retaliation]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Italy under fascism|Fascist Italy]] in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, [[Brazil in World War II|entered the war]] on the [[Allies of World War II|allied side]].[Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001''. Potomac Books, 2003 {{ISBN|1-57488-452-2}} Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45][Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; ''Latin America during World War II'' Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150][Mónica Hirst & [[Andrew Hurrell]]; ''The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations'', Taylor & Francis Books 2005 {{ISBN|0-415-95066-X}} pp. 4–5] In addition to [[Battle of the Atlantic#South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943)|its participation in the battle of the Atlantic]], Brazil also sent an [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|expeditionary force]] to fight in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]].[{{Citation |last1=Castro |first1=Celso |title=Nova história militar brasileira |pages=13–14 |year=2004 |publisher=Fundação Getúlio Vargas |isbn=978-85-225-0496-1 |last2=Izecksohn |first2=Vitor |last3=Kraay |first3=Hendrik}}]
With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas' position became untenable, and he was [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|swiftly overthrown]] in another military coup, with democracy reinstated by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.[McCann 2004, p. 441] Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.[Roett; Riordan ''Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society'', GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 {{ISBN|0-275-95899-X}}][Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62]
Several brief interim governments followed Vargas' suicide.[Skidmore, p. 201] [[Juscelino Kubitschek]] became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory stance towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[Skidmore, pp. 202–203] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[Skidmore, p. 204] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of [[Brasília]], inaugurated in 1960.[Skidmore, pp. 204–205] Kubitschek's successor, [[Jânio Quadros]], resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[Skidmore, pp. 209–210] His vice-president, [[João Goulart]], assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[Skidmore, p. 210] and was [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|deposed in April 1964]] by a coup that resulted in a [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]].[Fausto (2005), p. 397]
=== Military dictatorship ===
{{Main|Military dictatorship in Brazil}}
[[File:Tanques ocupam a Avenida Presidente Vargas, 1968-04-04.jpg|thumb|[[M41 Walker Bulldog|M41s]] along the [[Avenida Presidente Vargas]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], in April 1968, during the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]]]]
The new regime was intended to be transitory,[Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', pp. 141–42.] but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the [[AI-5|Fifth Institutional Act]] in 1968.[Gaspari, ''A Ditadura Envergonhada'', p. 35.] Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to [[Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship|guerrilla tactics to fight the regime]], but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395], last paragraph}}[Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § [https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZyleoLY5UC&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=29 November 2023}}] inside and outside the country through "[[Operation Condor]]".[Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-19-958878-7}} p. 299 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 View on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183958/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQpnBsRWNlYC&pg=PA299 |date=29 November 2023 }}]{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA396 396]}} Like other [[authoritarianism|authoritarian regimes]], due to an economic boom, known as the "[[Brazilian Miracle|economic miracle]]", the Brazilian military dictatorship reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA395 395–97]}}
Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.[Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457] The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made a redemocratization policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals [[Ernesto Geisel]] and [[Golbery do Couto e Silva]].{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)"}} With the enactment of the [[Amnesty law#Brazil|Amnesty Law]] in 1979, Brazil began a slow [[Redemocratization in Brazil|return to democracy]], which was completed during the 1980s.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999}}
=== Contemporary era ===
{{Main|History of Brazil (1985–present)}}
[[File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao restored.jpg|thumb|[[Ulysses Guimarães]] holding the [[Constitution of Brazil|Constitution of 1988]]]]
Civilians returned to power in 1985 when [[José Sarney]] assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and [[hyperinflation]] he inherited from the military regime.[Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65.] Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the [[Brazilian presidential election, 1989|election in 1989]] of the almost-unknown [[Fernando Collor de Mello|Fernando Collor]], who was subsequently [[Impeachment of Fernando Collor de Mello|impeached by the National Congress]] in 1992.[Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.] Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], who appointed [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] as Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso devised a highly successful [[Plano Real]] that,[Skidmore, p. 311.] after decades of [[Timeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans|failed economic plans]] made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.{{sfnp|Fausto|1999|loc=Epilogue}}[Fausto (2005), p. 482.] Cardoso won the [[1994 Brazilian general election|1994 election]], and [[1998 Brazilian general election|again in 1998]].[Fausto (2005), p. 474.]
The [[peaceful transition of power]] from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Brazilian presidential election, 2002|elected in 2002]] and [[Brazilian presidential election, 2006|re-elected in 2006]]), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.[Fausto (2005), p. 502.][Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3] However, sparked by discontent accumulated over decades from corruption, [[Police brutality by country#Brazil|police brutality]], inefficiencies of the political [[The Establishment|establishment]] and [[public service]], [[2013 protests in Brazil|numerous peaceful protests]] erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of [[Dilma Rousseff]], who had succeeded Lula after winning election [[Brazilian presidential election, 2010|in 2010]] and again [[Brazilian presidential election, 2014|in 2014]] by narrow margins.[[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608173307/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/22/urban-protest-changing-global-social-network |date=8 June 2021}} article on "the Guardian"][Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.]
Rousseff [[Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff|was impeached]] by the [[Brazilian Congress]] in 2016, halfway into her second term,[{{Cite news |last=Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater |title=Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831175437/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer |url-status=live}}][{{Cite web |last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=1 September 2016 |title=All Impeachments Are Political. But Was Brazil's Something More Sinister? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/q01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213070654/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/01/world/americas/brazil-impeachment-coup.html |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}] and replaced by her vice-president [[Michel Temer]], who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street [[2015–16 protests in Brazil|protests for and against her]] took place during the impeachment process.[[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624140848/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/28879ada-0499-11e6-96e5-f85cb08b0730.html#axzz46ZJ07xgT |date=24 June 2016}} in ''[[Financial Times]]'' (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.] The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President Michel Temer's cabinet who were allegedly linked to the [[Operation Car Wash|Petrobras corruption scandal]].[[https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO? "Brazil supreme court judge orders probe into nine ministers – paper"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816074621/https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-politics-probes-idUSL1N1HJ1NO |date=16 August 2017}}. Reuters. 11 April 2017.] President Temer himself was also accused of [[Corruption in Brazil|corruption]].[[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414030047/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html |date=14 April 2021 }}. ''The New York Times''. 26 June 2017.]
In the fiercely contested [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018 elections]], the controversial conservative candidate [[Jair Bolsonaro]] of the [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against [[Fernando Haddad]], of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers Party]] (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.[{{Cite web |title=Jair Bolsonaro é eleito presidente do Brasil |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |website=veja.abril.com.br |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193324/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/jair-bolsonaro-e-eleito-presidente-do-brasil/ |url-status=live }}] In the early 2020s, Brazil became [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|one of the hardest hit countries]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.[{{Cite news |last=Guerin |first=Orla |date=9 July 2021 |title=Covid-19 pandemic: 'Everything you should not do, Brazil has done' |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=BBC |location=[[Brasília]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803062031/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57733540 |url-status=live}}] In May 2021, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] stated that he would run for a third term in the [[2022 Brazilian general election]] against Bolsonaro.[{{cite web|url=https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|title=Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022|website=Valor|date=20 May 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163619/https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|url-status=live}}] In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.[{{Cite web|title=Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |access-date=31 October 2022|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030225737/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/ |url-status=live}}][{{Cite web|title=Resultados – TSE|url=https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados |access-date=31 October 2022|website=resultados.tse.jus.br |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102121453/https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados}}] On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|attacked Brazil's federal government buildings]] in the capital, [[Brasília]], after several weeks of unrest.[{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=8 January 2023 |title=Jair Bolsonaro supporters storm Brazil's presidential palace and supreme court |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108191923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court |archive-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Guardian}}][{{cite web |last=Rocha |first=Lucas |title=Manifestantes furam bloqueio, entram na Esplanada e invadem o Congresso Nacional |date=8 January 2023 |trans-title=Protesters break through the blockade, enter the Esplanade and invade the National Congress |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108184449/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/manifestantes-furam-bloqueio-e-entram-na-esplanada-em-brasilia/ |archive-date=8 January 2023 |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=[[CNN Brazil]]}}]
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Brazil}}
[[File:Brazil topo.jpg|thumb|A topographic map of Brazil|right]]
Brazil occupies nearly half of the land area of South America (47.7%), including a large area along its eastern coast and much of the continent's interior.[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Land and Resources |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}} {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}] It borders [[Uruguay]] to the south; [[Argentina]] and [[Paraguay]] to the southwest; [[Bolivia]] and [[Peru]] to the west; [[Colombia]] to the northwest; and [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and France (French overseas region of [[French Guiana]]) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except [[Ecuador]] and [[Chile]].[[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm Official Area (In Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106154550/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/cartografia/default_territ_area.shtm |date=6 January 2012 }} IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 8 January 2010.] including {{convert|55455|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} of water. Brazil is the only country in the world that has the [[equator]] and the [[Tropic of Capricorn]] running through it.[{{Cite web |title=Hora Legal Brasileira |url=http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722173247/http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=Observatório Nacional}}]
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Brazil}}
[[File:Köppen climate types of Brazil.svg|thumb|Brazil map of [[Köppen climate classification]] zones|left]]
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208034235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220 |archive-date=8 February 2011 |access-date=11 June 2008 |website=Country Guide |publisher=BBC Weather}}]
In Brazil, [[forest cover]] is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]] and 44% [[Private property|private ownership]].[{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}][{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Brazil |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BRA/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}]
Many regions have starkly different [[microclimate|microclimates]].[{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Brazil |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612200827/http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=11 June 2008 |publisher=Brazil Travel}}] An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real [[dry season]], but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[{{cite web |title=Brazil: Climate |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |website=MSN Encarta |publisher=Microsoft Corporation |access-date=2026-09-01}}] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[{{Cite web |last=Embrapa |author-link=Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária |title=Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station |url=http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820215606/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html |archive-date=20 August 2007 |access-date=21 October 2008 |language=pt}}] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[{{Cite web |title=CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil |url=http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606055642/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm |archive-date=6 June 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |publisher=Botany.si.edu}}] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144751/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/6/07-1331_article.htm |date=29 November 2013 }}. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).] caused approximately half a million deaths.[[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112061115/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8857.html |date=12 January 2016}}. Princeton University Press.] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.[[http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm "Inland fishery enhancements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306225557/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/W8514E/W8514E29.htm |date=6 March 2014}}. FAO.] In 2024, for the first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country's Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and climate change.[{{cite news |last1=Maisonnave |first1=Fabiano |title=Brazil faces its worst drought as wildfires rage and Amazon River falls to record low |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/brazil-faces-its-worst-drought-as-wildfires-rage-and-amazon-river-falls-to-record-low |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=PBS News |publisher=Associated Press |date=10 September 2024}}][{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terrence |title=More than half of Brazil is racked by drought. Blame deforestation. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/12/brazil-drought/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=12 September 2024}}][{{cite news |title=Brazil Endures Worst Drought on Record, Affecting 58% of the Country |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/scienceandhealth/2024/09/brazil-endures-worst-drought-on-record-affecting-58-of-the-country.shtml |access-date=16 September 2024 |agency=Folha de S.Paulo |date=5 September 2024}}]
[[File:20211026 Cumulative carbon dioxide CO2 emissions by country - bar chart.svg |thumb|Since 1850, Brazil has cumulatively contributed an amount of {{CO2}} placing it among the top [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse gas emitters]] in the world, mainly due to its land use and forestry practices.[{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Simon |title=Analysis: Which countries are historically responsible for climate change? / Historical responsibility for climate change is at the heart of debates over climate justice. |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |website=CarbonBrief.org |publisher=Carbon Brief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026094104/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change |archive-date=26 October 2021 |date=5 October 2021 |quote=Source: Carbon Brief analysis of figures from the Global Carbon Project, CDIAC, Our World in Data, Carbon Monitor, Houghton and Nassikas (2017) and Hansis et al (2015). |url-status=live}}]]]
[[Climate change in Brazil]] is causing higher temperatures and longer-lasting heatwaves, changing precipitation patterns, more intense wildfires and heightened fire risk.[{{Cite web |date=19 October 2021 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.g20climaterisks.org/brazil/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=G20 Climate Risk Atlas |language=en-US}}] Brazil's hydropower, agriculture and urban water supplies will be affected.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lac-green-growth-leading-the-change-we-need/brazil |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=World Bank |language=en}}] Brazil's rainforests, and the Amazon, are particularly at risk to climate change. At worst, large areas of the Amazon River basin could turn into savannah, with severe consequences for global climate and local livelihoods.[{{Cite web |last=UNDP Climate Change Adaptation |date=13 August 2012 |title=Brazil |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=www.adaptation-undp.org |language=en}}] [[Extreme weather]] events like droughts and flash floods are causing annual losses of around R$13 billion (US$2.6 billion), equivalent to 0.1% of the country's 2022 GDP. Climate impacts could exacerbate poverty.[{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=13 November 2024 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=26 February 2025 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia }}] In 2026 the Brazilian government has launched a National Climate Change Plan which should cut greenhouse gas emissions by 59% - 67% by 2035, and make the country carbon neutral by 2050.[{{cite web |title=Brazil's climate change targets 59-67% cut in GHG emissions by 2035 from 2005 |url=https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/brazils-climate-change-targets-59-67-cut-ghg-emissions-2035-2005.html |website=Enerdata |access-date=22 March 2026}}] Brazil hosted the [[2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference]],[{{Cite web |title=Information for COP 30 participants (A-Z) {{!}} UNFCCC |url=https://unfccc.int/cop30/ifp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009221513/https://unfccc.int/cop30/ifp |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=unfccc.int |language=en |url-status=live }}] in which it launched the [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|Global carbon market coalition]] immediately joined by 11 countries including Brazil, [[China]], [[European Union|the European Union]], [[United Kingdom]].[{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-date=24 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124205623/https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |url-status=dead }}] According to some calculations, a global carbon market can speed up emission reduction seven-fold.[{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Building a Climate Coalition: Aligning Carbon Pricing, Trade, and Development |url=https://salatainstitute.harvard.edu/building-a-climate-coalition-gcpp-flagship-report/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The Salata Institute |language=en}}]
=== Topography and hydrography ===
{{See also|List of rivers of Brazil}}
[[File:Amazon River ESA387332.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the [[Amazon Delta]]]]
Brazilian topography is diverse, encompassing hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Nearly half of its territory lies below 200 meters, and barely 7% is above 800 meters.[{{cite journal |last1=Alvares |first1=C. A. |last2=Stape |first2=J. L. |last3=Sentelhas |first3=P. C. |last4=de Moraes Gonçalves |first4=J. L. |year=2013 |title=Modeling monthly mean air temperature for Brazil |journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology |volume=113 |issue=3–4 |pages=407–427 |doi=10.1007/s00704-012-0796-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-012-0796-6 |access-date=2026-09-01}}]
The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Natural Regions |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009}}] The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to {{convert|1200|m|sp=us}}.[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Rivers and Lakes |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028044617/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 }}] Major rivers include the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] (the world's largest in terms of water volume), the [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and its major tributary the [[Iguazu River|Iguaçu]] (which includes the [[Iguazu Falls]]), the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro]], [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]], [[Madeira River|Madeira]] and [[Tapajós]] rivers.[{{Cite web |title=Amazon – World's largest tropical rain forest and river basin |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/index.html |access-date=3 June 2010 |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805092911/http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/amazon/index.html |url-status=live }}] Brazil is considered to have the greatest [[biodiversity]] of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://iucngreenlist.org/country/brazil/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=IUCN Green List |language=en-US |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119014359/https://iucngreenlist.org/country/brazil/ |url-status=live }}] Brazil has the most known species of plants (55,000), freshwater fish (3,000) and mammals (over 689).[{{Cite book |last=Palmerlee |first=Danny |title=South America on a Shoestring |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0 |page=275 |oclc=76936293}}] It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most bird species (1,832) and second with the most reptile species (744).[Da Silva, M. and D.W. Minter. 1995. ''Fungi from Brazil recorded by Batista and Co-workers''. Mycological Papers 169. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 585 pp.] Brazil is second only to [[Indonesia]] as the country with the most [[endemic]] species.[{{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=A.D |date=September 2005 |title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World: A Report for the Department of the Environment and Heritage |work=Australian Biological Resources Study |publisher=Australian Biodiversity Information Services |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/05-comparisons.html |access-date=26 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101090709/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/05-comparisons.html |archive-date=1 November 2007}}]
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[{{Cite web |date=6 August 2007 |title=One fifth of the world's freshwater |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/ |access-date=12 June 2008 |website=Amazon |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |archive-date=1 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301055230/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/about_the_amazon/ecosystems_amazon/rivers/ |url-status=live}}] with the [[Atlantic Forest]] and the [[Cerrado]] sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Plant and Animal Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034943/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}] In the south, the [[Araucaria moist forests]] grow under temperate conditions.[{{Cite news |date=1 October 2004 |title=Atlantic Forest, Brazil |work=Map: Biodiversity hotspots |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil |access-date=12 June 2008 |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719212941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil |url-status=live}}]
[[File:20220910 Amazon deforestation and degradation, by country - Amazon Watch.svg|thumb|Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested and highly degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation.[{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025 |url=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910025229/https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2022 |website=Amazon Watch |page=8 |quote=Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.}}]]]
More than one-fifth of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than 70 mammals are endangered.[{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Places We Work: The Atlantic Forest of Brazil |url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5080.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702223313/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5080.html |archive-date=2 July 2010 |access-date=5 December 2007 |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]}}] Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil, 171 are in the Atlantic Forest.[{{Cite web |last=Capobianco |first=João Paulo |title=Biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest |url=http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/biodiv/matatlan/biodiv/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215123917/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/biodiv/matatlan/biodiv/index.htm |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=5 December 2007 |website=Brazil on CD-ROM and Internet |publisher=Ministry of External Relations}}] The Amazon rainforest has been under direct threat of deforestation since the 1970s because of rapid economic and demographic expansion. Extensive legal and illegal logging destroy forests the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through [[habitat destruction]] and [[habitat fragmentation]].[[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] Forest Service website, [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/globe/l_amer/brazil.htm Forest Service International Programs: Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406090854/https://www.fs.usda.gov/about-agency/international-programs |date=6 April 2020}}, retrieved February 2007.] Since 1970, over {{convert|600,000|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of the Amazon rainforest have been cleared by logging.[{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Rhett A. |date=28 March 2006 |title=Brazil to Protect Amazon Rainforest |publisher=MongaBay.com |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0328-amazon.html |access-date=28 November 2007 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405222718/http://news.mongabay.com/2006/0328-amazon.html |url-status=live}}]
In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupied 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.[{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=Preserved native vegetation occupies 61% of Brazil's area, says Embrapa |url=https://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015832/http://g1.globo.com/mato-grosso-do-sul/noticia/2017/01/vegetacao-nativa-preservada-ocupa-61-da-area-do-brasil-diz-embrapa.html |url-status=live}}] For comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.[{{Cite news |title=How Europe has multiplied its forests and why this can be a problem |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105 |access-date=14 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814031104/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-50162105 |url-status=live }}] Brazil has a strong interest in conservation, as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.[{{Cite web |last=Ruiz |first=Sarah |date=12 November 2021 |title=Climate change is pushing Brazil's farmland out of agricultural suitability range |url=https://www.woodwellclimate.org/brazils-farms-losing-agricultural-suitability/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Woodwell climate research center |publisher=Nature Climate Change |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922162632/https://www.woodwellclimate.org/brazils-farms-losing-agricultural-suitability/ |url-status=live}}]
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Brazil|Federal government of Brazil|Elections in Brazil}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Foto oficial de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (ombros) denoise.jpg
| caption1 = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]
[[President of Brazil|President]]
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| caption2 = [[Geraldo Alckmin]]
[[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]]
}}
The form of government is a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Federation|federative]] [[republic]], with a [[presidential system]], as decided in a [[1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum|1993 referendum]].[{{Cite news |last=Pimentel |first=Mauro |title=Lula returns for third term as Brazil president |work=CNN |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230101-lula-returns-for-third-term-as-brazil-president |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101031904/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230101-lula-returns-for-third-term-as-brazil-president |url-status=live}}] The president appoints the [[Minister of State|Ministers of State]], who form the [[Cabinet of Brazil|cabinet]] and assist in government.[{{cite book |last1=Bruns |first1=Axel |last2=Enli |first2=Gunn |last3=Skogerbo |first3=Eli |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders Olof |last5=Christensen |first5=Christian |title=The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50656-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OK1ACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA519 |language=en}}][{{cite web |title=Brazil - The legislature |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/The-legislature |language=en}}] The Chamber of Deputies represents the people of each state, and its members are elected for a four-year term by a system of [[proportional representation]].[{{cite book |last1=Ameringer |first1=Charles D. |title=Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27418-3 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD5qi3MyEHYC&pg=PA105 |language=en}}] Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
According to [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|International IDEA]]'s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Brazil performs in the mid to high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in inclusive suffrage, freedom of religion, and civic engagement.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/brazil |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}] In 2021, the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]]'s [[Democracy Index]] categorized Brazil as a "[[flawed democracy]]", ranking 46th in the report,[{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge |url=https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326122737/https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/eiu-democracy-index-2021.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGDWhBlxfqM9cMZEewC0HoBG0xhm9PFkxb-_IqDsjlxRZgDssKgB0pHGt7yS48UFv94hU4ZW0C_jXaFfmK_5TbL23wtQarQv22nFbg8ZTnHQrrcPg |url-status=live }}] and [[Freedom House]] classified it as a [[Free World|free country]] at ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' report.[{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=Freedom in the World 2021 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf |access-date=3 March 2021 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226172012/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf |url-status=live}}] According to the [[V-Dem Democracy Indices#Regimes of the World|Regimes of the World]] classification Brazil was an [[Representative democracy|electoral democracy]] in year 2024.[{{cite web | title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? | url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf | access-date=14 March 2025}}]
The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.[{{Cite web |title=Embassy of Brazil – Ottawa |url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100724/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=19 July 2007 |quote=Political Institutions – The Executive}}][{{Cite web |title=City Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |access-date=19 July 2007 |quote=Brazil federal, state and local government |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001100905/http://citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |url-status=live }}][{{Cite journal |last=Fontaine |first=Edward |year=1872 |title=Contributions to the Physical Geography of the Mississippi River, and Its Delta |journal=Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York |volume=3 |pages=343–78 |doi=10.2307/196424 |issn=1536-0407 |jstor=196424}}]
For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a [[multi-party system]], with [[proportional representation]]. Voting is [[Compulsory voting|compulsory]] for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[{{Cite web |date=5 October 1988 |title=Government – Brazil |url=http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128075345/http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 |access-date=17 March 2010 |publisher=Southtravels.com}}]
=== Law ===
{{Main|Law of Brazil}}
Brazilian law is based on the [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal system[[http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html "The Brazilian Legal System"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008001827/http://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/bra/en_bra-int-des-ordrjur.html |date=8 October 2009}}, Organization of American States. Retrieved 17 May 2007.] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[José Afonso da Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'' (Malheiros, 2004; {{ISBN|85-7420-559-1}}), p. 46.] {{As of|2022|07}}, there have been 124 amendments.[{{Cite web |title=Amendments to the Brazilian Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/Emendas/Emc/quadro_emc.htm |website=Brazilian Law Compiled |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722185649/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/emendas/emc/quadro_emc.htm |url-status=live }}] The highest court is the [[Supreme Federal Court]]. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[Silva, ''Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo'', p. 592.] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" ({{lang|pt|leis orgânicas}}), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[{{Cite book |last1=Fabiano Deffenti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ba2J5eD8wYC&pg=PA20 |title=Introduction to Brazilian Law |last2=Welber Oliveira Barral |publisher=Kluwer Law International |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-411-2506-4 |pages=20– |access-date=6 June 2013}}] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[{{cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://caj.fiu.edu/national-cj-systems/south-america/brazil/ |website=caj.fiu.edu |quote=The 26 federate states have powers to adopt their own Constitutions and laws; their autonomy, however, is limited by the principles established in the Federal Constitution. }}][{{cite web |title=Federal Republic of Brazil |author=Celina Souza |publisher=[[Forum of Federations]] |url=https://www.forumfed.org/libdocs/Global_Dialogue/Book_1/BK1-C03-br-Souza-en.pdf |format=PDF |quote=Second, the Federal Supreme Court systematically requires the state constitutions and laws to reflect the federal Constitution, thereby imposing a hierarchical interpretation of constitutional norms even though the Constitution does not state this explicitly. }}][{{cite web |title=Legal Systems in Brazil: Overview |url=https://www.montgomery.adv.br/en/legal-systems-in-brazil-overview/ |author=Neil Montgomery |date=2023-01-13 |publisher=montgomery.adv.br |quote=Laws are created at federal, state and municipal levels. The Federal Constitution provides for matters that must be the subject of federal laws, those which may be the subject of either federal or state laws, and those which should be regulated by municipal laws. }}] but criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[{{cite web |title=Brazil 1988 (rev. 2017) |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Brazil_2017 |website=constituteproject.org |quote=The Union has exclusive power to legislate with respect to: I. civil, commercial, penal, procedural, electoral, agrarian, maritime, aeronautical, space and labor law; }}][{{Cite journal |last=da Cunha Melo |first=Leopoldo |date=January 1948 |title=Conceituação de "Território Federal" como unidade política |trans-title=Conceptualization of "Federal Territory" as a political unit |url=https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/19/bg_1948_v5_n58_jan.pdf |journal=Boletim Geográfico |language=pt-br |volume=5 |issue=58 |pages=1128–1133 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020120613/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/19/bg_1948_v5_n58_jan.pdf |url-status=live }}][{{Cite journal |last=Porto |first=Jadson Luís Rebelo |date=March 1999 |title=Os territórios federais e a sua evolução no Brasil |trans-title=The federal territories and their evolution in Brazil |url=http://www.revistapresenca.unir.br/artigos_presenca/15jadsonluisrebeloporto_osterritoriosfederaiseasuaevolucao.pdf |journal=Revista de Educação, Cultura e meio ambiente |language=pt-br |volume=III |issue=15 |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117070657/http://www.revistapresenca.unir.br/artigos_presenca/15jadsonluisrebeloporto_osterritoriosfederaiseasuaevolucao.pdf |url-status=live }}]
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Brazil}}
[[File:Itamaraty (47946720843).jpg|thumb|[[Itamaraty Palace]], the seat of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]]]
Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes [[Non-interventionism|non-intervention]], [[self-determination]], [[Internationalism (politics)|international cooperation]] and the [[Peacebuilding|peaceful settlement of conflicts]] as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.[[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html Article 4 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |date=28 September 2018 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.] According to the constitution, the president has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and [[Treaty|international treaties]], as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.[[http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html Article 84 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919114914/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleIV.html |date=19 September 2019 }} V-Brazil. Retrieved on 20 September 2011.]
Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a [[regional power]] in Latin America, a leader among [[developing countries]], and an emerging [[world power]].[[https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013700/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/news/docs/RL33456.pdf U.S. Congressional Report on Brazil] [[United States Congress]]. Retrieved on 23 June 2009.] Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of [[multilateralism]], peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.[Georges D. Landau, "The Decision-making Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil", Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003] Brazil is a founding member state of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of [[Lusophone]] nations.
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.[Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid Brazil: an emerging aid player] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185641/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid|date=13 January 2011}}). London: Overseas Development Institute] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[Cabral, Lidia 2010. [http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx|date=30 April 2011}}). London: Overseas Development Institute]
=== Military ===
{{Main|Brazilian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Operação "Poseidon 2021" (51475998419).jpg|thumb|Brazilian Navy's flagship [[Brazilian helicopter carrier Atlântico|PHM ''Atlântico'']] and [[Brazilian frigate Liberal (F-43)|frigate ''Liberal'' (F-43)]] (background)]]
The armed forces of Brazil are the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|largest]] in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.[[http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EMI14439-15273-2,00-UMA+NOVA+AGENDA+MILITAR.html Uma Nova Agenda Militar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325232014/http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0%2C%2CEMI14439-15273-2%2C00-UMA%2BNOVA%2BAGENDA%2BMILITAR.html |date=25 March 2017 }} Revista Época. Retrieved on 19 February 2009.] It consists of the [[Brazilian Army]] (including the [[Brazilian Army Aviation|Army Aviation Command]]), the [[Brazilian Navy]] (including the [[Brazilian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] and [[Brazilian Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) and the [[Brazilian Air Force]]. Brazil's [[Conscription in Brazil|conscription policy]] gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6 million [[Military Reserve|reservists]] annually.[{{Citation |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |access-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124129/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |url-status=dead }}] The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.[{{Cite web |title=Sala de imprensa – FAB em números |url=http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617153748/http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 |access-date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Força Aérea Brasileira |language=pt}}]
Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,[{{Cite web |title=Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006 |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Presidência da República |language=pt |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010151021/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm |url-status=live }}] the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, including armored transports and [[battle tank|tanks]].[{{Cite web |title=Military Power |url=http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm |access-date=27 June 2010 |place=Brasil |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045946/http://www.militarypower.com.br/mundo.htm |url-status=live }}] The states' [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and the [[Military Firefighters Corps]] are designated as auxiliary forces of the army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.[Scheina (1987), p. 81.] Today, it is a [[green-water navy|green water]] force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, [[GRUMEC]], unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.[{{Cite web |title=Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate – GruMeC |url=http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327162505/http://tropaselite.t35.com/BRASIL_GRUMEC.htm |archive-date=27 March 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |website=tropaselite.t35.com}}] {{As of|2022}}, it is the only navy in Latin America that operates a [[helicopter carrier]], [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico|NAM ''Atlântico'']] and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.[{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title=Porta-Helicópteros Atlântico agora é Navio-Aeródromo Multipropósito |language=pt-br |publisher=Poder Naval |url=https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180831/https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/ |url-status=live }}]
=== Law enforcement and crime ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Brazil|Crime in Brazil}}
[[File:Sede da Polícia Federal.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the Federal Police of Brazil in Brasília]]
In Brazil, the constitution establishes six different police agencies for law enforcement: [[Federal Police Department]], [[Federal Highway Police (Brazil)|Federal Highway Police]], [[Federal Railroad Police]], Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] and [[Civil Police (Brazil)|Civil Police]]. Of these, the former three are affiliated with federal authorities, the latter two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are overseen by the executive branch of the federal or state governments.[{{Cite web |date=29 April 2012 |title=Ordem pública é prioridade da Força Nacional de Segurança |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=Portal Brasil |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010152940/http://www.brasil.gov.br/defesa-e-seguranca/2012/05/ordem-publica-e-prioridade-da-forca-nacional-de-seguranca |url-status=live }}]
The country has high levels of violent crime, such as gun violence and homicides. In 2022, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) estimated an intentional homicide rate of 21.1 per 100,000 inhabitants.[{{Cite web|url=https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-intentional-homicide-victims|title=dp-intentional-homicide-victims | dataUNODC|website=dataunodc.un.org|access-date=20 November 2025}}] The number considered acceptable by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[{{Cite web |date=31 January 2011 |title=Taxa de delito por 100 mil habitantes |url=http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811121142/http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/estatistica/dados.aspx?id=E |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo}}] In 2025, Brazil recorded 34,086 homicides, down from 38,374 in 2024,[{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22|title=Brasil tem queda de assassinatos em 2025: veja mortes por estado|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2026/01/22/brasil-tem-queda-de-assassinatos-pelo-5o-ano-seguido-veja-taxa-de-mortes-por-estado.ghtml|access-date=2026-02-09|website=G1|language=pt-BR}}] and from a record 63,880 in 2017.[{{Cite news |date=10 August 2018 |title=A Year of Violence Sees Brazil's Murder Rate Hit Record High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/brazil-murder-rate-record.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}] Homicide rates vary regionally. While in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] the homicide rate registered in 2025 was 5.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, in [[Ceará]] it was 32.6 per 100,000 inhabitants.[{{Cite web |title=Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Total {{!}} World Prison Brief |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All |access-date=15 June 2025 |website=www.prisonstudies.org}}] The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.[{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=Brasil tem hoje deficit de 200 mil vagas no sistema prisional |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html |access-date=21 March 2014 |publisher=G1 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193044/http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2014/01/brasil-tem-hoje-deficit-de-200-mil-vagas-no-sistema-prisional.html |url-status=live }}]
=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in Brazil}}
[[Human rights in Brazil]] include the [[right to life]] and [[freedom of speech]]; and condemnation of slavery and torture. The nation ratified the [[American Convention on Human Rights]].[{{cite web|title=Multilateral Treaties - AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)|publisher=[[Organization of American States]]|access-date=11 July 2017|url=http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights_sign.htm}}] The 2017 [[Freedom in the World]] report by [[Freedom House]] gives Brazil a score of "2" for both political rights and civil liberties; "1" represents the most free, and "7", the least.[{{cite web|title=Brazil - Freedom in the World 2017|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/brazil|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708123231/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017/brazil}}] According to [[UNESCO]], "Brazil promotes a vast array of actions for the advancement and defense of human rights, even though it faces enormous social and economic inequalities".[{{cite web|title=Human Rights in Brazil|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/social-and-human-sciences/human-rights|publisher=[[UNESCO]]. [[United Nations]]|access-date=11 July 2017}}] Same-sex couples in Brazil have held nationwide [[Same-sex marriage in Brazil|marriage rights]] since May 2013.[{{cite web |last=Brocchetto |first=Marilia |date=15 May 2013 |title=Brazilian judicial council orders notaries to recognize same-sex marriage |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/15/world/americas/brazil-same-sex-marriage/index.html?eref=edition |access-date=11 July 2017 |work=CNN}}]
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Brazil}}
{{See also|Brazilian real|Agriculture in Brazil|Mining in Brazil|Industry in Brazil}}
[[File:Marginal_Pinheiros_e_Jockey_Club.jpg|thumb|[[São Paulo]] is considered the main financial center of Brazil]]
[[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|B3, the largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization[{{Cite web |title=21 Largest Stock Exchanges in the World |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/21-largest-stock-exchanges-world-154737743.html |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance |date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913071913/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/21-largest-stock-exchanges-world-154737743.html |url-status=live }}]]]
[[File:Soja_Tangará.jpg|thumb|Soybean crop in [[Tangará da Serra]], [[Mato Grosso]][{{Cite news |date=1 July 2015 |title=Brasil será maior exportador agrícola mundial em 2024 |language=pt |publisher=EXAME |url=https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/ |access-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509220949/https://exame.abril.com.br/economia/brasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024/ |archive-date=9 May 2018}}]]]
[[File:10 03 2022 Operação Repatriação - Chegada dos Brasileiros e Estrangeiros provenientes da Ucrânia (51931465965).jpg|thumb|The [[Embraer C-390 Millennium|C-390]], developed by [[Embraer]], the third largest producer of civil aircraft, after [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]][{{Cite web |date=10 October 2010 |title=Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728095448/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=8 February 2014 |publisher=Exame Magazine}}]]]
Brazil is a [[developing country]] with an [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita#Upper-middle income group|upper-middle income]] [[mixed economy|mixed]] [[market economy]] that is rich in natural resources.[{{Cite web |title=6. Brazil |url=https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) |quote=Brazil is rich in a variety of natural resources and is the world's leading producer of tin, iron ore and phosphate. It has large deposits of diamonds, manganese, chromium, copper, bauxite and many other minerals. |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111320/https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm |url-status=live }}] It has the largest national economy in Latin America, the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|tenth largest economy]] in the world by nominal GDP, and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|eighth largest]] by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]].[{{cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=WEO Database, April 2025. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: World, European Union |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}] After rapid growth in preceding decades, Brazil [[2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession|entered a recession in 2014]] amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests; in 2024, the economy began showing consistent significant growth.[{{Cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brazil-economy-expands-again-consumers-120646394.html |title=Brazil Economy Beats Forecasts Again as Consumers Spend Big |access-date=22 December 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207002129/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/brazil-economy-expands-again-consumers-120646394.html }}] Brazil has a [[labor force]] of roughly 100 million, which is the world's [[List of countries by labour force|fifth largest]].[{{Cite web |title=Labor force, total – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003105226/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]]}}] Its [[foreign exchange reserves]] are the [[List of countries by foreign exchange reserves|tenth-highest]] in the world.[{{Cite web |title=Banco Central do Brasil – SDDS |url=https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=www.bcb.gov.br |publisher=[[Central Bank of Brazil]] |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721234432/https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves |url-status=live }}] The [[B3 (stock exchange)|B3]] in São Paulo is the [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization]]. Roughly one-fifth of Brazilians live in poverty: about 3.8% of the total population lives at $3.00 a day,[{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111321/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR |url-status=live }}] while about 23% live at $8.30 a day.[{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[World Bank]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111317/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR |url-status=live }}] Brazil's economy suffers from [[Corruption in Brazil|endemic corruption]] and [[Income inequality in Brazil|high income inequality]].[{{Cite web |last=France |first=Guilherme |date=29 January 2019 |title=Brazil: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption |url=https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |quote=Corruption remains one of the biggest impediments to economic development in Brazil.}}] The [[Brazilian real]] is the national currency.
Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry and a wide range of services.[{{Cite book |last1=Alok Bansal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29 |title=Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices |last2=Yogeshwari Phatak |last3=I C Gupta |last4=Rajendra Jain |publisher=Excel Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7446-708-9 |page=29 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183849/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}] The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the [[Agriculture in Brazil|agriculture sector]] is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.[{{Cite web |title=GDP – composition, by sector of origin |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/ |access-date=3 October 2022 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419042310/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/ |url-status=dead }}]
Brazil is one of the [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|largest producers of various agricultural commodities]],[{{Cite web |title=FAOSTAT |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ |url-status=live }}] and also has a large [[cooperative]] sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.[{{Cite web |title=How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? {{pipe}} ICA |url=https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil |website=ica.coop |access-date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193227/https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil |url-status=live }}] It has been the world's largest [[Coffee production in Brazil|producer of coffee]] for the last 150 years[{{Cite book |last1=Jeff Neilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834 |title=Value Chain Struggles |last2=Bill Pritchard |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4 |page=102 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210521/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}] and is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy, coffee and oranges; is one of the top five producers of maize, cotton, lemon, tobacco, pineapple, banana, beans, coconut, watermelon and papaya; and is one of the top 10 world producers of cocoa, cashew, mango, rice, tomato, sorghum, tangerine, avocado, persimmon, and guava, among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the five largest producers of chicken meat, beef, pork and cow's milk in the world.[{{Cite web |title=Production of Brazil, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}]
In the [[Mining in Brazil|mining sector]], Brazil is among the largest producers of iron ore, copper, gold,[{{Cite web |date=29 June 2019 |title=Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos |url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019 |website=R7.com |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095924/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019 |url-status=live }}] bauxite, manganese, tin, [[niobium]],[{{Cite web |date=12 December 2019 |title=Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo |url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml |website=G1 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144838/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml |url-status=live }}] and nickel. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of [[amethyst]], [[topaz]], [[agate]] and one of the main producers of [[tourmaline]], [[emerald]], [[aquamarine (gemstone)|aquamarine]], [[garnet]] and [[opal]].[{{Cite web |title=Serviço Geológico do Brasil |url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html |website=cprm.gov.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906194936/http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html |url-status=live}}][{{Cite web |title=Rio Grande do Sul: o maior exportador de pedras preciosas do Brasil |url=https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html |website=Band.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502153003/https://noticias.band.uol.com.br/noticias/100000911432/rio-grande-do-sul-o-maior-exportador-de-pedras-preciosas-do-brasil.html |url-status=live}}] The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol and semi-finished iron, among other products.[{{Cite web |title=Fazcomex Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior – Soluções para Comex |url=https://www.fazcomex.com.br/ |website=Fazcomex | Tecnologia para Comércio Exterior |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629234222/https://www.fazcomex.com.br/ |url-status=live}}][{{Cite web |title=Agronegócio tem oito entre os dez produtos líderes das exportações brasileiras em 2019 |url=https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |website=Avicultura Industrial |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193049/https://www.aviculturaindustrial.com.br/imprensa/agronegocio-tem-oito-entre-dez-produtos-l%C3%ADderes-das-exportacoes-brasileiras/20200102-130051-c255 |url-status=live}}]
Brazil is the world's [[List of countries by exports|24th-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|26th-largest importer]] {{as of|2021|lc=y}}.[{{Cite web |title=List of importing markets for the product exported by Brazil in 2021 |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412235829/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7C076%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1 |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |title=List of supplying markets for the product imported by Brazil in 2021 |url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c076%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1 |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[International Trade Centre]] |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114043/https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7C076%7C%7C%7C%7CTOTAL%7C%7C%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C1%7C2%7C1%7C1%7C1 |url-status=live }}] China is its largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include the United States, Argentina, the Netherlands and Canada.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil Trade |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/BRA |access-date=3 October 2022 |publisher=[[World Integrated Trade Solution]] (WITS) |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114046/https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/BRA |url-status=live }}] Its [[Automotive industry in Brazil|automotive industry]] is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|eighth-largest]] in the world.[{{Cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title=Official History of Automobile Industry in Brazil |url=https://anfavea.com.br/site/timeline/?lang=en/ |publisher=National Association of Vehicles Industries |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003114043/https://anfavea.com.br/site/timeline/?lang=en/ |url-status=live }}] In the [[food industry]], Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world in 2019.[{{Cite web |title=Alimentos Processados {{pipe}} A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual |url=https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php |website=alimentosprocessados.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325142658/https://alimentosprocessados.com.br/industria-na-sociedade-brasileira.php |url-status=live }}] The country was the second-largest producer of [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016.[{{Cite web |title=Produção nacional de celulose cai 6,6% em 2019, aponta Ibá |url=https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml |website=Valor Econômico |date=21 February 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221134709/https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2020/02/21/producao-nacional-de-celulose-cai-66percent-em-2019-aponta-iba.ghtml |url-status=live }}] In the [[footwear industry]], Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.[{{Cite web |title=Indústrias calçadistas em Franca, SP registram queda de 40% nas vagas de trabalho em 6 anos |url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml |website=G1 |date=14 July 2019 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714205803/https://g1.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-franca/noticia/2019/07/14/industrias-calcadistas-em-franca-sp-registram-queda-de-40percent-nas-vagas-de-trabalho-em-6-anos.ghtml |url-status=live }}] It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.[{{Cite web |last=Comércio |first=Diário do |date=24 January 2020 |title=Minas Gerais produz 32,3% do aço nacional em 2019 |url=https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614182655/https://diariodocomercio.com.br/livre/minas-gerais-produz-323-do-aco-nacional-em-2019/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/ |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152711/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |title=Indústria automobilística do Sul do Rio impulsiona superavit na economia |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml |website=G1 |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091817/https://g1.globo.com/rj/sul-do-rio-costa-verde/noticia/industria-automobilistica-do-sul-do-rio-impulsiona-superavit-na-economia.ghtml |url-status=live }}] In 2018, the [[chemical industry]] of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.[{{Cite web |title=Indústria Química no Brasil |url=https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pwc.com.br/pt/publicacoes/setores-atividade/assets/quimico-petroquimico/2013/pwc-chemicals-port-13.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}][{{Cite web |title=Estudo de 2018 |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/br/Documents/energy-resources/Deloitte-Abiquim-Setor-Quimico-Relatorio.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}][{{Cite web |title=Produção nacional da indústria de químicos cai 5,7% em 2019, diz Abiquim |url=https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm |website=economia.uol.com.br |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614230629/https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/estadao-conteudo/2020/02/03/producao-nacional-da-industria-de-quimicos-cai-57-em-2019-diz-abiquim.htm |url-status=live }}] Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.[{{Cite web |title=Industria Textil no Brasil |url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619042050/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020}}]
The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers commerce, transport, education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc.[{{Cite web |title=Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018 |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/ |website=VEJA |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193256/https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |title=Produtividade e Comércio Exterior |url=https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index |website=SECINT e SEPEC |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193204/https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index |url-status=live }}] Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.[{{Cite web |title=Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país |date=7 November 2022 |url=https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193345/https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html |url-status=live }}]
=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Brazil}}
[[File:Iguazu Cataratas2.jpg|thumb| [[Iguaçu National Park]] in [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]]]
Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economies of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico.[{{Cite book |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-844-1814-5 |doi=10.18111/9789284418145 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition}}] Revenues from international tourists reached {{USD|6}} billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the [[Late-2000s recession|2008–2009 economic crisis]].[{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2012 |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=World Tourism Organization}}] Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and {{USD|6.8}} billion in receipts were reached in 2011.[{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial |url=http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |language=pt |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012902/http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html |url-status=live}}][{{Cite web |last=Ministério do Turismo |date=13 January 2012 |title=Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011 |work=No Pátio | tudo de bom acontece aqui. |url=http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074421/http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/ |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=No Pátio |language=pt}}] In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).[{{Cite book |url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 |year=2019 |isbn=978-92-844-2115-2 |doi=10.18111/9789284421152 |access-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190830135934/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |s2cid=240665765 |title=International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) }}]
Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of [[ecotourism]] with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]], the [[Pantanal]] in the [[Center-West Region, Brazil|Center-West Region]], beaches at [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], cultural tourism in [[Minas Gerais]] and business trips to [[São Paulo]].[{{Cite book |last=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126 |title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67432-4 |page=126 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183955/https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}]
In terms of the 2024 [[Travel and Tourism Development Index|Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index]] (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 26th place at the world's level, third in the Americas, after Canada and United States.[{{Cite web |title=Travel & Tourism Development Index 2024 |url=https://www.weforum.org/publications/travel-tourism-development-index-2024/}}] [[Domestic tourism]] is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts.[{{cite web |author=Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas |year=2007 |title=Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006 |url=http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062341/http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2008 |access-date=21 June 2008 |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |language=pt}}] The main destination states in 2023 were [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Rio Grande do Sul]].[{{Cite web |title=Veja ranking dos Estados brasileiros que atraem mais turistas estrangeiros |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/ |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Estadão |language=pt-br |archive-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625212216/https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/ |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |last=Redação |first=Da |date=18 January 2024 |title=Brasil recebe 5,9 milhões de estrangeiros em 2023 |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Portal PANROTAS |language=pt-br |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014430/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html |url-status=live }}] The main source of tourists for the entire country is São Paulo state.[{{Cite web |last=Cedeño |first=Karina |date=12 June 2024 |title=Turismo é grande negócio e São Paulo seguirá investindo nele, diz Lucena |url=https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Portal PANROTAS |language=pt-br |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014439/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html |url-status=live}}] In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Bahia]].[{{Cite web |title=Movimentação do turismo bate recorde em vários estados e aquece economia |url=https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Agência Gov |language=pt-br |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619181329/https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados |url-status=live}}] For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).[{{cite web |url=http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf |author=Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e EMBRATUR |year=2006 |title=Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006: Metodologia e Desenvolvimento |publisher=Ministério do Turismo |access-date=22 June 2008 |language=pt |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130164741/http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2006}}]
=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Brazil}}
[[File:Vls1-mockup-test.jpg|thumb|[[VLS-1]] at the [[Alcântara Launch Center]] of the Brazilian Space Agency, in [[Alcântara, Maranhão]]]]
[[File:Ministro participa da inauguração do acelerador de partículas Sirius. (30970744907).jpg|thumb|[[Sirius (synchrotron light source)|Sirius]], a [[diffraction-limited storage ring]] [[synchrotron light source]] at the [[Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron]], in [[Campinas]], São Paulo]]
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.[{{Cite book |last1=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94 |title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006 |last2=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02999-6 |page=94}}] Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the [[Fundação Oswaldo Cruz|Oswaldo Cruz Institute]], the [[Instituto Butantan|Butantan Institute]], the Air Force's [[Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology|Aerospace Technical Center]], the [[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária|Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation]] and the [[National Institute for Space Research]].[{{Cite book |last=United Nations Educational, Scientific |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110 |title=UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World |publisher=UNESCO |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-3-104132-7 |pages=110–18 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184347/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}][{{Cite book |last1=Brian Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324 |title=Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America |last2=Henk H.F. Smid |last3=Thâeo Pirard |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2 |page=324 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}]
The [[Brazilian Space Agency]] has the most developed [[Lists of space programs|space program]] in Latin America, with significant capabilities in launch vehicles, launch sites, and satellite manufacturing.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628 628]}} Brazil is the only country in the Southern Hemisphere involved in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS).[[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html |date=27 November 2020 }} [[NASA]].] The country also [[Submarine Development Program|develops submarines]] and is the world's third largest aircraft producer, primarily through [[Embraer]].
The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium is enriched at the [[Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory]], mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from [[hydroelectricity]]),[{{Cite web |last=O.C. Ferreira |title=O Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro |url=http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225014002/http://www.ecen.com/eee32/sistelet.htm |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=21 March 2013}}] and the country's [[Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto|first nuclear submarine]] is expected to launch in 2029.[{{Cite news |title=Previsão de lançamento |language=pt |work=Marinha do Brasil |url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125114741/https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub |url-status=live}}]
Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[{{Cite web |date=18 August 2008 |title=Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität |url=http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |access-date=30 October 2010 |publisher=Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de |archive-date=4 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121907/http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html |url-status=live}}] with an operational [[Synchrotron]] Laboratory (a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences), and the only Latin American country with a domestic [[Semiconductor fabrication plant|fabrication plant]], the [[CEITEC]].[{{Cite web |title=CEITEC |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055936/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en |archive-date=17 November 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011 |website=Portal Brasil |publisher=Brasil.gov.br}}] According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.[{{Citation |title=Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial |date=26 March 2010 |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |work=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=26 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926123816/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm |url-status=live }}] Brazil ranked 52nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025, up from 66th in 2019.[{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/brazil |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}][{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}][{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |url-status=live }}]
Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], [[Landell de Moura]] and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]],[{{Cite news |date=20 October 1901 |title=M. Santos Dumont Rounds Eiffel Tower |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/10/20/106920457.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}] [[Evaristo Conrado Engelberg]],[{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Engelberg, Inc |url=http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Vintage Machinery |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321054057/http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294 |url-status=live }}] [[Manuel Dias de Abreu]],[Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas] [[Andreas Pavel]][{{Cite web |title=Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=16 December 2015}}] and Nélio José Nicolai.[[http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html Exposição destaca centenário do CEFET-MG] Sítio do Cefet-MG, acessado em 13 de novembro de 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813115503/http://www.cefetmg.br/noticias/2010/11/noticia0014.html |date=13 August 2014 }}] Brazilian science is represented by the likes of [[César Lattes]] (Brazilian physicist Pathfinder of ''[[Pion|Pi Meson]]''),[{{Cite web |title=50 anos do Méson-Pi |url=http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200502/http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html |archive-date=26 May 2011 |access-date=29 December 2010}}] [[Mário Schenberg]] (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),[{{Cite web |title=Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física |url=http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2014}}] [[José Leite Lopes]] (the only Brazilian physicist holder of the ''UNESCO Science Prize''),[{{Cite web |title=Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes |url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |access-date=21 October 2014 |publisher=UNESCOPRESS |archive-date=19 June 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020619150011/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/science/content/news/upress/99-147e.htm |url-status=live }}] [[Artur Avila]] (the first Latin American winner of the [[Fields Medal]]),[[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613202913/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2014/08/1499290-brasileiro-ganha-a-medalha-fields-considerada-o-nobel-da-matematica.shtml |date=13 June 2021 }}.] and [[Fritz Müller]] (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by [[Charles Darwin]]).[West, David A. 2003. Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press]
=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Brazil}}
[[File:Itaipu geral.jpg|thumb|The [[Itaipu Dam]] on the [[Paraná River]], the second largest of the world. [[Energy policy of Brazil|Brazilian energy matrix]] is one of the [[Clean energy|cleanest]] in the world]]
[[File:Energia Eolica.jpg|thumb|[[Wind farm]] in [[Parnaíba]], [[Piauí]]. Brazil is one of the 5 largest producers of wind energy in the world]]
Brazil is the world's [[List of countries by energy consumption and production|eleventh-largest]] energy consumer.[{{Cite web |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01/01/2021&ev=false |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=www.eia.gov |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222938/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=1 |url-status=live }}] Much of its energy comes from [[Renewable energy|renewable sources]], particularly [[hydroelectricity]] and [[ethanol]]; the [[Itaipu Dam]] is the world's largest [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plant]] by energy generation,[{{Cite book |last1=Michael Schmidt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42 |title=Implementing Environmental and Resource Management |last2=Vincent Onyango |last3=Dmytro Palekhov |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-540-77568-3 |page=42 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}] and the country has other large plants such as [[Belo Monte Dam|Belo Monte]] and [[Tucuruí Dam|Tucuruí]]. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.[{{Cite book |last1=OECD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193 |title=OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2001 |last2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |last3=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-92-64-19141-9 |page=193 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184453/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193 |url-status=live }}]
At the end of 2021, Brazil ranked second in the world by installed [[hydroelectric power]] (109.4 GW) and [[biomass]] (15.8 GW), seventh in installed [[wind power]] (21.1 GW) and 14th in installed [[solar power]] (13.0 GW)—on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.[{{Cite web |title=Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=IRENA}}] At the end of 2024, Brazil was the fourth largest producer of wind energy in the world (107.8 TWh), behind only China, the United States and Germany, and the world's fifth largest producer of solar energy (74.7 TWh). Overall, Brazil [[List of countries by renewable electricity production|ranks third globally in renewable electricity production]], after China and the United States, accounting for 7% of the global total.[{{cite web |title=Yearly electricity data |url=https://ember-climate.org/data-catalogue/yearly-electricity-data/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=ember-climate.org}}]
The Brazilian [[Energy materials|energy matrix]] is characterized by a higher degree of renewable energy than the global average; in 2022, the world energy matrix was only 14% renewable energy, compared to 45% in Brazil. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the country's matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.[{{Cite web |url=https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica |title=Matriz Energética e Elétrica |language=pt |website=Empresa de Pesquisa Energética }}] Similarly, the vast majority of Brazilian electricity is derived from renewable sources: 83% compared to 25% worldwide. The leading sources are hydraulic energy at 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind, 8.6%; solar, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; and coal and derivatives, 3.3%.[[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135506/https://antigo.aneel.gov.br/web/guest/sala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2/-/asset_publisher/zXQREz8EVlZ6/content/brasil-termina-2021-com-maior-acrescimo-em-potencia-instalada-desde-2016/656877?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fantigo.aneel.gov.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fsala-de-imprensa-exibicao-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=2&p_p_col_count=3&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_delta=15&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=false&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_cur=5&_101_INSTANCE_zXQREz8EVlZ6_andOperator=true] National Agency of Energy]
The Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. By the end of 2021, the country was the seventh largest oil producer in the world, with an average of nearly three million barrels per day, and became an exporter of the product.[{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/brasil-anuncia-aumento-da-producao-de-petroleo-em-10-para-ajudar-a-estabilizar-precos/|title=Brasil anuncia aumento da produção de petróleo em 10% para ajudar a estabilizar preços |first=Fernando |last=Nakagawa |date=23 March 2022 |website=CNN Brasil}}][{{Cite web |title=Produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil ultrapassa 4 milhões de boe/d pela primeira vez |url=http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez |date=19 February 2020 |website=[[Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220091405/http://www.anp.gov.br/noticias/5628-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-no-brasil-ultrapassa-4-milhoes-de-boe-d-pela-primeira-vez |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}]
=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Brazil}}
[[File:Sao paulo airport terminal 3.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3 of the [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]], the [[List of the busiest airports in Latin America|busiest airport in Latin America]]]]
[[File:Rodovia Dutra - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[BR-116]] in [[São José dos Campos]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], the longest [[Brazilian Highway System|highway]] in the country,[{{Cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Qual é a maior rodovia do Brasil? |url=https://summitmobilidade.estadao.com.br/ir-e-vir-no-mundo/qual-e-a-maior-rodovia-do-brasil/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=[[O Estado de S.Paulo]] |language=pt-br |archive-date=15 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215144726/https://summitmobilidade.estadao.com.br/ir-e-vir-no-mundo/qual-e-a-maior-rodovia-do-brasil/ |url-status=dead }}] with {{convert|4542|km|mi|abbr=on}} of extension[{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=BR-116 |url=http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/116.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127001608/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/02-rodo/3-loc-rodo/loc-rodo/116.htm |archive-date=27 January 2013 |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=Banco de Informações e Mapas de Transportes/[[Ministry of Transport (Brazil)]] |language=pt-br}}]]]
Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The [[Brazilian Highway System|road system]] totaled {{convert|2000000|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2023,[{{Cite web |title=Brazilian road network in 2019 |url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2021/Rodoviario/1-3-1-1-1-/Malha-rodovi%C3%A1ria-total |website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br}}] ranking [[List of countries by road network size|fourth largest]] by size globally. The total of paved roads increased from {{convert|35496|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1967 to {{convert|215000|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2018.[{{Cite web |title=Anuário CNT do Transporte |url=https://anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br/2018/ |website=anuariodotransporte.cnt.org.br}}]
Brazil's [[Rail transport in Brazil|railway system]] has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The country's total railway track length was {{convert|30576|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2015,[{{Cite web |title=Extensão da Malha Ferroviária – 2015 |url=http://anuario.antt.gov.br/index.php/content/view/4751/Ferroviaria.html |publisher=ANTT |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208195757/http://anuario.antt.gov.br/index.php/content/view/4751/Ferroviaria.html }}] as compared with {{convert|31848|km|0|abbr=on}} in 1970, making it the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|ninth largest network]] in the world. Most of the railway system belonged to the [[RFFSA|Federal Railroad Network Corporation]] (RFFSA), which was privatized in 2007.[[http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html "OPrincipais ferrovias"]. Ministerio dos Transportes {{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092636/http://www2.transportes.gov.br/bit/03-ferro/princ-ferro.html |date=29 March 2013 }}] The [[São Paulo Metro]] began operating on 14 September 1974 as the first underground transit system in Brazil.[{{Cite web |last=Arquitetura |first=INBEC Pós-Graduação- Engenharia |date=4 February 2020 |title=Conheça a história da construção do Metrô de São Paulo |url=https://inbec.com.br/blog/conheca-historia-construcao-metro-sao-paulo |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=INBEC Pós-Graduação |language=pt-BR}}]
There are over 4,900 airports and airfields in Brazil, second only to the United States.[{{Cite book |last=Guilherme Lohmann Palhares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA48 |title=Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-67432-4 |page=48}}][{{Cite web |title=Relatorio Operacional 2018 |url=https://www.gru.com.br/pt/RelatorioOperacional/2018-12.pdf |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo}}]
For freight transport, waterways are of importance. The [[Free Economic Zone of Manaus|industrial zones of Manaus]] can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway ({{convert|3250|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, with a minimum depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=off|spell=in|sp=us}}). The country also has {{convert|50000|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} of waterways.[[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |date=13 June 2007 }} [[The World Factbook]]. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.] Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at [[Santos, São Paulo|Santos]]. Of the 36 deep-water ports, [[Port of Santos|Santos]], [[Port of Itajaí|Itajaí]], [[Port of Rio Grande|Rio Grande]], [[Port of Paranaguá|Paranaguá]], [[Port of Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]], Sepetiba, [[Port of Tubarão|Vitória]], [[Suape Port|Suape]], [[Port of Manaus|Manaus]] and [[Port of São Francisco do Sul|São Francisco do Sul]] are the most important.[[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227224101/http://www.mzweb.com.br/santosbrasil/web/conteudo_pt.asp?idioma=0&tipo=3958&conta=28 "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres"], Santos Brasil. {{in lang|pt}}] Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced; container ships take 36.3 hours on average.[{{Cite web |first1=Fábio |last1=Amato |date=24 March 2013 |title=Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC |url=http://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2013/03/navios-esperam-ate-16-dias-para-atracar-em-porto-do-pais-diz-mdic.html |website=Economia}}]
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Brazil|Brazilians}}
{{See also|Immigration to Brazil|List of Brazilian states by population density}}
[[File:Population density Brazil 2022.svg|thumb|Population density of Brazilian municipalities]]
According to the latest official projection, Brazil's estimated population was 214,211,951 on 1 July 2026—an increase from the figure of 203 million reported by the 2022 census.[{{Cite web |title=Estimativas da população residente para os municípios e para as unidades da federação {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9103-estimativas-de-populacao.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=www.ibge.gov.br}}][{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=Brazilian population likely to start shrinking in 2042 |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2024-08/brazilian-population-likely-start-shrinking-2042 |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Agência Brasil |language=en}}] The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million ({{convert|22.31|PD/km2|disp=or|abbr=out|sp=us}}), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1 and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[2008 PNAD, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=261&i=P&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=261&unit=0&pov=1&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=2&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=93&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&orc58=5&opn7=0&decm=99&ascendente=on&sep=43343&orn=1&qtu7=9&pon=2&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"]] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeast (89 million inhabitants) and Northeast (54.6 million inhabitants), while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of Brazilian territory, have a total of only 33.8 million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out [[1872 Brazilian census|in 1872]] and recorded a population of 9,930,478.[[http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en "Brazil population reaches 190.8 million"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809205237/http://www.brasil.gov.br/news/history/2011/04-1/29/brazil-population-reaches-190.8-million/newsitem_view?set_language=en |date=9 August 2013 }}. Brasil.gov.br.] From 1880 to 1930, four million Europeans arrived.[[http://www.migrationinformation.org/profiles/display.cfm?id=311 "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration"]. Migration Policy Institute.] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the [[mortality rate]], even though the [[birth rate]] underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years,[José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, [http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019004601/http://cedeplar.face.ufmg.br/pesquisas/td/TD%20227.pdf |date=19 October 2016 }} Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.] and to 72.6 years in 2007.[{{Cite web |date=29 November 1999 |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1 |access-date=25 January 2010 |publisher=IBGE}}] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050,[{{Cite web |title=Projeção da População do Brasil – Brazil's populational projection |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272 |access-date=25 January 2010 |publisher=IBGE}}] thus completing the [[demographic transition]].[Magno de Carvalho, [http://www.observasaude.sp.gov.br/BibliotecaPortal/Acervo/Estrutura_Demogr%C3%A1fica_Brasil.pdf "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil"]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, pp. 7–8.] In 2022, the illiteracy rate was roughly 7%,[{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=2022 Census: Illiteracy rate falls from 9.6% to 7.0% in 12 years, though inequalities persist {{!}} News Agency |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/40118-2022-census-illiteracy-rate-falls-from-9-6-to-7-0-in-12-years-though-inequalities-persist |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=en-GB}}] a significant decline from 11.48% in 2008.[PNAD 2008, IBGE. [http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=271&i=P&sec59=93024&sec59=1023&sec59=1024&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=271&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&orc59=5&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&poc1=1&sec58=0&orp=7&qtu3=27&opv=1&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=4&opc58=1&qtu2=5&sev=121&sev=1000121&sec2=0&poc59=2&opp=1&opn3=0&orc1=3&poc58=1&qtu1=1&cabec=on&opc59=1&ascendente=on&sep=43345&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc58=6&opn7=0&decm=99&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1 "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade"].] By comparison, in 1940, more than half the population (54%) was illiterate.[{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=IDBGE |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm |access-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=IBGE |language=pt}}]
The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], and [[Belo Horizonte]]—all in the Southeastern Region—with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[{{cite web|url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855|title=Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo|language=portuguese|publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|access-date=16 March 2017}}][{{Cite web |title=Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil |url=http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=16 March 2017 |publisher=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |page=148 |language=pt}}][{{Cite FTP |title=Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016 |url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf |access-date=16 March 2017 |server=Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics |url-status=dead |language=pt}}] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], the capital of [[Espírito Santo]], and [[Florianópolis]], the capital of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].[{{cite web |title=Brazil Cities by Population 2026 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com |website=World Population Review |access-date=2026-08-31}}]
{{Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil}}
=== Race and ethnicity ===
{{Main|Race and ethnicity in Brazil}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Racial groups in Brazil ([[2022 Brazilian census|2022 census]])[2008 PNAD, IBGE. [https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml].]
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country:
* European ancestry being dominant according to all autosomal studies undertaken covering the population, accounting for between 60% and 65% of the average genetic makeup of the Brazilian population.[{{Cite journal |last1=De Assis Poiares |first1=Lilian |last2=De Sá Osorio |first2=Paulo |last3=Spanhol |first3=Fábio Alexandre |last4=Coltre |first4=Sidnei César |last5=Rodenbusch |first5=Rodrigo |last6=Gusmão |first6=Leonor |last7=Largura |first7=Alvaro |last8=Sandrini |first8=Fabiano |last9=Da Silva |first9=Cláudia Maria Dornelles |year=2010 |title=Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population |url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=e61–63 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 |pmid=20129458 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xmleMZgv?url=http://www.alvaro.com.br/pdf/trabalhoCientifico/ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2011}}][[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml Brazilian DNA is nearly 80% European, indicates study].][{{cite web |author=Godinho, Neide Maria de Oliveira |year=2008 |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |url=http://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/5542/1/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162240/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}][{{Cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2=Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy Fde |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=MO |last11=De Moraes |first11=ME |last12=De Moraes |first12=MR |last13=Ojopi |first13=EB |last14=Perini |first14=JA |last15=Racciopi |first15=C |display-authors=9 |year=2011 |editor-last=Harpending |editor-first=Henry |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=2 |article-number=e17063 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmc=3040205 |pmid=21359226 |doi-access=free |last16=Ribeiro-Dos-Santos |first16=AK |last17=Rios-Santos |first17=F |last18=Romano-Silva |first18=MA |last19=Sortica |first19=VA |last20=Suarez-Kurtz |first20=G}}]
* African ancestry among the Brazilians is estimated at 20% to 25% of the average genetic makeup[{{Cite journal |last1=Lins |first1=T. C. |last2=Vieira |first2=R. G. |last3=Abreu |first3=B. S. |last4=Grattapaglia |first4=D. |last5=Pereira |first5=R. W. |date=March–April 2009 |title=Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs |url=https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489 |journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.20976 |pmid=19639555 |s2cid=205301927 |doi-access=free}}][{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Bortolini |first2=Maria Cátira |date=1 April 2004 |title=Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? |journal=Estudos Avançados |volume=18 |issue=50 |pages=31–50 |doi=10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10183/19857}}]
* Indigenous ancestry is significant and present in all regions of Brazil, accounting for around 15% to 20% of the average genetic ancestry of Brazilians.[{{Cite journal |last1=Callegari-Jacques |first1=S. M. |last2=Grattapaglia |first2=D. |last3=Salzano |first3=F. M. |last4=Salamoni |first4=S. P. |last5=Crossetti |first5=S. G. |last6=Ferreira |first6=M. R. E. |last7=Hutz |first7=M. H. |date=November–December 2003 |title=Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population |url=http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]] |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=824–834 |doi=10.1002/ajhb.10217 |pmid=14595874 |s2cid=34610130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706152708/http://www.hereditas.com.br/pdfs/AJHB-Callegari-Jacquesetal2003.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}][{{cite web |title=Retrato molecular do Brasil |url=http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Retrato%20molecular%20do%20Brasil@Folha%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo@26-03-2000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306064232/http://publicacoes.gene.com.br/Imprensa_genealogia/Retrato%20molecular%20do%20Brasil@Folha%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo@26-03-2000.htm |archive-date=6 March 2008 |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=Publicacoes.gene.com.br }}]
From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to [[Immigration to Brazil|immigration]]. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]], [[Brazilians of Spanish descent|Spanish]], [[German Brazilian|German]], [[English Brazilian|English]], [[Ukrainian Brazilian|Ukrainian]], [[Polish Brazilian|Polish]], [[Jewish Brazilian|Jewish]], [[Afro-Brazilian|African]], [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Russians in Brazil|Russian]], [[Chinese Brazilian|Chinese]], [[Japanese Brazilian|Japanese]], [[Korean Brazilian|Korean]] and [[Arab Brazilian|Arab]] origin.[{{Cite journal |last=Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy |year=1974 |title=O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) |journal=Revista de Saúde Pública |volume=8 |issue=supl |pages=49–90 |doi=10.1590/S0034-89101974000500003 |doi-access=free}}, Table 2, p. 74. {{in lang|pt}}][Zirin, 2014. Chapter 2, Section ''"The Beginning of the 'Mosaic' ''".][{{Cite journal |last=Grün |first=Roberto |date=July 1996 |title=The Armenian Renaissance in Brazil |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/the-armenian-renaissance-in-brazil/759304E77521DF48F0C1F1DD95C0D3E2 |journal=The Americas |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=113–151 |doi=10.2307/1007476 |issn=0003-1615 |jstor=1007476 |s2cid=143656550|url-access=subscription }}] Brazil has the second-largest Jewish community in Latin America after Argentina making up 0.06% of its population.[{{Cite web |title=The Jewish Community in Brazil |url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-brazil/ |website=Beit Hatfutsot}}] Outside of the [[Arab world]], Brazil also has the largest [[Arab diaspora|population]] of Arab ancestry in the world, with 15–20 million people.[{{Cite book |last=Silvia Ferabolli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5CbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |title=Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective |date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-65803-0 |page=151 |quote=According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.}}][{{Cite book |last=Paul Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGKuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01496-2 |page=40 |quote=there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.}}] According to Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil is home to a Lebanese diaspora of 7-10 million, surpassing the population of Lebanese individuals residing in Lebanon.[{{Cite web |last=Bercito |first=Diogo |date=8 June 2021 |title=From Beirut to Brazil |url=https://ccas.georgetown.edu/2021/06/08/from-beirut-to-brazil/ |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=CCAS |language=en-US}}]
Brazilian society is more [[Social issues in Brazil|markedly divided by social class lines]], although a high [[Income inequality in Brazil|income disparity]] is found [[Social apartheid in Brazil|between race groups]], so racism and [[Class discrimination|classism]] often overlap. The brown population (officially called ''pardo'' in Portuguese)[Coelho (1996), p. 268.][Vesentini (1988), p. 117.] is a broad category that includes ''[[caboclo]]s'' (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), ''[[Mulatto|mulatos]]'' (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and ''[[Zambo|cafuzos]]'' (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).[Adas, Melhem ''Panorama geográfico do Brasil'', 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 {{ISBN|85-16-04336-3}}][Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3.][Moreira (1981), p. 108.] Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75.] and also in northern Maranhão,[''Enciclopédia Barsa'', vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355.][Azevedo (1971), p. 74.] southern Minas Gerais[Azevedo (1971), p. 161.] and eastern Rio de Janeiro.[''Enciclopédia Barsa'', vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265.] In 2007, the [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|National Indian Foundation]] estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of [[uncontacted peoples]] in the world.[[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes"], ''The Washington Post'' (8 July 2007).]
=== Language ===
{{Main|Languages of Brazil|Portuguese language|Brazilian Portuguese|List of endangered languages in Brazil}}[[File:AssuncaodoIcana.jpg|thumb|[[Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory]], in [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]],
where [[Nhengatu]], [[Tucano language|Tucano]] and [[Karu language|Baniwa]] are co-official languages]]
[[File:Ruas de Pomerode (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Pomerode]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], where the [[East Pomeranian dialect|East Pomeranian]] is the [[second language]] (see [[Brazilian German]])]]
The official language of Brazil is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil – Language |url=http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}]
[[Brazilian Portuguese]] has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese[{{Cite web |date=25 April 2009 |title=Learn About Portuguese Language |url=http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424 |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=Sibila.com.br |archive-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420010533/http://www.sibila.com.br/index.php/world-map-of-portuguese/424 }}] (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and [[Portuguese Brazilian|more recent immigrants]], coming from [[Northern Portugal|Northern regions]], and in minor degree Portuguese [[Macaronesia]]), with a few influences from the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Amerindian]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], especially [[West Africa]]n and [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] restricted to the vocabulary only.[{{Cite web |title=Languages of Brazil |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br |access-date=9 June 2008 |publisher=Ethnologue}}]
The 2002 [[recognition of sign languages|sign language law]][[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910070529/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/LEIS/2002/L10436.htm LEI Nº 10.436, DE 24 DE ABRIL DE 2002]. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved on 19 May 2012.] requires government authorities and public agencies to accept and provide information in ''Língua Brasileira dos Sinais'' or "LIBRAS", the [[Brazilian Sign Language]], while a 2005 presidential edict[[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/decreto/d5626.htm Brazilian decree nº 5626, 22 December 2005]. Planalto.gov.br (23 December 2005). Retrieved on 19 May 2012.] extends this to require teaching of the language as a part of the education and [[speech and language pathology]] curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("[[inclusion (education)|inclusion]]") to deaf people.[{{Cite book |last=Charles J. Russo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuV1cZ7NJHIC&pg=PA45 |title=The Legal Rights of Students with Disabilities: International Perspectives |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-1085-1 |page=45}}]
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.[{{Cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Lyle |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide |last2=Grondona |first2=Verónica |last3=Muysken |first3=Peter |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-11-025803-5 |page=247 |chapter=Contacts between indigenous languages in South America |quote=Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paulo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.}}] [[Baniwa of Içana|Baniwa]] and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.[{{Cite news |last=Rohter |first=Larry |date=28 August 2005 |title=Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html |access-date=14 July 2008}}]
There are significant communities of German (mostly the [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch|Brazilian Hunsrückisch]], a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the [[Talian dialect|Talian]], a [[Venetian language|Venetian]] dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.[{{Cite web |title=O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil |url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html |publisher=DW-World.de}}][{{Cite web |title=ELB |url=https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm |website=labeurb.unicamp.br |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040310184701/https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm |url-status=dead }}] Talian is officially a historic heritage of [[Rio Grande do Sul]],[{{Cite web |title=Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile |url=http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304160633/http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=Sitoveneto}}] and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.[{{Cite book |last=Patrick Stevenson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39 |title=The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-823738-9 |page=39}}] Italian is also recognized as "ethnic language" in [[Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo|Santa Teresa]] and [[Vila Velha]], in the state of [[Espírito Santo]].[{{cite web |last=Angelini |first=Andrea |date=6 September 2018 |title=Not just Dante: Italian speaking countries in the world – part two |url=https://italicsmag.com/2018/09/06/italian-language-countries-world-2 |website=Italics Magazine |access-date=26 August 2025}}]
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Brazil}}
{{Further|Catholic Church in Brazil|Protestantism in Brazil}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = [[Religion in Brazil]] (2022 Census)
| label1 = [[Catholic Church in Brazil|Catholicism]]
| value1 = 56.75
| color1 = Gold
| label2 = [[Protestantism]]
| value2 = 26.85
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[Irreligion|No religion]]
| value3 = 9.28
| color3 = White
| label4 = [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
| color4 = Red
| value4 = 1.84
| label5 = Other religions
| value5 = 5.06
| color5 = Green
| label6 = Not stated
| value6 = 0.17
| color6 = Black
}}
Christianity is the country's predominant faith, with Catholicism being its largest denomination. Brazil has the [[Catholic Church by country|world's largest Catholic population]].[{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=The Global Catholic Population |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}][{{Cite conference |date=8 November 2005 |title=Brazil |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=8 June 2008 |book-title=International Religious Freedom Report}}][{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Catholic population hits 1.4 billion |url=https://www.ewtnnews.com/vatican/worldwide-catholic-population-hits-14-billion |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}] According to the 2022 demographic census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 56.75% of the population followed Catholicism; 26.85% [[Protestantism in Brazil|Protestantism]]; 1.84% Kardecist spiritism; 5.06% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 9.28% had no religion.[{{Cite book |last1=Kevin Boyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211 |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |last2=Juliet Sheen |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-72229-7 |page=211}}] This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities.[{{Cite web |title=Brazil |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil |archive-date=25 August 2011 |access-date=7 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}}]
Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,[{{Cite book |last=Brian Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223 |title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85241-8 |page=223}}] and the Protestant community had grown to include over 22% of the population by 2010—partly due to a mixture of American missionary and [[US government]] influence.[{{Cite book |last1=William Jeynes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405 |title=International Handbook of Protestant Education |last2=David W. Robinson |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-94-007-2386-3 |page=405}}][{{Cite web |last=Tautz |first=Carlos |date=7 April 2025 |title=Como os EUA usaram a religião para combater o comunismo no Brasil |url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/04/07/como-os-eua-usaram-a-religiao-para-combater-o-comunismo-no-brasil/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Intercept Brasil |language=pt-BR}}][{{Cite web|title=Pregadores evangélicos dos EUA invadem o Brasil com a receita que elegeu Trump|url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/10/09/pregadores-evangelicos-eua-invadem-brasil/|website=Intercept Brasil|date=2025-10-09|access-date=2025-12-02|language=pt-BR|first=Gilberto|last=Nascimento}}] The most common Protestant denominations are [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the [[Baptists]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] and the [[Calvinism|Reformed tradition]].[{{Cite FTP |title=2010 census results |server=FTP server |url-status=dead |url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf}}] In recent decades, Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics had dropped significantly during the 2010s.[See the drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism" for further details.] As they have spread throughout Brazil, many have even been deeply involved in Brazilian and international politics,[{{Cite web |date=8 July 2024 |title=Conservative evangelicals use social media to sway Brazil election |url=https://restofworld.org/2024/brazil-election-evangelical-youtubers/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US}}][{{Cite web |last=Iacomini |first=Franco |date=5 March 2024 |title=Brazilian Evangelicals Bring Their Political Playbook to Portugal |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/03/brazilian-evangelicals-politics-po/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=Christianity Today |language=en-US}}] and Evangelical Protestant influence has been implicated in the [[2022 Brazilian coup plot]].[{{Cite news |date=18 January 2023 |title=The shared religious roots of twin insurrections in the US and Brazil |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2023/01/18/brazil-insurrection-evangelical-christianity/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}] Since 2022, Evangelicals and Catholics have begun reconsidering religion as a political factor;[{{Cite web |title="Religião como fator político está diminuindo", diz especialista à CNN |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/religiao-como-fator-politico-esta-diminuindo-diz-especialista-a-cnn/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=CNN Brasil |date=14 February 2025 |language=pt-BR}}] however, several Evangelical denominations have continued strategically expanding their power in national politics.[{{Cite web|title=Universal e Assembleia de Deus já miram eleição de 2026 de olho na herança de Bolsonaro e em mais poder no Congresso|url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2025/07/09/universal-assembleia-deus-eleicao-2026-bolsonaro-poder-congresso/|website=Intercept Brasil|date=2025-07-09|access-date=2025-12-02|language=pt-BR|first=Gilberto|last=Nascimento}}]
[[File:Cristo Redentor - Rio de Janeiro - 20230321174546.jpg|thumb|The [[Christ the Redeemer (statue)|Cristo Redentor]] statue towers over Rio de Janeiro.|left]]
After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, having exceeded 8% of the population according to the 2010 census. The cities of [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], and [[Porto Velho]] have the greatest proportion of [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] residents in Brazil. [[Teresina]], [[Fortaleza]], and [[Florianópolis]] were the most Roman Catholic in the country.[{{Cite web |date=23 August 2011 |title=G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html |access-date=7 April 2012 |publisher=G1.globo.com}}] [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]], not including the city proper, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while [[Greater Porto Alegre]] and Greater [[Fortaleza]] are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.[{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783 |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=[[O Globo]]}}][{{Cite web |title=Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010. |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=Casa Civil da Presidência da República}}]
=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Brazil}}
[[File:Arquitetura Prédio Histórico da Universidade Federal do Paraná.jpg|thumb|Historical building of the [[Federal University of Paraná]], one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in [[Curitiba]]]]
The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the union, the states, the Federal District and the municipalities must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.[{{Cite book |last=Usa Ibp Usa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhWjfK8CswC&pg=PA42 |title=Brazil: Tax Guide |publisher=Int'l Business Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7397-3279-3 |page=42}}]
According to the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]], the literacy rate was 93.4% in 2019, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states such as [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] reaching around 97% of literacy rate;[{{Cite web |title=IBGE: Analfabetismo cai no país, mas fica estagnado no Nordeste |url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/07/15/ibge-analfabetismo-cai-no-pas-mas-fica-estagnado-no-nordeste.ghtml |website=Globo.com |date=15 July 2020 |language=pt}}] functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.[{{Cite book |last=The Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-9eSrZtYAAC&pg=PA143 |title=The World Factbook 2010 |publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59797-541-4 |edition=CIA 2009 |page=143}}] Illiteracy is higher in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the [[South Region, Brazil|South]], has 3.3% illiteracy.[{{Cite book |last=World Bank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YttV-Ggq90UC&pg=PA40 |title=Rural Poverty Alleviation in Brazil: Towards an Integrated Strategy |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8213-5206-9 |page=40}}][{{Cite web |last=Laplane |first=Mario |title=Efforts towards inclusion |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/impact-public-and-private-education-social-inequality-brazil |website=D + C, Development and cooperation|date=14 May 2019 }}] The [[University of São Paulo]] is often considered [[College and university rankings|the best in Brazil and Latin America]].[{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2024 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104115634/https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }}] Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian; most are [[Public university|public]]. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. Kindergarten, elementary and medium education are required of all students.[{{Cite web |title=QS University Rankings Latin America |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2019 |access-date=11 November 2018 |publisher=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}]
=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Brazil}}
{{See also|Healthcare in Brazil|Sistema Único de Saúde}}
[[File:Hospital de Clínicas PMPA.jpg|thumb|The [[Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre|Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre]] is academically linked to the [[Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul]] and is part of the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|SUS]], the Brazilian [[publicly funded health care]] system]]
The Brazilian [[public health]] system, the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|Unified Health System]] (''Sistema Único de Saúde'' – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,[{{Cite book |last1=Gerard Martin La Forgia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17 |title=Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence |last2=Bernard F. Couttolenc |publisher=World Bank Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8213-7359-0 |page=17}}] being the largest system of this type in the world.[{{Cite web |title=20 Anos do SUS |url=http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Conselho Nacional de Saúde}}] On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.[{{Cite book |last=Lawrence F. Wolper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33 |title=Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7637-3144-1 |page=33}}] Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2021, Brazil had 2.1 doctors and 2.5 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.[{{Cite web |title=Physicians (per 1,000 people) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BR |website=World Health Organization's Global Health Workforce Statistics}}][{{Cite web |title=Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS |website=World Health Organization The World Bank}}]
Despite all the progress made since the creation of the [[universal health care]] system in 1988, there are still several public health issues in Brazil. In 2023, [[List of countries by infant mortality rate|infant]] (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (197.3 deaths per 100,000 births) were still high.[{{Cite web |title=Saúde |url=http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216074831/http://www.planejamento.gov.br/secretarias/upload/Arquivos/spi/programas_projeto/radar_social/2006_PRP_Radar_radarSocial.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |access-date=10 June 2008 |website=Radar social |publisher=Ministério do Planejamento}}] The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) in 2000.[{{cite web |url= https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf |title= Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries |author= Ajay Tandon, Christopher JL Murray, Jeremy A Lauer, David B Evans |page= 20 |issn= |doi= |pmid=|publisher= World Health Organization
|volume= |issue= |access-date= 27 March 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260327093317/https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Statistics/WHO-COMP-Study-30.pdf|archive-date= 27 March 2026 }}]
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Brazil}}
[[File:Desfile Portela 2014 (906185).jpg|thumb|Parade of [[Portela (samba school)|Portela]] [[samba school]] at the [[Rio Carnival]], the largest [[carnival]] in the world[[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/largest-carnival/ Largest Carnival] ''Guinness World Records''.]]]
The core culture of Brazil is derived from [[Culture of Portugal|Portuguese culture]], due to its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.[{{Cite book |author=Teresa A. Meade |author-link=Teresa Meade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6Jw-KNq2QUC&pg=PA146 |title=A Brief History of Brazil |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5 |page=146}}] Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. Brazilian culture was also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[{{Cite book |last=David Levinson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325 |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |page=325}}]
Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.[{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey Lesser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJW029DYOZoC&pg=PA150 |title=Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-19362-7 |pages=150–55}}] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and [[Brazilian cuisine|cuisine]]; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, [[Music of Brazil|music]], dance and religion.[{{Cite news |last=Freyre |first=Gilberto |year=1986 |title=The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022/print |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424150239/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022/print |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 April 2008 |access-date=8 June 2008}}]
[[Brazilian art]] has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from [[Baroque in Brazil|Baroque]] (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[Leandro Karnal, ''Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI'', São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on [http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm fflch.usp.br] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm |date=24 July 2013 }}][[http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 "The Brazilian Baroque"], ''Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001754/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8 |date=30 April 2011 }}] to [[Brazilian academic art|Romanticism]], [[Modern art|Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]], [[Surrealism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstractionism]]. [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazilian cinema]] dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.[{{Cite book |last=Leslie Marsh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3 |title=Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-252-09437-8 |page=3}}]
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Brazil}}
[[File:Catedral1 Rodrigo Marfan.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Brasília]], designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer for the federal capital, an example of Modern architecture]]
The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time, when Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil in 1500. [[Portuguese colonial architecture]] was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.[Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.] It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.[Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press.] In the 19th century, during the time of the Empire of Brazil, the country followed European trends and adopted [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture]]. Then, in the 20th century, especially in Brasília, Brazil experimented with [[modernist architecture]].
The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century, when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture, which included churches and civic architecture, including houses and forts, in Brazilian cities and the countryside.[Guimaraens, Cêça de. [http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm ''Arquitetura''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908051315/http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm |date=8 September 2003 }}. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.] In the 1950s modernist architecture was introduced when [[Brasília]] was built as a new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect [[Oscar Niemeyer]] idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.[Claro, Mauro. [http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775 "Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"]. In: ''Drops'', 2008; 09 (025.03)]
=== Visual arts ===
{{Main|Brazilian painting}}
[[File:Mural painting "Entry into the Forest" by Candido Portinari, on the vestibule wall of the Hispanic Reading room, Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C LCCN2011631432.tif|thumb|''Entry in the Forest'' mural at the [[Thomas Jefferson Building]] by Candido Portinari, one of the most important Brazilian painters]]
Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,[Louzada, Maria Alice & Louzada, Julio. [http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp ''Os Primeiros Momentos da Arte Brasileira''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153216/http://www.juliolouzada.com.br/primeirosmomentos.asp |date=6 July 2011 }}. Júlio Louzada Artes Plásticas Brasil. Acesso 5 out 2010] influenced by [[Baroque]], [[Rococo]], [[Neoclassicism]], [[Romanticism]], [[Realism (arts)|Realism]], [[Modernism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Surrealism]], [[Cubism]] and [[Abstract art|Abstracionism]] making it a major art style called [[Brazilian academic art]].[Leite, José Roberto Teixeira & Lemos, Carlos A.C. ''Os Primeiros Cem Anos'', in Civita, Victor. ''Arte no Brasil''. São Paulo: Abril Cultural, 1979][{{harvnb|Biscardi|Rocha|2006}}]
Upon the creation of the [[Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (Brazil)|Imperial Academy of Fine Arts]], new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called Modern Art Week broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts.[{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Aracy |last2=Kim Mrazek Hastings |year=1995 |title=Stages in the Formation of Brazil's Cultural Profile |journal=Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts |volume=21 |pages=9–25 |doi=10.2307/1504129 |jstor=1504129}}]
Among the best-known Brazilian painters are [[Ricardo do Pilar]] and [[Manoel da Costa Ataíde]] (baroque and rococo), [[Victor Meirelles]], [[Pedro Américo]] and [[Almeida Júnior]] (romanticism and realism), [[Anita Malfatti]], [[Ismael Nery]], [[Lasar Segall]], [[Emiliano Di Cavalcanti]], [[Vicente do Rego Monteiro]], and [[Tarsila do Amaral]] (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), [[Aldo Bonadei]], [[José Pancetti]] and [[Candido Portinari]] (modernism).[Sevcenko, Nicolau. Pindorama revisitada: cultura e sociedade em tempos de virada. Série Brasil cidadão. Editora Peirópolis, 2000. pp. 39–47]
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Brazil}}
[[File:Tom Jobim e Chico Buarque no Festival Internacional da Canção (FIC) restored.jpg|thumb|[[Tom Jobim]], one of the creators of ''[[bossa nova]]'', and [[Chico Buarque]], one of the leading names of [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]]]]
The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.[{{Cite book |last1=Duduka Da Fonseca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7 |title=Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset |last2=Bob Weiner |publisher=Alfred Music Publishing |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-7692-0987-6 |page=7}}] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was [[José Maurício Nunes Garcia]], author of sacred pieces with an influence of Viennese classicism.[{{Cite book |last=Donna M. Di Grazia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457 |title=Nineteenth-Century Choral Music |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-29409-9 |page=457 |author-link=Donna Di Grazia}}] The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments.[{{Cite web |title=UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Unesco.org}}] [[Samba reggae|Samba-reggae]], [[Axé]], [[Maracatu]], [[Frevo]] and [[Afoxê]] are four music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual [[Brazilian Carnival]]s.[{{Cite book |last=Larry Crook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skjwor64MXwC&pg=PA78 |title=Focus: Music of Northeast Brazil |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-96066-3 |page=78}}] [[Capoeira]] is usually played with its own music referred to as [[capoeira music]], which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.[{{Cite book |last=Peter Fryer |url=https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye |title=Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye/page/39 39] |url-access=registration}}] [[Forró]] is a type of folk music prominent during the [[Festa Junina]] in [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern Brazil]].[{{Cite web |date=25 December 2015 |title=Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ |url=http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/ |website=Brazilian Experience}}] Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the [[University of Missouri]],[{{Cite web |title=Jack A. Draper III |url=https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper |website=Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri}}] argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.[{{Cite book |last=Draper |first=Jack A. III |title=Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration |publisher=Lang |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4331-1076-4 |location=New York |oclc=643568832}}]
[[Choro]] is a popular musical instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. The style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by subtle [[Modulation (music)|modulations]] and full of [[syncopation]] and [[counterpoint]].[{{Cite book |last1=MacGowan |first1=Chris |url=https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa |title=The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil |last2=Pessanha |first2=Ricardo |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56639-545-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa/page/159 159]–61 |url-access=registration}}] [[lambada]] and [[Carimbó]] achieved success in Latin music, originating from Pará.[{{cite web|url=https://americanlambada.org/patrons-history|title=Our Patron's History: Awards|publisher=American Lambada Organization|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-date=30 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930005103/https://americanlambada.org/patrons-history|url-status=dead}}] [[Bossa nova]] is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.{{sfnp|MacGowan|Pessanha|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7MFD-EoTR7MC&pg=PA6 6]}} The phrase "bossa nova" means literally 'new trend'.[{{Cite book |last=Gayle Kassing |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass |title=History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach |publisher=Human Kinetics 10% |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7360-6035-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass/page/236 236] |url-access=registration}}] A lyrical fusion of samba and [[jazz]], bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.[{{Cite book |last=Michael Campbell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299 |title=Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8400-2976-8 |page=299}}]
=== Literature ===
{{Main|Brazilian literature}}{{Multiple image
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[[Brazilian literature]] dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as [[Pero Vaz de Caminha]], filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.{{sfnp|Crocitti|Vallance|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA360 360]}}
Brazil produced significant works in [[Romanticism]]—novelists such as [[Joaquim Manuel de Macedo]] and [[José de Alencar]] wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the [[Indianism (arts)|Indigenist]] novels ''[[The Guarani|O Guarani]]'', ''[[Iracema]]'' and ''[[Ubirajara (novel)|Ubirajara]]''.[[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"]. [http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/ Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa]. Visited on 2 November 2009.] [[Machado de Assis]], one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.[[[Antonio Candido|Candido; Antonio]]. (1970) ''Vários escritos''. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18][Caldwell, Helen (1970) ''Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels''. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.][Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The ''Modern Language Journal'', Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56]
[[Brazilian literature#Modernism|Brazilian Modernism]], evidenced by the [[Modern Art Week]] in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, ''Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação'', p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.] while [[Brazilian literature#Post-Modernism|Post-Modernism]] brought a generation of distinct poets such as [[João Cabral de Melo Neto]], [[Carlos Drummond de Andrade]], [[Vinicius de Moraes]], [[Cora Coralina]], [[Graciliano Ramos]], [[Cecília Meireles]], and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects such as [[Jorge Amado]], [[João Guimarães Rosa]], [[Clarice Lispector]] and [[Manuel Bandeira]].[Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, ''Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003'', p. 288. Routledge, 2004.][Sayers, ''Portugal and Brazil in Transitn'', "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.][Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, ''Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States'': "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.]
Brazil's most significant literary award is the [[Camões Prize]], which it shares with the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world. As of 2016, Brazil has eleven recipients of the prize.[{{Cite web |title=Prêmio Camões de Literatura | Biblioteca Nacional |url=https://www.bn.br/explore/premios-literarios/premio-camoes-literatura |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316050256/http://www.bn.br/explore/premios-literarios/premio-camoes-literatura |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Bn.br |language=pt}}] Brazil also holds its own literary academy, the [[Brazilian Academy of Letters]], a non-profit cultural organization aimed at perpetuating the care of the national language and literature.[{{Cite web |date=3 August 2014 |title=Quem somos | Academia Brasileira de Letras |url=http://www.academia.org.br/academia/quem-somos |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Academia.org.br |language=pt}}]
=== Theatre ===
[[File:Augusto Boal nyc3.jpg|thumb|[[Augusto Boal]] presenting a workshop on the [[Theatre of the Oppressed]] at [[Riverside Church]] in [[New York City]] in 2008]]
The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] expansion, when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, dramatists on the scene of European derivation were for court or private performances.[[http://brasilescola.uol.com.br/biografia/padre-anchieta.htm Padre Anchieta] ''Brasil Escola''.] During the 19th century, the playwrights [[Gonçalves Dias|Antônio Gonçalves Dias]] and [[Martins Pena|Luís Carlos Martins Pena]] were known for their performance.[{{cite web|url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |title=Brazilian Theatre: An Introduction |publisher=Ambasciata brasiliana a Ottawa |language=english |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205061026/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/theater.html |archive-date= 5 February 2012 }}] There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]] became internationally known with operas such as ''[[Il Guarany]]''. At the end of the 19th century, orchestrated dramaturgias were accompanied with songs of famous artists such as the conductress [[Chiquinha Gonzaga]].[[http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196 O Teatro no Brasil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224122845/http://www.arte.seed.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=196 |date=24 February 2021 }} ''Secretaria da Educação do Paraná''.]
Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies. In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors [[Adolfo Celi]], Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the ''Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia'', renewed the Brazilian theater. From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues. The most prominent authors at this stage were [[Jorge Andrade (playwright)|Jorge Andrade]] and [[Ariano Suassuna]].[{{Cite web |title=Rio the Magnificent (1932) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107002139/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7Q1kITY168 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=[[YouTube]]| date=18 April 2008 }}] The films {{lang|pt|[[Limite]]}} (1931) and ''[[Ganga Bruta]]'' (1933), the latter being produced by [[Adhemar Gonzaga]] through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.[{{Cite news |last=Larry |first=Rohter |date=9 November 2010 |title=Brazil's Best, Restored and Ready for a 21st-Century Audience |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html |url-access=limited |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/movies/10cinema.html |archive-date=1 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}] The 1941 unfinished film ''[[It's All True (film)|It's All True]]'' was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by [[Orson Welles]]; it was originally produced as part of the United States' [[Good Neighbor Policy]] during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo.
During the 1960s, the [[Cinema Novo]] movement rose to prominence with directors such as [[Glauber Rocha]], [[Nelson Pereira dos Santos]], [[Paulo César Saraceni]] and [[Arnaldo Jabor]]. Glauber Rocha's films ''[[Black God, White Devil]]'' (1964) and ''[[Entranced Earth]]'' (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.[{{Cite web |last=Tose |first=Juliano |title=Editorial |url=http://www.contracampo.com.br/27/frames.htm |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=Contracampo – revista de cinema |publisher=Revista Contracampo}}] Rocha won the [[Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Director Award]] at the [[1969 Cannes Film Festival]] for ''[[Antonio das Mortes]]'' and the [[1977 Cannes Film Festival|1977]] [[Short Film Palme d'Or|Special Jury Prize for Best Short Film]] for ''Di''.
During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as ''[[O Quatrilho]]'' ([[Fábio Barreto]], 1995), ''[[O Que É Isso, Companheiro?]]'' ([[Bruno Barreto]], 1997) and ''[[Central Station (film)|Central do Brasil]]'' ([[Walter Salles]], 1998), all of which were nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], the latter receiving a [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination for [[Fernanda Montenegro]]. The 2002 crime film ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City of God]]'', directed by [[Fernando Meirelles]], was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]],[{{Cite web |title=Cidade de Deus (City of God) (2003) – Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/city_of_god/#top-critics-numbers |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=17 January 2003 |publisher=[[Flixster]]}}] being placed in [[Roger Ebert]]'s Best Films of the Decade list[{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |title=The best films of the decade |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=RogerEbert.com|date=14 December 2012 }}] and receiving four [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations in 2004, including [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the [[São Paulo International Film Festival|São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival]]s and the [[Festival de Gramado|Gramado Festival]].
The film [[I'm Still Here (2024 film)|''I'm Still Here'']], directed by Walter Salles, was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Torres) and [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] at the [[97th Academy Awards]],[{{Cite web |date=23 January 2025 |title='I'm Still Here' makes history as first Brazilian film nominated for Best Picture at 2025 Oscars |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2524041/im-still-here-makes-history-as-first-brazilian-film-nominated-for-best-picture-at-2025-oscars |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[The Express Tribune]]}}][{{Cite web |last=Leite |first=Marcelo |date=23 January 2025 |title=Oscars 2025: I'm Still Here's Best Picture Nomination Explained (& When You Can Watch It) |url=https://screenrant.com/im-still-here-movie-oscars-2025-best-picture-nominee-explained/ |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}][{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Clayton |title='I'm Still Here' Makes Oscar History as First Brazilian Film to Win International Feature Category |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/oscars-im-still-here-first-brazilian-film-win-international-feature-1236322916/ |website=Variety |date=3 March 2025}}] and won [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]], becoming the first-ever Brazilian produced film to win an Academy Award.[{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Barnes |date=2 March 2025 |title=Kieran Culkin Wins Best Supporting Actor for 'A Real Pain' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/03/02/movies/oscars-academy-awards |access-date=2 March 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}] The film [[The Secret Agent (2025 film)|''The Secret Agent'']] had its world premiere at the main competition of the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]] on 18 May 2025, where it won the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] prize for [[Wagner Moura]], the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director|Best Director]] prize for Mendonça and the [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI Prize]]. It received further widespread critical acclaim.[{{Cite web |last=Berkani |first=Mohamed |date=19 May 2025 |title=Festival de Cannes 2025: "O agente secreto", extraordinaire plongée dans le Brésil de la dictature militaire des années 1970 dans un passionnant thriller |trans-title=Cannes Film Festival 2025: "The Secret Agent", extraordinary dive into Brazil of the military dictatorship of the 1970s in an exciting thriller |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/cinema/festival-de-cannes/critiques/festival-de-cannes-2025-o-agente-secreto-extraordinaire-plongee-dans-le-bresil-de-la-dictature-militaire-des-annees-1970-dans-un-passionnant-thriller_7258776.html |website=[[France Info]] |language=fr |quote=Treize minutes de standing ovation pour Kleber Mendonça Filho et son équipe après la projection de son dernier opus, ''O agente secreto (L'Agent secret)'' |trans-quote=Thirteen minutes of standing ovation for Kleber Mendonça Filho and his team after the screening of his latest opus, ''O agente Secreto (The Secret Agent)''}}]
=== Media ===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Brazil|Television in Brazil}}
{{See also|Concentration of media ownership#Brazil|Mass media regulation in Brazil}}
[[File:Jornal Nacional 3.jpg|thumb|Former President [[Dilma Rousseff]] at ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' news program. [[Rede Globo]] is the world's second-largest commercial television network.[{{Cite web |title=Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo |url=http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514045322/http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/rede-globo-se-torna-a-2-maior-emissora-do-mundo/2012/05/11-139187.html |archive-date=14 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |publisher=O Fuxico |language=pt}}]]]
The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent John.[{{Cite book |last1=Roberto Gonzalez Echevarría |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA13 |title=The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature |last2=Enrique Pupo-Walker |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-41035-9 |page=13}}] The {{lang|pt|Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro}}, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[{{Cite book |last=Donald H. Johnston |title=Encyclopedia of international media and communications |publisher=Academic Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-12-387671-3 |volume=3 |page=130}}] The largest newspapers nowadays are {{lang|pt|[[Folha de S.Paulo]]}}, ''[[O Globo]]'', and ''[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]''.[{{Cite book |last=Jon S. Vincent |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc |title=Culture and Customs of Brazil |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-30495-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/97 97]–100 |url-access=registration}}]
Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President [[Epitácio Pessoa]], and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".[{{Cite book |last=Bryan McCann |url=https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca |title=Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8223-3273-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hellohellobrazil00mcca/page/22 22] |url-access=registration}}] Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of [[TV Tupi]] by [[Assis Chateaubriand]].[{{Cite book |last=David Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdEs1Av1CvAC&pg=PA28 |title=Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-203-87728-9 |page=28}}] Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as [[Rede Globo|Globo]], [[Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão|SBT]], [[RecordTV]], [[Rede Bandeirantes|Bandeirantes]] and [[RedeTV!|RedeTV]].
By the mid-1960s, Brazilian universities had installed [[mainframe computer]]s from [[IBM]] and [[Burroughs Large Systems]]. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers. In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country. By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.[{{Cite book|title= Computer: A History of the Information Machine | author1=Martin Campbell-Kelly | author2= William F. Aspray | author3= Jeffrey R. Yost | author4= Honghong Tinn | author5= Gerardo Con Díaz |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn= 978-1-00-087875-2 }}] As of early 2025, internet penetration in Brazil stood at 86.2% of the total population (183 million individuals), and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 102% (217 million active connections).[{{cite web |title=Digital 2025: Brazil|url=https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-brazil |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights |date=March 3, 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}]
In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched [[TV Brasil Internacional]], an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.[{{Cite news |date=25 May 2010 |title=Brazil launches international TV station for Africa |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10152301 |access-date=30 October 2010}}] Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include [[Globo Internacional]], [[RecordTV Internacional]] and [[Band Internacional]].
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Brazilian cuisine}}
{{See also|List of Brazilian dishes}}
[[File:Feijoada à brasileira -.jpg|thumb|[[Feijoada (Brazilian dish)|Feijoada]] is the national dish of Brazilian cuisine]]
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Way of Life |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=MSN |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029035059/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}] Some of the most well known Brazilian foods are the [[Feijoada (Brazilian dish)|feijoada]], considered the country's national dish;[Roger, [http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129154026/http://www.braziltravelguide.com/feijoada-the-brazilian-national-dish.html |date=29 November 2009 }} braziltravelguide.com.] and [[churrasco]], a kind of barbecue which is often served in [[rodízio]] style. Other regional foods include beijú, [[feijão tropeiro]], [[vatapá]], [[moqueca]], [[polenta]] (from Italian cuisine) and [[acarajé]] (from African cuisine).[Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.] The national beverage is [[coffee]]; [[cachaça]] is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, [[Caipirinha]].[{{Cite book |last=Bayor |first=Ronald H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJW79Rlu-igC&pg=PA181 |title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans |publisher=Georgia Institute of Technology |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35786-2 |page=181}}]
A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.[{{Cite journal |last=Barbosa, Lívia |year=2007 |title=Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros |journal=Horizontes Antropológicos |volume=13 |issue=28 |pages=87–116 |doi=10.1590/S0104-71832007000200005 |doi-access=free}}] Often, it is mixed with cassava flour ([[farofa]]). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[{{Cite journal |last1=Ferraccioli, Patrícia |last2=Silveira, Eliane Augusta da |year=2010 |title=Cultural feeding influence on palative memories in the usual brazilian cuisine |url=http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID |journal=Rev. Enferm. UERJ |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=198–203 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224033750/http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=BDENF&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=18716&indexSearch=ID }}] Popular snacks are [[pastel (Brazilian food)|pastel]] (a fried pastry); [[coxinha]] (a variation of chicken croquete); [[pão de queijo]] (cheese bread and cassava flour / [[tapioca]]); [[pamonha]] (corn and milk paste); [[sfiha|esfirra]] (a variation of Lebanese pastry); [[kibbeh]] (from Arabic cuisine); and empada (pastry), little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.
Brazil has a variety of desserts such as [[brigadeiro]]s (chocolate fudge balls), [[bolo de rolo]] (roll cake with [[goiabada]]), [[cocada]] (a coconut sweet), [[beijinho]]s (coconut truffles and clove) and [[Romeu e Julieta]] (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make [[paçoca]], [[rapadura]] and [[pé de moleque]]. Local common fruits such as [[açaí]], [[cupuaçu]], [[mango]], [[papaya]], [[cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[cashew]], [[guava]], [[orange (fruit)|orange]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[passionfruit]], [[pineapple]], and [[Spondias|hog plum]] are turned into juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.[Freyre, Gilberto. Açúcar. Uma Sociologia do Doce, com Receitas de Bolos e Doces do Nordeste do Brasil. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1997.]
=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Brazil}}
{{See also|Brazil at the Olympics|Brazil at the Paralympics}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Pele con brasil (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Pelé]], a [[footballer]] as well as sport figure of the 20th century[{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/pele-the-greatest-them-all-1656982 |title=FIFA: Pele, the greatest of them all |date=28 June 2012 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109195631/https://www.fifa.com/news/pele-the-greatest-them-all-1656982 |archive-date=9 January 2021}}][{{cite news|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5051768.stm|title=Pele tops World Cup legends poll|work=BBC News|date=12 June 2006|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326070105/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5051768.stm|url-status=live}}]
| image2 = Ayrton Senna Imola 1989 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Ayrton Senna]], the driver with [[List of Formula One driver records#Most consecutive wins at the same Grand Prix|most consecutive wins]] and [[List of Formula One driver records#Most consecutive pole positions at the same Grand Prix|pole positions]] at the same [[List of Formula One Grands Prix|Grand Prix]] of [[Formula One]]
}}
The most popular sport in Brazil is [[association football|football]].[{{Cite web |title=Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal |url=http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330164959/http://justica-federal.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/74894/futebol-o-esporte-mais-popular-do-brasil-e-destaque-no-via-legal |archive-date=30 March 2012 |access-date=16 April 2011 |publisher=Jusbrasil.com.br}}] The [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian men's national team]] is ranked among the best in the world according to the [[FIFA World Rankings]], and has won the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] tournament a record five times.[{{Cite web |date=15 April 2008 |title=Football in Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604173556/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html |archive-date=4 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Goal Programme |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}][Zirin, 2014. Chapter 4 ''"Futebol: The Journey from Daring to Fear"'']
[[Volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[auto racing]] and [[martial arts]] also has large audiences. The [[Brazil men's national volleyball team]] currently holds the titles of the [[FIVB Volleyball World League|World League]], [[FIVB Volleyball World Grand Champions Cup|World Grand Champions Cup]], [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|World Championship]] and the [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup|World Cup]]. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the [[Formula One]] world championship eight times.[{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Emerson Fittipaldi |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}][{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Nelson Piquet |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}][{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Gerald |title=Ayrton Senna |url=http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/ |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Hall of Fame |publisher=The Official Formula 1 Website}}] The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as [[Sailing (sport)|sailing]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]], [[tennis]], [[surfing]], [[skateboarding]], [[MMA]], [[gymnastics]], [[boxing]], [[judo]], [[Track and field|athletics]] and [[table tennis]].
Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: [[beach soccer|beach football]],[{{Cite web |title=Beach Soccer |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623115807/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}] [[futsal]] (indoor football)[{{Cite web |title=Futsal |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603161352/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}] and [[footvolley]] emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed [[Capoeira]],[{{Cite web |date=20 September 2006 |title=The art of capoeira |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=BBC}}] [[Vale tudo]][{{Cite web |title=Brazilian Vale Tudo |url=http://valetudo.com.br/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980530081959/http://www.valetudo.com.br/ |archive-date=30 May 1998 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=I.V.C}}] and [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]].[{{Cite web |title=International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation |url=http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm |archive-date=20 April 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=[[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]]}}]
Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the [[1950 FIFA World Cup]],[{{Cite web |title=1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185404/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html |archive-date=3 June 2007 |access-date=6 June 2008 |website=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}] and recently has hosted the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], [[2019 Copa América]] and [[2021 Copa América]].[{{Cite web |title=2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609044247/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html |archive-date=9 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}] The São Paulo circuit, [[Autódromo José Carlos Pace]], hosts the annual [[Brazilian Grand Prix|Grand Prix of Brazil]].[{{Cite web |title=The Official Formula 1 Website |url=http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604141640/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html |archive-date=4 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2008 |publisher=[[Formula One Administration]]}}] São Paulo organized the [[1963 Pan American Games|IV Pan American Games]] in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the [[2007 Pan American Games|XV Pan American Games]] in 2007.[{{Cite book |last1=Ming Li |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129 |title=International Sport Management |last2=Eric W. MacIntosh |last3=Gonzalo A. Bravo |publisher=Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4504-2241-3 |page=129}}] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympic Games]] and [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Paralympic Games]], making it the first South American city to host the games[[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 October 2009.] and second in Latin America, after [[Mexico City]]. Furthermore, the country hosted the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]]s in [[1954 FIBA World Championship|1954]] and [[1963 FIBA World Championship|1963]]. At the 1963 event, the [[Brazil national basketball team]] won one of its two world championship titles.[{{Cite web |date=1 January 2007 |title=FIBA World Championship History (pdf) |url=http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=24 February 2012 |publisher=[[FIBA]]}}]
== See also ==
{{Portal|Brazil|Countries|Latin America
}}
* [[Outline of Brazil]]{{clear right}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|2}}
* Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971
* Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8047-3510-7}}
* {{Citation |last1=Biscardi |first1=Afrânio |title=O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial |date=May 2006 |url=http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm |work=19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte |volume=I |issue=1 |last2=Rocha |first2=Frederico Almeida}}
* [[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]] ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire'' (1969)
** ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0292-9}}
* Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{ISBN|85-08-08213-4}}
* Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002
* Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007
* Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996
* Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004
* ''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987
* {{Cite book |last=Ermakoff |first=George |title=Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica |publisher=G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial |year=2006 |isbn=978-85-98815-05-3 |location=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}
* Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. {{ISBN|85-7326-308-3}}
* [[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. {{ISBN|85-359-0277-5}}
* Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977
* Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. {{ISBN|85-359-0807-2}}
* Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981
* Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.
* Peres, Damião (1949) ''O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade'' Porto: Portucalense.
* Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-87021-295-8}}
* {{Cite Q|Q18238040|ref={{harvid|Schwarcz|1998}}}}
* [[Stuart B. Schwartz]] ''Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil'' (1973)
** ''Early Latin America'' (1983)
** ''Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society'' (1985)
* [[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Brazil: Five Centuries of Change'' (Oxford University Press, 1999)
** ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{ISBN|85-219-0313-8}}
* Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{ISBN|978-85-200-0864-5}}.
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Wright|1992}}|reference=Wright, Simon. 1992. ''Villa-Lobos''. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-315475-7}}}}
* Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. {{ISBN|85-7302-441-0}}
* Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988
* Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994
* Zirin, Dave. ''Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy'' Haymarket Books 2014. {{ISBN|978-1-60846-360-2}}
{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|2}}
* Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. ''The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries'' (SUNY Press, 2019)
* {{Cite book |last=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1985 |location=Austin, TX}}
* {{Cite book |last=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp. 1805–19) |year=1990}}
* {{Cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |access-date=16 June 2011 |publisher=US Department of State}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bellos, Alex |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc |year=2003 |location=London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1991 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Costa, João Cruz |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |publisher=University of California Press |year=1964 |location=Los Angeles, CA |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1999 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Fischer |editor-first1=Brodwyn |editor-last2=Grinberg |editor-first2=Keila |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-freedom/7C2447B51A9BFEAAA1359B592FFE5ED6 |title=The Boundaries of Freedom: Slavery, Abolition, and the Making of Modern Brazil |series=Afro-Latin America |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2023 |doi=10.1017/9781108917537 |isbn=978-1-009-28796-8}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brazil | volume= 4 |last1= Lamoureux |first1= Andrew Jackson |author1-link= |last2= and three others |first2= |author2-link= | pages = 438–463 |short= 1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |publisher=CUP |year=1977 |location=Cambridge}}
* Levine, Robert M. ''Historical Dictionary of Brazil'' (2019)
* {{Cite book |last=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |publisher=Summersdale |year=2003 |location=Chichester}}
* {{Cite book |last=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan |year=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |location=Los Angeles, CA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview |year=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Skidmore, Thomas E. |url=https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid |title=Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-501776-2 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1963 |location=New York, New York}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|collapsible=collapsed}}
* [https://www.gov.br/ Brazilian Federal Government]
* [http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/ Official Tourist Guide of Brazil]
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]
* {{Wikiatlas|Brazil}}
* {{OSM relation|59470}}
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