{{Short description|Ancient Greek city council}}
{{Italics title}}
In cities of [[ancient Greece]], the '''''boule''''' ({{langx|grc|βουλή}}; {{plural form}}: '''''boulai''''', {{lang|grc|βουλαί}}) was a council ({{lang|grc|βουλευταί}}, ''bouleutai'') appointed to run daily affairs of the city. Originally a council of nobles advising a king, ''boulai'' evolved according to the constitution of the [[city]]: In [[oligarchy|oligarchies]] ''boule'' positions might have been hereditary, while in [[democracy|democracies]] members were typically [[Sortition|chosen by lot]] and served for one year. Little is known about the workings of many ''boulai'', except in the case of [[Athens]], for which extensive material has survived.

==Athenian ''boule''==
The original council of [[Athens]] was the [[Areopagus]]. It consisted of ex-[[Archon|archons]] and was aristocratic in character.

===Solonian ''boule''===
The Athenian ''boule'' under [[Solon]] heard appeals from the most important decisions of the courts. Those in the poorest class could not serve on the ''boule'' of 400. The higher governmental posts, archons (magistrates), were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups.<ref>Beck, H., ''A Companion to Ancient Greek Government'', John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 199.</ref>

=== Cleisthenes' ''boule'' (after 508 BC) ===
Following the [[Athenian Revolution]] in 508 BC [[Cleisthenes]] formed a new government of Athens through a series of reforms. In strengthening the common Athenian identity Cleisthenes devised an artificial political division of Athens into ten [[Phyle|tribes]]. The tribes would each include local ''[[deme]]s'' from three different types of areas; the city [[trittys]], the coastal trittys and inland trittys.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ober|first=Josiah|title=Democracy and knowledge : innovation and learning in classical Athens|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2880-7|location=Princeton|oclc=440795205}}</ref> The institution of the ''boule'' was reformed accordingly and would now be a council of 500 male citizens. Each of the ten tribes supplied 50 men to the council with each of the 50 adhering from its constituting demes and distributed according to the size of their population. Under Cleisthenes, the ''boule'' attained renewed political power as responsible for the agenda-setting of the legislative body of the Assembly (''ekklesia'') as well as the formal execution of the political decisions taken in the Assembly.<ref name=":1" /> The council was responsible for about half of the decrees ratified by the Assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Manin|first=Bernard|title=The Principles Of Representative Government|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4619-4910-7|location=United Kingdom|oclc=861693063}}</ref> The ''boule'' met every day except for festival days and ill-omened days. According to [[Aristotle]], Cleisthenes introduced the [[bouleutic oath]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aristotle|title=Politics|date=1998|publisher=Hackett Pub|others=C. D. C. Reeve|isbn=0-87220-389-1|location=Indianapolis, Ind.|oclc=37955656}}</ref>

==== Selection process ====
Members of the Council under Cleisthenes were selected by lot. Not all citizens, however, were in the selection pool when selecting members by lot from each deme. Only male citizens age 30 or above and with no criminal charges, who had put themselves forward would be available for selection.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, membership was restricted at this time to the top three of the original four property classes (the ''[[Solonian constitution#Pentacosiomedimnoi|pentacosiomedimni]]'', ''[[Solonian constitution#Hippeis|hippeis]]'' and ''[[Solonian constitution#Zeugitae|zeugitae]]'', but not the ''[[Solonian constitution#Thetes|thetes]]''). This restriction, though never officially changed, fell out of practice by the middle of the 5th century BC.

==== Accountability and responsiveness ====
The ''boule'' had a number of safeguarding principles that secured the accountability and responsiveness of the council to the larger public. Three of the main mechanisms in place were; monitoring by other governing institutions including the assembly (ekklesia) and the courts, the required rendering of a full account of the work undertaken upon leaving the council and not least the ability of the general citizenry and fellow council members to charge individual members with a vote of no confidence.<ref name=":0" />

Members served for one year and no man could serve more than twice in his life, nor more than once a decade. The leadership of the ''boule'' (the ''[[Prytaneis|prytany]]'') rotated between the tribe delegations and a new ''prytany'' was chosen every month by lot. The man in charge of ''prytany'' was replaced every day from among the 50 members again chosen by lot.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Beck, H. 2013, p. 201">Beck, H., ''A Companion to Ancient Greek Government'', John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 201.</ref>

===Ephialtes' ''boule'' (after 461 BC)===
After the reforms of [[Ephialtes]] and [[Pericles]] in the mid-5th century BC, the ''boule'' took on many of the administrative and judicial functions of the Areopagus, which retained its traditional right to try homicide cases. It supervised the state's finances, navy, cavalry, sacred matters, building and shipping matters and care for invalids and orphans. Its own members staffed many boards that oversaw the finer points of these many administrative duties. It undertook the examination of public officials both before and after leaving office (most offices lasting one year) to ensure honest accounting and loyalty to the state. It heard some cases of impeachment of public officials for high crimes and mismanagement or serious dereliction of duties.<ref name="Beck, H. 2013, p. 201"/> At some point in the late 5th century, pay was instituted for those serving in the ''boule''; this may have been a way to encourage poorer citizens to volunteer, who would otherwise be reluctant to serve. The ''boule'' was considered the cornerstone of the democratic constitution, providing a locus for day-to-day activities and holding together the many disparate administrative functions of the government. Because of the rotation of members, it was assumed that the ''boule'' was free from the domination of factions of any kind, although there is some evidence that richer citizens served out of proportion to poorer citizens. This may be due to the heavy investment of time required, time that poorer citizens would not have had to spare.<ref>Thorley, J., ''Athenian Democracy'', Routledge, 2005, pp. 58-59.</ref>

==''Boulai'' in other Greek states==
{{Main|Synedrion}}
===Kingdom of Macedonia===
In the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian Kingdom]], and later the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian Empire]], the body that assisted the [[List of kings of Macedonia|king]] with running the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|kingdom]] was called the ''synedrion'', literally translated as "The Congress". This tradition continued to be in use in the years of [[Alexander the Great]] and its members were hereditary. Although not democratic, the members of the Synedrion, including the [[List of kings of Macedonia|king]], were considered equal to one another and had the right of the [[freedom of speech]].

===Corinth===
The [[League of Corinth]] was a [[federation]] of [[Greek states]] created by king [[Philip II of Macedon]] during the winter of 338/337 BC to facilitate his use of unified [[Greece|Greek]] military forces in his war against [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persia]]. The league guaranteed, among other things, that member states' [[constitution]]s in force at the time of joining were guaranteed and that a Synedrion, or congress of representatives, was to meet at [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]].

===Epirus===
The [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]], which became a [[federal republic]] in 231 BC, was ruled by the "Synedrion", or "The Congress". The Synedrion was dissolved when the [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirote federation]] fell apart due to internal upheaval during the [[Third Macedonian War]].

== Modern Greece ==
{{Main|Hellenic Parliament}}
The name "''boule''", pronounced as ''[[Hellenic Parliament|Vouli]]'' in Modern Greek, is preserved in the [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament of modern Greece]]; either as the name of the lower house of a bicameral parliament in 1844–1864 and 1927–1935, or the name of the unicameral Parliament in 1864–1927, 1935–1941, 1944–1967, and 1974–today.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Aristotle. ''[[Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)|Constitution of Athens]]'' 4.3, 46.1, 62.3.
*Hignett, Charles. ''A History of the Athenian Constitution''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
*Jones, A.H.M. ''Athenian Democracy''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boulē | volume= 4 |last1= Mitchell |first1= John Malcolm |author1-link= | pages = 320&ndash;321 |short=1}}
*Rhodes, P.J. ''The Athenian Boule''. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1972.
*Struble, Robert, Jr. ''Treatise on Twelve Lights'', Chapter Six, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160411104723/http://tell-usa.org/totl/06-Rotation%20%26%20other%20reforms.htm#Greece  "Ancient Greece"].

{{Ancient Greece topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boule (Ancient Greece)}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek titles]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek government]]
[[Category:Athenian democracy]]