{{Short description|King of León and Galicia from 1188 to 1230}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Alfonso IX
| image        = Adeffonsus, king of Galicia and Leon (detail).jpg
| caption      = Depiction on the ''Tumbo A'' [[cartulary]] of the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]]
| succession   = [[King of León]] and [[King of Galicia|Galicia]]
| reign        = 22 January 1188{{snd}}24 September 1230
| coronation   = 
| predecessor  = [[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]]
| successor    = [[Sancha, heiress of León|Sancha]] {{small|and}} [[Dulce of León|Dulce]] {{small|''([[de jure]])''}}<br />[[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] {{small|''([[de facto]])''}}
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León|Theresa of Portugal]]<br />|1191|1196|end=annulled}}
* {{marriage|[[Berengaria of Castile]]<br />|1197|1204|end=annulled}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Sancha, heiress of León|Sancha, Queen of León]]
* [[Ferdinand of León (died 1214)|Ferdinand of León]]
* [[Dulce of León|Dulce, Queen of León]]
* [[Ferdinand III, King of Castile]]
* [[Alfonso of Molina|Alfonso, Lord of Molina]]
* [[Berengaria of León|Berengaria, Latin Empress]]
* Illegitimate:
* [[Rodrigo Alfonso de León|Rodrigo, Lord of Aliger]]
* [[Aldonza Alfonso de León|Aldonza of Léon]]
* [[Sancha Alfonso of León|Sancha, Lady of Los Cameros]]
* [[Martín Alfonso de León|Martín of León]]}}
| issue_link   = #Marriages and issue
| issue_pipe   = among others...
| house        = [[Castilian House of Ivrea]]
| father       = [[Ferdinand II of León]]
| mother       = [[Urraca of Portugal]]
| birth_date   = 15 August 1171
| birth_place  = [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]
| death_date   = 23/{{death date and age|1230|09|24|1171|08|15|df=y}}
| death_place  = Villanueva de [[Sarria]]
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]]
}}

'''Alfonso IX''' (15 August 1171{{snd}}23 or 24 September 1230) was [[King of León]] from the death of his father [[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]] in 1188 until his own death.

He took steps towards modernizing and democratizing his dominion and founded the [[University of Salamanca]] in 1218. In 1188 he summoned the first [[parliament]] reflecting the fullest representation of the citizenry ever seen in Western Europe, the [[Cortes of León]].{{sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|p=54}}

Alfonso took part in the [[Reconquista]], conquering several territories within [[Extremadura]], capturing [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] and [[Badajoz]] in 1230, which allowed for the eventual conquest of [[Seville]] during the reign of his son [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spain – The rise of Castile and Aragon |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-rise-of-Castile-and-Aragon |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> He was also involved in numerous conflicts with [[Pope Celestine III]], being [[interdict]]ed on account of the [[Consanguinity|nature of his marriages]].

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Alfonso was born in [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]. He was the only son of King [[Ferdinand II of León]] and [[Urraca of Portugal]].{{sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|p=54}} His father was the younger son of [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]], who divided his kingdoms between his sons, which set the stage for conflict in the family until the kingdoms were re-united by Alfonso IX's son [[Ferdinand III of Castile]].{{sfn|Shadis|2010|p=xix}}

Alfonso IX had great difficulty in obtaining the throne through his given birthright.  In July 1188 his cousin [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] required the younger Alfonso to recognize the elder as overlord in exchange for recognizing the younger's authority in León.{{sfn|Shadis|2010|p=53}}

=== Reign ===
The convening of the Cortes de León in the cloisters of the [[Basilica of San Isidoro]] would be one of the most important events of Alfonso's reign. The difficult economic situation at the beginning of his reign compelled Alfonso to raise taxes on the underprivileged classes, leading to protests and a few town revolts. In response, the king summoned the Cortes, an assembly of nobles, clergy and representatives of cities, and subsequently faced demands for compensatory spending and greater external control and oversight of royal expenditures. Alfonso's convening of the Cortes is considered by many historians, including [[John Keane (political theorist)|John Keane]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.diariodeleon.es/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=460710 |title=Un anglosajón prueba que en León y no en Inglaterra nació la democracia |newspaper=[[Diario de León]] |language=es |location=Londres |date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623182241/http://www.diariodeleon.es/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=460710 |archive-date=2009-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to be instrumental to the formation of democratic parliaments across Europe. Note that Iceland had already held what may have been what is Europe's first parliament, the [[Þingvellir]], in 930. However, the Cortes' 1188 session predates the first session of the [[Parliament of England]], which occurred in the thirteenth century.

In spite of the democratic precedent represented by the Cortes and the founding of the University of Salamanca, Alfonso is often chiefly remembered for the difficulties his successive marriages caused between him with [[Pope Celestine III]]. He was first married in 1191 to his first cousin, [[Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León|Theresa of Portugal]],{{sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|p=54}} who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young. The marriage was declared null by the papal legate Cardinal Gregory for [[consanguinity]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Alphonso|display=Alphonso s.v. Alphonso IX.|volume=1|page=735}}</ref>

After [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] was defeated at the [[Battle of Alarcos]], Alfonso IX invaded [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] with the aid of Muslim troops.{{sfn|Gerli|Armistead|2003|p=54}} He was summarily excommunicated by Pope Celestine III.{{sfn|Lower|2014|p=605}} In 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed, [[Berengaria of Castile]], to cement peace between León and Castile.{{sfn|Shadis|2010|p=61-62}} For this second act of consanguinity, the king and the kingdom were placed under [[interdict]] by representatives of the pope.{{sfn|Moore|2003|pp=70-71}} In 1198, [[Pope Innocent III]] declared Alfonso and Berengaria's marriage invalid, but they stayed together until 1204.{{sfn|Reilly|1993|p=133}}  The annulment of this marriage by the pope drove the younger Alfonso to again attack his cousin in 1204, but treaties made in 1205, 1207, and 1209 each forced him to concede further territories and rights.{{sfn|Shadis|2010|pp=78-84}}{{sfn|Túy|2003|p=324|loc=4.84}}  The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian dialect]].{{sfn|Wright|2000}}

The Pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that, if the people could not obtain the services of religion, they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy.<ref name="EB1911" />

In 1211 Alfonso IX of León and Galicia gave the [[castle of Alcañices]] to the [[Templar Order]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martínez Díez |first=Gonzalo |title=Los Templarios en la Corona de Castilla |year=1993 |publisher=La Olmeda, D.L. |isbn=9788460462774 |location=Burgos |edition=1st |page=103}}</ref> where inhabitants celebrated the great victories of the order.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Historia |title=Templarios. Del origen de las cruzadas al final de la Orden del Temple |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKZ4CgAAQBAJ |date=October 22, 2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] Grupo Editorial, S. A. U. |isbn=9788401015731 |location=Madrid |edition=1st |page=417 |chapter=Apéndice I. Los lugares del Temple |editor-last=Martínez |editor-first=Gemma |editor2-last=Mínguez |editor2-first=Nines|author-link=History Channel }}</ref>
[[File:Shield of Alfonso IX of Leon.svg|thumb|left|130px|[[Heraldry of León|Shield]] of Alfonso IX displayed in the ''Tumbo A'' manuscript of 12th century.]]

In 1218, Alfonso launched [[Siege of Cáceres (1218)|a crusade to capture Cáceres]], but poor weather doomed it.{{sfn|Villegas-Aristizábal|2018}}

=== Death ===
Alfonso IX of León and Galicia died on 24 September 1230. His death was particularly significant in that his son, [[Ferdinand III of Castile]], who was already the [[King of Castile]], also inherited the thrones of León and Galicia from his father. This was thanks to the negotiations of his mother, Berengaria, who convinced her stepdaughters to renounce their claim on the throne.{{sfn|Shadis|2010|p=3}} In an effort to consolidate his power over León quickly, Ferdinand III abandoned a military campaign to [[Siege of Jaén (1230)|capture the city of Jaén]] immediately upon hearing news of his father's death and traveled to León to be crowned king.  This coronation united the Kingdoms of León and Castile which would go on to dominate the Iberian Peninsula.

== Marriages and issue ==
Alfonso IX married twice, both times to near relatives, and remarkably, both of his marriages were annulled for consanguinity. Apart from the eight children born of these two marriages, Alfonso also fathered numerous progeny with women of lower rank.

=== Marriages and legitimate issue ===
In 1191, Alfonso married his first cousin, ''infanta'' [[Theresa of Portugal, Queen of León|Theresa of Portugal]],{{sfn|Echols|Williams|1992|pp=400-401}} who was his mother's brother's daughter. Theresa was the daughter of King [[Sancho I of Portugal]] and Queen [[Dulce of Aragon]].{{sfn|Fernandes Marques|2008|pp=62, 87}} The marriage was annulled five years later, on grounds of consanguinity but three children had been born by then, being:
* [[Sancha, heiress of León|Sancha]] (1191{{snd}}before 1243){{sfn|Fernandes Marques|2008|pp=89, 140}} unmarried and without issue. She and her sister Dulce became nuns or retired to the monastery of San Guillermo Villabuena in León, where she died before 1243.
* [[Ferdinand of León (died 1214)|Ferdinand]] (1192/1193{{snd}}1214),{{sfn|Fernandes Marques|2008|p=140}} unmarried and without issue.
* [[Dulce of León|Dulce]] (1193/1194{{snd}}1248).{{sfn|Fernandes Marques|2008|p=140 y 143}}

On 17 November 1197, Alfonso IX married his first cousin once removed, ''infanta'' [[Berengaria of Castile]]. Berengaria was the daughter of King [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and his wife Queen [[Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile|Eleanor of England]]. Her paternal grandfather, [[Sancho III of Castile]], had been a brother of Alfonso's own father [[Ferdinand II of León]]. Thus, both Alfonso IX and Berengaria belonged to the same dynasty or family. The marriage was annulled on grounds of consanguinity, but not before five children had been born, namely:
* Eleanor{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=47}} (1198{{sfn|Flórez|1761|p=348}}{{snd}}11 November 1202{{sfn|Flórez|1761|p=348}}).
* Constance (died in 1242),{{sfn|Flórez|1761|p=355}} became a nun at the [[Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas]], [[Burgos]], where she died.{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=47}}
* [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] (1199/1201{{efn|King Fernando's year of birth is not recorded. According to the ''Chrónica latina de los reyes de Castilla'', he was 16 years old when he became king of Castile in 1217 which would mean that he was born in 1201. [[Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada]], a contemporary of Fernando, said that he was 18 years old in 1217 which would indicate that his birth was in 1199, two years after his parents' marriage.{{sfn|Rodríguez López|2004|p=30}}{{sfn|Flórez|1761|pp=347-348}}}}{{snd}}1252). King of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] in 1217 after the death of [[Henry I of Castile]] and of [[Kingdom of León|León]]  in 1230 after the death of his father.{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=47}}
* [[Alfonso of Molina|Alfonso]]  (died in 1272), Lord of [[Molina de Aragón|Molina]] ''jure uxoris'' due to his first marriage to Mafalda González de Lara.{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=47}}
* [[Berengaria of León]] (died in 1237), in 1224 married [[John of Brienne]].{{sfn|Martínez Díez|2007|p=47}}

=== Affairs and illegitimate issue ===
Alfonso also fathered many illegitimate children. After the annulment of his first marriage and before marrying for the second time, he had a relationship which lasted about two years with Inés Íñiguez de Mendoza, daughter of Iñigo López de Mendoza and María García.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=262}} This affair produced a daughter born around 1197:
* Urraca Alfonso, the wife of [[Lope Díaz II de Haro]], [[Lord of Biscay]].{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=262–263}}

Alfonso had another relationship afterwards with a noblewoman from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Estefanía Pérez de Faiam. She was the daughter of Pedro Menéndez Faiam, who confirmed several royal charters of King Alfonso IX, and the granddaughter of Menendo Faiam, who also confirmed several diplomas issued in Galicia as of 1155 by King [[Ferdinand II of León]]. In 1211, Alfonso gave her lands in [[Orense (province)|Orense]] where her family, as can be inferred from her last will dated 1250, owned many estates, as well as in the north of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. After the relationship ended, Estefanía married Rodrigo Suárez with whom she had further issue. In her will, she asked to be buried in the [[Church of Fiães|Monastery of Fiães]] in northern Portugal.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=264–265}} Alfonso IX and Estefanía were the parents of possibly two sons, but definitely of one, being:{{efn|It is possible that, besides Ferdinand Alfonso, they also had another son, John Alfonso, who appears in several documents with the children that Estefanía had with her husband Rodrigo Suárez.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=264 n.31}}}}
* Ferdinand Alfonso of León (born in 1211),{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=264–265}} died young.

According to Spanish historian Julio González, after his relationship with Estefanía, the king had a lover from [[Salamanca]], of unknown origin, whose name was Maura and with whom he had issue:{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=265}}
* Fernando Alfonso de León ({{circa|1214}}/1218{{snd}}Salamanca, 10 January 1278), [[archdeacon]] of the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela]],{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=265}} who had issue with Aldara de Ulloa.

Alfonso also had a relationship with a noblewoman from Portugal, [[Aldonza Martínez de Silva]], daughter of Martim Gomes da Silva and his wife Urraca Rodrigues,{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=266–267}} which lasted from 1214 to 1218. Three children were born to them:
* [[Rodrigo Alfonso de León|Rodrigo]] ({{circa|1214|1268|lk=no}}), lord of Aliger and [[Castro del Río]], and [[Adelantado]] of the March of [[Andalusia]],  he married Inés Rodríguez, daughter of Rodrigo Fernández de Valduerna,{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=267–268}} Lord of Cabrera and ''[[alférez]]'' of King Alfonso IX.
* [[Aldonza Alfonso of León|Aldonza]] (died after 1267). Married count [[Pedro Ponce de Cabrera]],{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=268–270}} and had issue.  They are the ancestors of the [[Ponce de León family]].
* Teresa Alfonso of León, the wife of [[Nuño González de Lara (died 1275)|Nuño González de Lara ''el Bueno'']].{{efn|There is controversy among historians and genealogists on her marriage to Nuño González de Lara. According to [[Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos]], followed by other historians,{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=269}} Nuño's wife was this Teresa, daughter of King Alfonso IX and Aldonza Martínez de Silva. [[Luis de Salazar y Castro]] believed that her father was [[Pedro Alfonso de León]], supposedly an illegitimate son of Alfonso IX. Spanish historian Julio González González argued that Nuño's wife could have been the daughter of Urraca Alfonso, illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX, and her husband Lope Díaz II de Haro.{{sfn|Sánchez de Mora|2004|p=633 and n. 8}} Szabolcs de Vajay rules out these last two filiations since her patronymic would have been Pérez or López rather than Alfonso and suggests that she could have been an illegitimate daughter of [[Alfonso of Molina]]. Nevertheless, Teresa confirms her filiation and marriage in a sale that she made in November 1254 in which she declares that she is the daughter of King Alfonso, granddaughter of King Fernando II of León and Galicia, and wife of Nuño González de Lara.{{sfn|Martínez Martínez|1997|loc= Doc. 495, pp. 359–360}}}}

Some families that arrive to Los Altos de Jalisco in Mexico like Gutierrez descend from the union of Alfonso with [[Aldonza Martínez de Silva]]

King Alfonso's most long-lasting extra-marital relationship, which began in 1218 and lasted until his death in 1230,{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=275}} was with [[Teresa Gil de Soverosa]].{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p= 270}} A member of the Portuguese nobility, Teresa was the daughter of [[Gil Vasques de Soverosa]] and his first wife María Aires de Fornelos. They had four children, all of them born between 1218 and 1230:{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp=268, 270 and 275}}
* [[Sancha Alfonso of León|Sancha]] (d. 1270). Married [[Simón Ruiz de los Cameros|Simon Ruiz]], Lord of [[Los Cameros]].{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=276}} She later became a nun at the convent of Santa Eufemia de Cozuelos which she had founded.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=276}}
* María (died after July 1275).<ref group="lower-alpha">On 4 July 1275, María donated a fourth part of Lougares to the Monastery of Santa María de Melón ([http://academia.gal/boletins#paxinas.do?id=3105 document published by the Real Academia  Gallega] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506141128/http://academia.gal/boletins#paxinas.do?id=3105 |date=2016-05-06 }}).</ref> Her first marriage was with Álvaro Fernández de Lara. She was then the [[concubine]] of her nephew King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] and, according to the Count of Barcelos, her second husband was Suero Arias de Valladares.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=276}}
* [[Martín Alfonso de León|Martín]] (died 1268/1272), married to Maria Mendes de Sousa, founders of the Monastery of [[Sancti-Spíritus, Salamanca]]. There was no issue from this marriage.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|pp= 275–276}}
* Urraca (d. after 1252). First married García Romeu,{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=276}} and then Pedro Núñez de Guzmán.{{sfn|Calderón Medina|2011|p=276}}

Although Alfonso IX is supposed to have had another son, [[Pedro Alfonso de León]], there is no documentary proof that he was the king's son or that he was the Grand Master of the [[Order of Santiago]].{{efn|"...for Rades [Francisco de Rades y Andrada], in the space of time corresponding to the government of Fernando Pérez Chacín, there were really two Grand Masters: Fernando Pérez Chacín, who died or was removed a year after his election, and Pedro Alfonso, elected in 1225 who died a year later. For [Derek William] Lomax, there was only one Grand Master in this short period of time: Fernando Pérez Chacín. In fact, documentation proves that this historian is right, rather than the chronicler who mentioned a non-existent Grand Master, supposedly an illegitimate son of King Alfonso IX" (loose translation){{sfn|Ayala Martínez|1997|p=245 n.14}}}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Calderón Medina|first=Inés|others=Coordinators:Ferreira, María do Rosário; Laranjinha, Ana Sofia; Ribeiro Miranda, José Carlos|publisher=Instituto de Filosofía da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto|title=Seminário Medieval 2009–2011|year=2011|location=Oporto|pages=255–289|chapter=Las otras mujeres del rey: El concubinato regio en el reino de León (1157–1230)|language=es|isbn=9789898459145|chapter-url=http://ifilosofia.up.pt/gfm/seminar/docs/CALDERN%20Las%20otras%20mujeres.pdf|archive-date=2020-11-20|access-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120022012/http://ifilosofia.up.pt/gfm/seminar/docs/CALDERN%20Las%20otras%20mujeres.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite book|last=Doubleday|first=Simon R.|title=The Lara family: crown and nobility in medieval Spain | publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn= 978-0-674-03429-7 }}
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*{{Cite book|last=Reilly|first=Bernard F.|title=The Medieval Spains|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1993|isbn=978-0-521-39436-9}}
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*{{cite journal |last=Villegas-Aristizábal |first=Lucas |year=2018 |title=Did Savary of Mauléon Participate in Alfonso IX's Failed Siege of Cáceres in 1218? |journal=De Medio Aevo |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=99–118 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37294205}}
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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Sánchez Rivera, Jesús Ángel, "Configuración de una iconografía singular: la venerable doña Sancha Alfonso, comendadora de Santiago", ''Anales de Historia del Arte'', nº 18 (2008), Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp.&nbsp;167–209.
* Szabolcs de Vajay, "From Alfonso VIII to Alfonso X" in ''Studies in Genealogy and Family History in Tribute to Charles Evans on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday'', 1989, pp.&nbsp;366–417.
{{Commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Castilian House of Ivrea]]|15 August|1171|23/24 September|1230|[[House of Ivrea]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of León]] and [[List of Galician monarchs|Galicia]]|years=1188–1230}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ferdinand III of León|Ferdinand III]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Leonese monarchs}}
{{Galician monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfonso 09 Of Leon}}
[[Category:1171 births]]
[[Category:1230 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Zamora, Spain]]
[[Category:Leonese infantes]]
[[Category:12th-century Leonese monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Galician monarchs]]
[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Castilian House of Burgundy]]
[[Category:Spanish royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
[[Category:13th-century Leonese monarchs]]